Yini Oyaziyo Ngamazinga Okushisa?

YINI ephumuza ngaphezu kokungena eshaweni efudumele noma ubhavu ngosuku olubandayo? Kodwa uma amanzi eshisa kakhulu noma ebanda kakhulu, ungase ungakuzwa ukuthokomala futhi uchithe isikhathi esincane ngangokunokwezeka ugeza. Yini eyenza ukugeza eshaweni noma kubhavu kube okuhlangenwe nakho okujabulisayo kunokuba kwethuse? Njengoba kulindelekile, yizinga lokushisa lamanzi.

Izinga lokushisa komoya ngaphandle nalo liyinto ekhathalelwa nsuku zonke. Ukwazi izinga lokushisa kusisiza ukuba sinqume ukuthi yini esizoyigqoka nokuthi singaluhlela kanjani usuku lwethu. Njengoba ulwazi ngamazinga okushisa luwusizo kangaka, izakhiwo zomphakathi ngokuvamile zilibonisa kanye nesikhathi.

Nokho, inombolo ebonisiwe ingase ibonise izimo ezihluke ngokuphelele, kuye ngokuthi uhlalaphi. Ngokwesibonelo, kungani izinga lokushisa elingu-40 eUnited States liyodinga ukugqokwa kwejazi, kuyilapho izinga lokushisa elingu-40 eYurophu liyodinga ukugqoka izimpahla ezilula ngangokunokwenzeka?

Izikali Zamazinga Okushisa

Kalula kakhulu, lapho kusetshenziswa khona isikali sikaFahrenheit, njengaseUnited States, izinga lokushisa elingu-40 liyabanda, hhayi kude kakhulu ngaphezu kwezinga-qhwa lamanzi. Kodwa eYurophu, lapho ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa khona isikali sikaCelsius, izinga elingu-40 ngokuvamile lishisa kakhulu. Kulesihloko sizocabangela kuphela lezikali ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa umphakathi. Zavelaphi izikali zamazinga okushisa zikaFahrenheit nezikaCelsius?

Ngo-1714 uGabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, usosayensi wezinto ezingokwemvelo ongumJalimane, wasebenzisa ithermometer yemercury ukuze enze isikali sezinga lokushisa. Wanquma amazinga amathathu angashintshi. Wafuna izinga eliyiguncu esikalini sakhe ukuba libe phansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngakho wahlanganisa iqhwa, amanzi, nosawoti, futhi izinga lokushisa lalenhlanganisela lehlela ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu ayengalithola ngalesosikhathi. Lelozinga lokushisa laba u-⁠0 degree esikalini sakhe. Ngemva kwalokho, uFahrenheit wakhetha izinga lokushisa komzimba womuntu ophile kahle njengezinga eliphakeme elilandelayo esikalini sakhe. Wabeka lelizinga lokushisa ezingeni elingu-96 degree. (Nokho, kusukela ngalesosikhathi izinga lokushisa komzimba womuntu ophile kahle liye latholakala liphakeme ngamadegree angu-2 1/2 kunalokho ayekubeke ekuqaleni.) Ukuze athole izinga lesithathu elingashintshi, wakala izinga-qhwa lamanzi futhi walithola lingamadegree angu-32. Kamuva, lesikali sasetshenziswa ezingeni lamanzi abilayo. Izinga lokushisa laba amadegree angu-212 ekuphakameni kwamanzi olwandle, lelo kamuva uFahrenheit athi laliyizinga eliphakeme kunawo wonke esikalini sakhe esisha.

Owayephila ngesikhathi sikaGabriel Fahrenheit kwakunguAnders Celsius, isazi sezinkanyezi saseSweden, esaphila kusukela ngo-1701 kuya ku-1744. Ngo-1742 uCelsius wakha isikali sezinga lokushisa naso esaziwa ngegama lomsunguli waso. Lesikali sisekelwe emazingeni amabili angashintshi: i-0 degree iyizinga-qhwa lamanzi, futhi i-100 degree iyizinga lokubila kwamanzi ekuphakameni kwamanzi olwandle. Njengoba uCelsius ahlukanisa ithermometer yakhe yaba izingxenye ezingu-100 ezilinganayo, yaziwa futhi ngokuthi isikali sezinga lokushisa lamacentigrade. Isikali sikaCelsius sisetshenziswa noma kuphi lapho izinombolo ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ziye zamukeleka khona.

Njengoba zombili izikali zikaFahrenheit noCelsius zisetshenziswa ngokuvamile namuhla, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukushintsha kusukwa kwesinye kushintshelwe kwesinye. Kwenziwa kanjani lokhu? Nokho, phawula ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwezinga lokubila nezinga-qhwa lamanzi esikalini sikaFahrenheit lingamadegree angu-180 (amadegree angu-212 kususwa angu-32). Kodwa esikalini sikaCelsius, linamadegree angu-100. Khona-ke, isilinganiso phakathi kwalezikali ezimbili singu-180/100, noma 9/5.

Ngakho-ke, ukuze ushintshe esikalini sikaFahrenheit ushintshele kwesikaCelsius, qale ususe u-32 ezingeni lokushisa elisesikalini sikaFahrenheit. Khona-ke phindaphinda umphumela ngo-5/9. Njengesibonelo, ake sithi izinga lokushisa likaFahrenheit liphakeme ngamadegree angu-104. Ukuze uthole izinga lokushisa kwesikaCelsius, susa u-32 ku-104, okukunika u-72. Khona-ke phindaphinda u-72 ngo-5/9. Umphumela uba ngu-40, lokho okuyizinga lokushisa kwesikaCelsius. Ngempela, amadegree Celsius angu-40 akhipha umkhovu etsheni!

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze ushintshele kwesikaFahrenheit usuka kwesikaCelsius, udinga ukuphindaphinda amadegree Celsius ngo-9/5 bese kamuva uhlanganisa no-32. Ngakho, njengesibonelo, ake sithi izinga lokushisa lingu-20 degree Celsius. Lokho kulingana nani esikalini sikaFahrenheit? Uphindaphinda u-20 ngo-9/5, uzothola u-36. Ngokuhlanganisa u-32 no-36, uzofinyelela ezingeni lokushisa elingamadegree angu-68 kwesikaFahrenheit.

Iyini I“Temperature”?

Itemperature iyisilinganiso sokushisa noma sokubanda. Kodwa yini eyenza into ishise noma ibande? Ukuba ubungalunguza endleleni yokwakheka kwezinto ngamamolecule nangamaatom njengoba zishisa, ubungabona izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zenzeka. Cabangela ipani lamanzi njengoba lithola ukushisa esitofini.

Amamolecule amanzi anyakaza ngokushesha okwandayo. Ngokushesha amanzi ayabila. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amamolecule amanzi enyakaza ngokushesha kangangokuthi ashayisane futhi angabe esanamathelana esimweni soketshezi. Amanzi empeleni aqala ukushintsha abe igesi, esiyibona iyisitimu.

Amabhamuza egesi aqala ukwakheka phansi epanini, njengoba izinga lokushisa lapho liphakeme kakhulu. Ngisho noma ukushisa kuqhubeka kwenezelwa phakathi nalokhu kushintsha kwamanzi abe isitimu, izinga lokushisa alishintshi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kudinga amandla ukukhulula amamolecule esuka esimweni sokuba uketshezi futhi uwashintshele esimweni sokuba igesi. Ukushisa okwengeziwe kunikeza lawomandla. Ngakho esikhundleni sokwenza amanzi ashise kakhulu, kumane kwenze amamolecule engeziwe amanzi ukuba ashintshele esimweni segesi.

Amamolecule amanzi asesimweni segesi anyakaza ngokushesha okwandayo, eqhaqhazela futhi esuka endaweni akade ekuyo njengoba izinga lokushisa lenyuka. Uma izinga lokushisa kwesitimu belingenyuswa kakhulu, ake sithi lenyuselwe emashumini noma emakhulwini ezigidi zamadegree, ngisho namaelectron abezosuka kuma-atom. Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kanjalo, amanucleus, izinto ezincane eziphakathi nendawo kuma-atom, bezingangqubuzana kanzima kangangokuthi amanucleus abenganda. Eqinisweni, lokhu kuyinjongo eyimbangela yomgomo wokuba kusetshenziswe ukuxhunyaniswa kwamanucleus ukuze kwenziwe ugesi.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwamazinga Okushisa

Ngokwalokho okwaziwayo, amazinga okushisa awanalo izinga eliphakeme eliwumngcele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubonakala sengathi analo izinga eliphansi eliwumngcele. Izinga lokushisa elingabangwa ukushisa liye labekwa kumadegree angu-(-459,67) kwesikaFahrenheit, noma kumadegree angu-(-273,15) kwesikaCelsius. Leli iqophelo okuthi kulo amamolecule nama-atom ento abe namandla amancane kakhulu.

Iplanethi iPluto inezinga lokushisa elilinganiselwa kumadegree athi mawabe ngu-(-350) kwesikaFahrenheit, noma amadegree angu-(-210) kwesikaCelsius. Ngo-1965 izazi zezinkanyezi zathola ukuthi ubumnyama bomkhathi ongaphandle bunezinga lokushisa lamadegree acishe abe ngu-(-455) kwesikaFahrenheit, noma amadegree angu-(-270) kwesikaCelsius, amadegree angu-⁠3 kuphela ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elingabangwa ukushisa esikalini sikaCelsius. Ngakolunye uhlangothi olukude kakhulu, indawo emaphakathi yelanga kukholelwa ukuthi ingamadegree athi mawabe izigidi ezingu-15 esikalini sikaCelsius. Kodwa izinkanyezi ezinkulu kunelanga​—⁠futhi kunezinkanyezi ezinkulu ngokuphindwe kazinkulungwane⁠—​ngokunokwenzeka zinokuhlukahluka kwamazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu.

Kuthiwani ngokuhlukahlukana kwamazinga okushisa lapha emhlabeni? Ayashintshashintsha ngesilinganiso esincane ngokuqhathaniswa. EAntarctica izinga lokushisa lamadegree angu-​(⁠-⁠128,6) kwesikaFahrenheit, noma amadegree angu-(-89,2) kwesikaCelsius, lakalwa ngoJuly 21, 1983. Futhi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme elaqopha umlando lamadegree angu-136 kwesikaFahrenheit, noma angu-58 kwesikaCelsius, lakalwa e-El Azizia, eTripolitania, eAfrika esenyakatho ngoSeptember 13, 1922. Kodwa uquqaba olukhulu lwabantu alukakabi nokuhlangenwe nakho kwamazinga okushisa afinyelela ngisho nokufinyelela kulawo. Singambonga uMdali wethu, uJehova uNkulunkulu, ngokuthi amazinga okushisa emhlabeni ahlala esesilinganisweni esincane ngokuqhathaniswa. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphila emhlabeni kuyajabulisa.

[Umdwebo ekhasini 13]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Fahrenheit Celsius

212 100 Amanzi ayabila ezingeni lokuphakama kwamanzi olwandle Ukucindezeleka Komoya-mkhathi

98,6 37 Izinga elivamile lokushisa komzimba

32 0 Amanzi aba yiqhwa

-40 -40 Izinga lapho ama“degree” kwesikaCelsius efana khona nama“degree” kwesikaFahrenheit

-460 -273 Izinga lokushisa elingabangwa ukushisa