Isizathu Esenza Kwaphakama Isidingo SeNhlangano
IMPI YEZWE I yayiwukhukhulela-ngoqo wokufa nencithakalo owathatha iminyaka emine, okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili okufana nawo. Ihlukaniswe yaba amaqembu amabili abhekene ngeziqu zamehlo, yonke imibuso emikhulu yomhlaba, neminye, yamasha yaya empini, ngalunye uhlangothi luqiniseka ngokunqoba, lukhuthazwa ukulilizela komphakathi owedusiwe owawucabanga ukuthi impi iyinto enhle okumelwe yenziwe.
Kodwa phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa, umhlaba wafunda ngendlela ebuhlungu kakhulu inkokhelo embi yempi. Futhi lapho iphela, ukubulawa okukhulu kwabantu, ukucekelwa phansi ngonya kokuphila nempahla, kwashiya umhlaba ushaya uzamthilili esikweletini esikhulu esasibangwe impi. Kwakumelwe kwenziwe okuthile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuba impi enjalo ingagqashuki futhi. Kungani kwakungenakuba nelungiselelo izizwe ezazingaxazulula ngalo izingxabano zazo ngokuthula kunokusebenzisa impi? Ingabe lokho kwakuwumbono omusha? Akunjalo ngempela.
Okwenza Imizamo Yangaphambili Yangaphumelela
Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I, kwakumiswe inkantolo ukuba izame ukuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula. KwakuyiNkantolo Emi Njalo Yokulamula yaseHague eNetherlands. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, abantu abaningi babenethemba lokuthi yayingase ibe isikhungo lapho ukulamula kwakuzothatha khona indawo yempi. Ko-dwa yini eyenzeka eMihlanganweni Yokuthula eyayiseHague ngo-1899 nango-1907 leyo eyaholela ekumisweni kwalenkantolo, eyayaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi iNkantolo YaseHague (iHague Court)?
Kuyo yomibili lemihlangano amazwe ayemelelwe awazange avume ukuzithoba ekulanyulweni okuphoqelelwe, futhi awazange avume ukunciphisa izinqolobane zawo zezikhali. Eqinisweni, enqaba noma isiphi isihlongozo sokuyekwa kwezikhali futhi avimbela noma yiliphi isu elalizowaphoqelela ukuba alungise ukungezwani kwawo ngokulamula.
Khona-ke, lapho iNkantolo YaseHague ekugcineni iqala ukusebenza, amazwe ayeye aqikelela ukuthi ayibeki imingcele ephelele enkululekweni yawo. Kanjani? Ngendlela elula ephuthumayo: Enza ukuletha icala phambi kwamajaji kwaba okokuzikhethela. Futhi amazwe ayeziyisa izingxabano zawo kulenkantolo ayengaphoqelekile ukuvumelana nanoma yiziphi izinqumo ezikhiphayo.
Nokho, lokhu kuvikelwa ngokuqapha kombuso wobuzwe kwakulimaza ukuthula nokulondeka komhlaba. Ngakho umncintiswano wezikhali waqhubeka unganqandwa kwaze kwaba yilapho ekugcineni ujikijela isintu entululwaneni yezinhlamvu eyaqeda ukuthula komhlaba ehlobo lika-1914.
Kuzwakala kusakubhuqa ukuthi njengoba imizuzu yokugcina yokuthula yayidlula, uSerbia, empendulweni yakhe esihlongozweni sokugcina saseAustria, wazwakalisa ukuzimisela kwakhe “ukwamukela isivumelwano sokuthula, ngokubhekisela lendaba . . . esinqumweni seNkantolo Yezizwe Zonke yaseHague.” Kodwa njengoba ukusetshenziswa kweNkantolo YaseHague kwakungokokuzikhethela, iAustria ayizange izizwe iphoqelekile ukuba ivume “lesivumelwano sokuthula.” Ngakho kwamenyezelwa impi ukuze kugcinwe ukuthula—futhi izidumbu zezakhamuzi nezamasosha ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 zakukhokhela!
Abefundisi Bafuna Kube Khona INhlangano
Ngo-May 1919, umbhishobhi wesiFunda uChauncey M. Brewster emhlanganweni wababhishobhi eUnited States wathi “ithemba lomhlaba lokuba nokuthula okulungile nokuhlala njalo lisekumisweni kabusha komthetho wezizwe ngaphansi kwegunya elisha. . . . Umthetho wezizwe zonke kumelwe unikwe igunya elibopha kakhudlwana kuneziphetho zeNgqungquthela yaseHague [eyamisa iNkantolo yaseHague]. Khona-ke, ukubambisana kwezizwe, kumelwe ngokuxhumana okuthile kukonke kube nezimfanelo zesivumelwano noma inhlangano.”
Ukhadinali ongumRoma Katolika uMercier waseBelgium wayenombono ofanayo. Engxoxweni ayenayo ngoMarch 1919 wathi, “Kimi kubonakala sengathi umsebenzi oyinhloko woHulumeni mayelana nesizukulwane esizayo uwukwenza ukuba angaphinde enzeke amacala izwe elisazama ukululama kuwo namanje.” Wabiza ababenengxenye ezingxoxweni zesivumelwano sokuthula saseVersailles ngokuthi “abakhi-kabusha bezwe elisha” futhi wakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwenhlangano yezizwe ukuze kufinyelelwe lomgomo. Wayenethemba lokuthi lenhlangano yayizoba umlondolozi ongenaphutha wokuthula.
Ikhasi elingaphambili leNew York Times kaJanuary 2, 1919, lalinalesihloko esigqamile: “UPapa Unethemba Lokumiswa Kwenhlangano Yezizwe.” Isigaba saso sokuqala samemezela: “Embikweni kaNcibijane obhekiswe eMelika, . . . uPapa uBenedict uzwakalise ithemba lokuthi iNgqungquthela Yokuthula ingase iphumele esimisweni sezwe elisha, neNhlangano yeZizwe.” Upapa akazange asebenzise amazwi angokoqobo athi “isimiso sezwe elisha” embikweni wakhe. Nokho, amathemba awazwakalisa ngeNhlangano ayemakhulu kangangokuthi iAssociated Press noma iVatican Press Office ngokusobala zacabanga ukuthi lomusho uyafaneleka.
Cabangela lamathemba ngokomnyombo wezikhathi zawo. Isintu esiphazamisekile sasikhalela ukuba kuqedwe impi. Izimpi eziningi kakhulu emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka zazisibangele ukulahlekelwa nomonakalo omkhulu. Futhi manje enkulu kunazo zonke ekugcineni yayisiphelile. Ezweni elalilangazelela ithemba, amazwi kapapa azwakala: “Kwangathi kungazalwa iNhlangano Yezizwe leyo, ngokuqeda ukujoyiniswa kwabantu empini, ezonciphisa izikhali; leyo, ngokumisa izinkantolo zezizwe zonke, ezoqeda izingxabano futhi izixazulule, ibeke ukuthula esisekelweni esiqinile, ezoqinisekisa wonke umuntu ngenkululeko namalungelo alinganayo.” Ukuba iNhlangano Yezizwe yayingafeza konke lokho, ngempela yayingenza “isimiso sezwe elisha.”
Okwenza Yangaphumelela
Uma kukhulunywa, izinhloso nezinqubo zeNhlangano zazizwakala zizinhle kakhulu, ziwusizo kakhulu, zizophumelela. ISivumelwano seNhlangano Yezizwe sathi injongo yayo “kwakuwukuthuthukisa ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke nokufinyelela ukuthula nokulondeka kwezizwe zonke.” Ukufinyelela ukuthula nokulondeka kwaxhomeka ekubambisaneni kwezizwe esinye nesinye “nokuvuma kwazo izibopho zokungaphinde ziphendukele empini.”
Khona-ke, uma kuphakama izingxabano ezibucayi, amazwe angamalungu alenhlangano ahilelekile, njengoba ethembise ukugcina ukuthula, kwakumelwe ayise indaba yawo “emkhandlwini wokulamula noma ilungiswe enkantolo noma idingidwe uMkhandlu” weNhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNhlangano Yezizwe yayimise iNkantolo Emi Njalo Yokulamula, eHague, esimisweni sayo sokugcina ukuthula. Ngokuqinisekile, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi, konke lokhu kwakuzoqeda ingozi yokuba khona kwenye impi enkulu. Kodwa akuzange kuyivimbe.
Ngokwezinye izazi zomlando, esinye isizathu esenza ukuba iNhlangano ingaphumeleli njengomgcini wokuthula sasiwukwehluleka kwamaningi “amalungu ayo ukuqaphela inkokhelo okwakumelwe ikhokhwe ngenxa yokuthula.” Ukunciphisa izikhali kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yalenkokhelo. Kodwa izizwe zazingenakuyikhokha inkokhelo enjalo. Ngakho kwaphinda esimansumpa—ngezinga elikhulu. Izizwe zaphinde zaqala umncintiswano wezikhali. INhlangano ayikwazanga ukukholisa izizwe ukuze zibambisane ekumiseni umncintiswano wezikhali. Konke ukunxusa nezingxoxo akulalelwanga. Izizwe zasikhohlwa isifundo esikhulu sango-1914: Ukuba nezikhali eziningi kuvame ukwakha umuzwa wokwaneliseka okukhulu ngokuba ingqongqo kwezempi.
Ukuqaphela ukubaluleka “kokulondeka kweningi” kwakungesinye isici esibalulekile senkokhelo yokuthula. Ukuhlaselwa kwesizwe esisodwa kwakumelwe kubhekwe njengokuhlaselwa kwazo zonke. Kodwa yini eyenzeka ngempela lapho esinye sazo siphendukela ebudloveni kunasekuxoxisaneni? Esikhundleni sokubambisana ekuqedeni ingxabano, izizwe zazihlukanisa zaba amaqembu ahlukahlukene, afuna ukuvikelana. Leyo kwakuyinto efanayo ekhohlisayo eyayiziholele ophathe ngo-1914!
INhlangano futhi yenziwa buthaka ukunqaba kweUnited States ukuba yilungu layo. Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi “yayiwumbuso omkhulu onamandla owawunendlela yokwenza iNhlangano iphumelele” nokuthi ukuba khona kweMelika eNhlanganweni kwakungase kuyinike izinga lokuba ibe eyomhlaba wonke elalibaluleke kakhulu ekuphumeleleni kwayo.
Kodwa kwakunezinye futhi izizathu ezenza iNhlangano yangaphumelela. Cabangela lenkulumo ephambene ekuqaleni kweSivumelwano sayo: “Noma yiliphi iLungu LeNhlangano, ngemva kweminyaka emibili yesaziso salo sokwenza kanjalo, lingase lihoxe eNhlanganweni.” (Isiphakamiso 1(3)) Lokhu kuzikhethela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakungokwezinhloso ezinhle kanjani, kwenza iNhlangano yazizwa ingazinzile, futhi lokhu, nakho kwaqeda ukuzimisela kwezizwe ukunamathela ngokwethembeka kuyo.
Lomnyango ovulekile wokuhoxa wabeka impilo yeNhlangano yaxhomeka ezandleni zamalungu ayo, ayengahoxa noma nini lapho ethanda. Amalungu ayo abaluleka kakhulu kunayo iyonke. Futhi, ngoMay 1941, amazwe angu-17 ayengasewona amalungu eNhlangano. Izibhamu ezinkulu zeMpi Yezwe II zazishabalalisa ithemba “lesimiso sezwe elisha” ziwisa neNhlangano.
Kwakumelwe kube nendlela engcono!
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 7]
INhlangano Yezizwe yahluleka ukuvimbela iMpi Yezwe II
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
ICassino, eItaly, iqhunyiswa ngamabhomu, ngoMarch 15, 1944
[Umthombo]
U.S. Army