Ukubuka Okwezwe

Ukuphangwa Kwamasonto

“Njengoba ake aba indawo yokucasha izaphula-mthetho zenkathi ephakathi, amasonto aseBrithani kukhula ngokushesha ukuthandwa kwawo kabusha amaqembu ezigebengu,” kusho iEconomist. Yimanje kuphela lapho sekuyigagasi lobugebengu obandayo babagqekezi, abashisi bezimpahla, nabacekela phansi abagadla ezakhiweni zesonto ngokwazo. Ngo-1990 kuphela, impahla yesonto laseSheshi eyizigidi ezingu-$7,4, zaseU.S. (izigidi ezingu-R20,4) yalahleka enye yacekelwa phansi. Inkinga ekhona njengamanje, kusho iEconomist, “ingamaqembu afundile amasela ezinto zakudala, avame ukuntshontsha ngokwama-oda awatholayo. Eziningi zezinto ezintshontshiwe ziya phesheya, lapho kunzima khona ukuba zitholakale futhi kulula khona ukuqamba amanga ngazo.” Nakuba isiliva lesonto liye lafakwa ezisefweni, amasela aye aphendukela ekuntshontsheni amapayipi o-ogani lomculo, amabhokisi esonto, okokubeka amabhokisi omngcwabo, amafasitela ahlotshisiwe, neminyango ephelele. Amasela anesibindi aze ngisho aqhamuke egqoke izimpahla ezibonakala zihloniphekile futhi antshontshe “phambi kwabakhulekeli.” Amasonto amaningi manje asehlala ekhiyiwe ingxenye enkulu yosuku futhi abe nonogada lapho iminyango ivuliwe. Amasonto ahlaselwa kakhulu “aye avala umnyango ngengilazi, ebekela imingcele ukuzinikela okungokwenkolo kwabakhulekeli ukuba kugcine ekuguqeni kuvulandi eduze nealtare.” Incwajana yamaphoyisa yezokulondeka, ichaza isAmbulo 3:2 ithi: “Linda uqinise okusaseleyo.”

Izimpahla Ezibulalayo

“Isibhamu sinika isakhamuzi esivamile isibindi. Sicabanga ukuthi sivikelekile, kodwa futhi empeleni sisengozini enkulu yokuba sibe isigebengu,” kusho isikhulu samaphoyisa uNelson Silveira Guimarães saseSão Paulo, eBrazil, lapho sikhuluma ngabantu abaningi abaphatha izibhamu edolobheni ukuze bazivikele. “Abantu abaningi abakulungele nakancane ukuba nesibhamu,” kwenezela uRobinson do Prado, umseshi wamaphoyisa kahulumeni. “Bangabantu abangakwazi nhlobo ukulawula imizwelo ukuze babhekane nezimo zokucindezeleka okukhulu.” Ukuphelelwa ukuzibamba akudingi mzamo ongakanani ngomuntu, kuphawula iphephandaba laseBrazil iJornal da Tarde. “Ukuchukuluzwa, ukuphikisana, ukusebenzisa izandla okungalawuliwe, futhi noma ubani angasuka ekubeni isisulu aye ekubeni umbulali.”

Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngabantwana. “Ukungabi-yinkinga kokutholakala kwezibhamu kuwo wonke amakhosomba [aseUnited States] kuye kwenza amanani ayingqophamlando ezigameko zansuku-zonke aba ayingozi,” kusho iU.S.News & World Report. “Izizathu zalokhu zicacile. Izingane zanamuhla azisezweli ebudloveni kunanini ngaphambili, zizungezwe ukudubulana ngezibhamu futhi zigxishwe imifanekiso yabemithombo yezindaba yeziGonya ezibulala ngokuzithandela.”

Ukuvimbela Umalaleveva

Isinyathelo esilula sokuvimbela besingakwehlisa kakhulu ukufa okubangelwa umalaleveva. Ukuhlola kwamuva okwenziwa ezigodini ezingu-73 eGambia, eNtshonalanga Afrika, kwabonisa ukuthi lapho imibhede yayivikelwe khona ngenetha lomiyane eliqholwe ngesibulala-zinambuzane, ukubulawa umalaleveva kwezingane ezincane kwakwehle ngamaphesenti angu-70 kunasezigodini ezingazange ziwasebenzise lamanetha. Njengoba omiyane abadlulisa isifo beluma ngokuyinhloko ebusuku, amanetha avikela abantu lapho beyizisulu ezingavikelekile khona kakhulu—lapho belele. Ukufutha amanetha ngesibulala-zinambuzane ipermethrin kwenza amanetha asebenze ngokuphumelela kakhulu, ngisho noma enezimbobo ezincane futhi edabukile. NgokweNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo (World Health Organization), umalaleveva ubulala abantu abayizigidi ezimbili unyaka ngamunye. Cishe amaphesenti angu-25 ezisulu angabantwana.

“Amasonto Amakhulu”

“Uyemukelwa ezweni ‘lamasonto amakhulu,’” kusho iEconomist. “Manje kunamasonto ayisithupha aseMelika akhanga abantu abangaphezu kuka-10 000 njalo ngeSonto, nangu-35 adonsa okungenani abantu abangu-5 000.” ISonto Lokuqala LaseBaptist laseHammond, eIndiana, U.S.A., lithi linebandla elikhulu kunawo wonke—abangaphezu kuka-20 000 ababakhona ezinkonzweni njalo ngeSonto. Cishe wonke “amasonto amakhulu” athatha iBhayibheli njengoba linjalo, akholelwa ekwelapheni ngokholo nasekukhulumeni ngezilimi, noma kokubili. Kuye kwagxilwa kubantwana. Isonto laseHammond alinawo nje kuphela uSonto-sikole kodwa futhi linikeza amathuba eQembu Elincane lebaseball nokuyokanisa ngenjongo yokushaywa umoya ehlobo. “Okudingayo nje kuphela ukuze wakhe isonto elikhulu isigijimi esinamandla sokuhle nokubi, umshumayeli onekhono lokuhlela nehholo elikhulu,” kusho iEconomist. “Kubantu basedolobheni abanesithukuthezi basentshonalanga-ephakathi naseningizimu yeU.S., amasonto anjalo anezibusiso ezibalindile.”

Ukuxhamazela Kokwenza Ngcwele “Usanta” WeOpus Dei

IOpus Dei, inhlangano yekhethelo eyimfihlo eSontweni lamaKatolika, yasungulwa eSpain ngo-1928 isungulwa umpristi ongumKatolika uJosé María Escrivá de Balaguer. Wafa ngo-1975, futhi kusukela ngalesosikhathi abasekeli beOpus Dei baye benza umkhankaso wokumenza abe ngcwele. ICatholic Herald yaseLondon, ngaphansi kwesihloko esikhulu esithi “Ukudumala ‘Ngosanta’ WeOpus Dei,” yabika ukusabela kukakhadinali waseSpain uEnrique Tarancon, owayengumbhishobhi omkhulu waseMadrid, nomJesuit ongumholi wesifunda uMichael Campbell-Johnson ngokuphathelene “nokuxhamazela ‘okungachazeki’ okuzungeze inqubo yokwenziwa ngcwele” komsunguli weOpus Dei. Ukuxhamazela okunjalo, kusho leliphepha, kungqubuzana nokuhamba kancane kwenqubo kaKhadinali Newman, owafa ngo-1890, nokukaPapa John XXIII, owafa ngo-1963. “Mina . . . bengingeke ngithi wayengumuntu oyisibonelo,” kusho uVladimir Felzmann, owayeyilungu leOpus Dei owayazi uEscrivá ngokomuntu siqu. “Wayengumuntu ongafaneleki ngezindlela eziningi kulesikhathi. Umbuzo uwukuthi: yini enziwa abe isibonelo sayo?”

Ukusha Kwesibindi Nokufakelwa Izitho

Ihepatitis C, okuyisifo sesibindi esibulalayo, iye yanezelwa ohlwini olwandayo lwezifo ezingase zidluliselwe ngokufakelwa izitho. Uhlu futhi luhlanganisa ezinye izinhlobo zehepatitis, ingculaza, necytomegalovirus. Okwatholakala, kwakhishwa kuyiNew England Journal of Medicine, kungase kuchaze izizathu zokuba kube nezigameko eziningi kangaka zesifo sesibindi esithatha isikhathi eside ngemva kokuhlinzelwa ukufakelwa izitho. Ukuhlolwa kweziguli ezingu-29 ezafakelwa izitho zabantu ababenegciwane lehepatitis C kwabonisa ukuthi abangu-14 baba nehepatitis C futhi abangu-6 bafa. Abacwaningi banomuzwa wokuthi, ezimweni eziningi, odokotela akumelwe bavumele abantu abanegciwane lehepatitis C ukuba banikele ngezitho.

Umfula WaseLibya Owakhiwe Abantu

“Amakamela ahamba ngomzila wasendulo wokulandelana esuka emathafeni ogwadule lwasentshonalanga Libya eya edolobheni elisogwini laseBenghazi manje asenophawu olusha lokuwaqondisa,” kusho umagazini iNew Scientist. “Aphelezelwa ipayipi elikhulu lamanzi ibanga elingamakhilomitha angaphezu kwenkulungwane, elikhulu ngokwanele ukuba imoto ingahamba ngaphakathi kwalo.” Lomfula wokwenziwa, ocishe ube ngangeRhine ubude, iminyaka eyisikhombisa uye waba umsebenzi wobunjiniyela bokuklanywa kwemigwaqo omkhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Uthutha amanzi angamacubic meter ayizigidi ezimbili ngosuku uwasusa emithonjeni ephakathi ezweni eSirte uwayise emapulazini asogwini aye anciphisa imithombo yawo yamanzi ambiwa phansi. Ezinye izinxanxathela ezine ezinkulu ezihlongozwayo zamanzi ngaphesheya kweLibya zisazokwakhiwa. Izindleko zokuthutha lamanzi esuka phansi kweSahara zinkulu kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo amanzi kumelwe ampompwe emagqumeni angaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu ukuphakama. Onjiniyela besaba ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engu-50 imithombo izosha. Isazi sezamanzi uTony Allen sibiza lesisakhiwo ngokuthi “iphupho lesizwe—ukusangana kwalo kokusebenzisa lamanzi ezolimo, angeke athathelwe indawo.”

Amagundane Amaningi Ukwedlula Abantu

INhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo (World Health Organization) ilinganisela ukuthi cishe kunamagundane ayizigidi ezingu-70, noma amagundane amaningana ngomuntu ngamunye, eSão Paulo, eBrazil, kubika iphephandaba iJornal da Tarde. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho izikhukhula zihlasela idolobha, izifo ezinjenge-leptospirosis, okuyizifo ezidluliselwa ngomchamo wamagundane, ziba ezivamile. “Ukuba ukulwa namagundane bekuxhomeke ebuthini kuphela, bekuyoba lula kakhulu ukuwaqeda,” kusho uMinekazu Matsuo, umqondisi Wokulawulwa Kwamagundane Nabathwali Bezifo eSão Paulo. Nokho, lapho ukudla namanzi kuba inala, ubuthi abusizi ngoba amagundane awabudli. Ukuze kuqedwe amagundane, uMatsuo uthi, kubalulekile ukuqeda udoti awudlayo.

Imigwaqo Ayibiyelwe Ngegolide

Cishe abantu baseMelika abayizigidi ezingu-34 manje baphila ngobumpofu, kusho iCensus Bureau yaseU.S. Kuyaqala ukuba izinga lobumpofu linyuke eminyakeni eyisikhombisa, lisuka kumaphesenti angu-12,8 enani labantu ngo-1989 liya kumaphesenti angu-13,5 ngo-1990. Incazelo yango-1990 yobumpofu iyiholo elingu-R36 737 noma ngaphansi emkhayeni wabantu abane. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zalabo abangaphansi kwezinga lobumpofu babemhlophe, kodwa abansundu, bengamaphesenti angu-32, babenezinga lobumpofu eliphakeme kunawo wonke kunoma iliphi iqembu lohlanga noma isizwe. Kubantwana, oyedwa kwabahlanu uphila ezingeni lobumpofu.

Ingculaza Nokuncela Ibele

Omama abanengculaza bangadlulisela lesifo kubantwana babo ngokubancelisa ibele ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu kunalokho ngaphambili okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka, kusho abacwaningi. Umbiko, owakhishwa kuyiNew England Journal of Medicine, wawusekelwe ekuhlolweni komama eKigali, enhlokodolobha yesizwe saseAfrika Ephakathi esiseRwanda. Nakuba ithuba lokuba izinsana zingenwe igciwane liphakeme ngamaphesenti angu-50, ingozi yokufa kosana ngokusebenzisa amanzi angcolile lapho kwenziwa ibhodlela losana liphakeme kakhulu. Ngakho ukuncelisa ibele kulezindawo kuseyinto etuswayo. Akubona bonke abesifazane abanengculaza abadlulisela leligciwane ngobisi lwabo, futhi kungenzeka ukuba izinga eliphakeme lokudlulisela lesifo labangelwa iqiniso lokuthi abesifazane okwenziwa kubo ukuhlola batholakala benalo ngokokuqala ezinyangeni ezintathu noma ngaphezulu ngemva kokubeletha. Inani lamagciwane emzimbeni liba ngeliphakeme kakhulu lapho umuntu esanda kuthola igciwane.