Ukuphakama Nokuwa Kwezentengiselwano Zomhlaba

Ingxenye 2—Ukwanuleka Kwemisebenzi Kuhlanganisa Imibuso

EKUQALENI, ukuthuthuka komkhakha wezentengiselwano kwakulinganiselwa kakhulu ukungatholakali kalula, ukungasheshi, kanye nokubiza kwezinto zokuhamba nezokuxhumana. Ukuhwebelana ngolwandle kwakuthatha isikhathi. Imizila enqamula ezweni yayigcwele izingozi. Kodwa konke lokhu kwase kuzoshintsha.

Ukuhwebelana Kuba Okomhlaba Wonke

Phakathi nenkathi yobuGreki, kusukela ngo-338 B.C.E. kuya ku-30 B.C.E., amadolobha aseMedithera aba izikhungo eziyinhloko zezohwebo. Ayehlanganisa iAlexandria, iGibithe, eyatholwa uAlexander Omkhulu ngo-332 B.C.E. Kodwa “ngekhulu lesibili B.C.[E.], amaZwe aseMpumalanga athonywe ubuGreki,” kusho uprofesa wezomlando uShepard B. Clough, “aqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokungathuthuki komnotho; ngekhulu lokuqala leminyaka B.C.[E.], wehla ngokuphawulekayo.” IGrisi njengombuso womhlaba yathathelwa indawo iRoma. Kamuva, ngaphansi kokulawula kweRoma, iAlexandria yaba inhlokodolobha yesifunda, eyayingaphansi kweRoma ngobukhulu kuphela.

Uzakwabo waseMpumalanga kanye nomlandeli woMbuso waseNtshonalanga Roma, uMbuso waseByzantine, wafinyelela ukudlondlobala kwawo phakathi nekhulu lesi-9 nele-11 leminyaka. Inhlokodolobha yawo, iConstantinople (namuhla okuthiwa i-Istanbul), enenani labantu abayisigidi, yayiyidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Imakethe kasilika, izinongo, odayi, kanye namakha kwasemaZweni aseMpumalanga kanye noboya, inhlaka, izingodo, kanye nensimbi kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga, kwasebenza njengebhuloho eliqinile elingokomnotho phakathi kweYurophu neAsia.

Kodwa ngo-1204, phakathi neMpi Yesine Engokwenkolo, lombuso wabhekana nokuhlehlela emuva. Inhlokodolobha yawo yathunjwa futhi yaphangwa, yaba isisulu sobugovu obungokomnotho. Kanjani? NgokweCollins Atlas of World History, “izimpi ezingokwenkolo zaqala lapho amazwe aseNtshonalanga eqala ukufuna umnotho wamaZwe AseMpumalanga.” Lokhu kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi isonto, nakuba kuthiwa laliqhutshwa intshiseko engokwenkolo, lalinezinye futhi izisusa.

Phakathi nalesosikhathi, eYurophu yenkathi ephakathi, abathengisi babenza imibukiso yezentengiselwano nokuhwebelana, lapho babebukisa khona ngezinto ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene emizileni ababehamba ngayo. Ngokuphathelene nemibukiso eyaphumelela ngokukhethekile eyayisesifundeni iChampagne sasenyakatho-mpumalanga neFrance, iNew Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Ukudayiselana kwabathengisi emibukisweni yokudayisa ngokuvamile kwakwenziwa ngezincwadi ezazethembisa ukukhokha embuthanweni olandelayo futhi lezozincwadi zazidluliselwa komunye umuntu. Ukudayiselana okunjalo kwakuyisiqalo sokusetshenziswa kwesikweletu. Ngekhulu le-13 leminyaka lemibukiso yokudayisa yasebenza njengesikhungo esivamile sokugcina imali saseYurophu.”

Phakathi nekhulu le-15 leminyaka, ukunqoba kwabantu baseTurkey boMbuso waseOttoman kwasongela ukunqamula imizila yezohwebo phakathi kweYurophu neAsia. Ngakho abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu baphuma umkhankaso wokuyofuna imizila emisha. UVasco da Gama, itilosi elingumPutukezi, wahola uhambo olwaqala ngo-1497 kuya ku-1499 lolo ngokuphumelela olwazungeza iCape of Good Hope yaseAfrika, ngaleyondlela kwaqaliswa umzila omusha wasolwandle oya eNdiya lowo owasiza ekwenzeni iPortugal yaba umbuso wezwe. Futhi lomzila omusha waphuca iAlexandria kanye namanye amatheku aseMedithera ukubaluleka kwawo kwezentengiselwano njengezikhungo ezinkulu zezohwebo.

Phakathi nalesosikhathi, umakhelwane wePortugal, iSpain, wayexhasa ngezimali umzamo wetilosi laseItaly uChristopher Columbus wokufinyelela eNdiya ngokuhamba ngomkhumbi aye ngasentshonalanga azungeze umhlaba. Ngo-1492—okuzoba iminyaka engu-500 nsé edlule ngo-October olandelayo—ngokungazelele uColumbus, kunjengokungathi, wathuka eseseNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaseNgilandi esikhundleni sokufuna ukufinyelela ngaseMpumalanga ngokuhamba ngomkhumbi balibhekise eningizimu njengoba uVasco da Gama ayenzile noma ngasentshonalanga njengoba kwakwenze uColumbus, baqhubeka befuna indlela edlula enyakatho-mpumalanga noma enyakatho-ntshonalanga. Konke lokhu kuhlola amazwe kwasiza ekwenzeni ukuba ukuhwebelana kube okomhlaba wonke. Futhi ngokuba isici esiyinhloko ekutholweni kweMelika eseningizimu nesenyakatho, umkhakha wezentengiselwano wabonisa ithonya lawo elinamandla ezindabeni zomhlaba.

Amandla Ezomnotho—Umakhi Wemibuso

Umkhakha wezentengiselwano uye wakha izinhlangano ezinamandla. Ngokwencwadi iBy the Sweat of Thy Brow, isibonelo “singenye yezinhlangano zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezinomphumela ofinyelela kude nohlala njalo wezwe lasendulo: inhlangano yemisebenzi yezandla noma umgwamanda.” Njengoba nje kunjalo ngezinhlangano zanamuhla ezinamandla ngendlela efanayo, nakuba lezinhlangano zinabo ubuhle ezibufezayo, ngezinye izikhathi zaziwasebenzisa kabi amandla, kangangokuthi umhumushi weBhayibheli uJohn Wycliffe kuthiwa wagxeka ezinye zazo ekhulwini le-14 leminyaka ngokuthi “abakhi bozungu bamanga . . . abaqalekiswe uNkulunkulu nabantu.”—Bheka ibhokisi ekhasini 13.

Umkhakha wezentengiselwano uye wakha ngisho nemibuso, ngokungangabazeki uMbuso waseBrithani yiwona owaphumelela kakhulu kuneminye. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ube khona ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka, ezinye izinhlangano zezentengiselwano eYurophu zaqala ukuhahela amandla angokomnotho enza ukuphila kuqhubeke. Enye yazo kwakuyiNhlangano Yabadayisi YeHansa.

Igama elidala lesiJalimane esiphakeme elithi Hanse, elisho “amabutho,” kancane kancane lasetshenziswa kunoma iyiphi yezinhlangano eziningi zabadayisi ezavela. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-12 nasekuqaleni kwele-13 leminyaka, iHanse eyayizinze edolobheni elisenyakatho Jalimane laseLübeck yalawula ukuhweba kwaseBaltic futhi ngokuphumelelayo yaxhuma iJalimane neRussia kanye namanye amazwe asemngceleni waseBaltic. Ngalesosikhathi, ukuyela ngasentshonalanga, iHanse eyayisedolobheni laseJalimane eliseCologne yayiqinisa ubuhlobo bezohwebo neNgilandi kanye namaZwe aseNingizimu.

Lezinhlangano zabadayisi zakhipha umthetho wokuvikela zona kanye nezinto ezizikhiqizile, ngokuvamile zilawula ezohwebo ngenjongo yokuzuzisa bonke. Zenza futhi nemizamo yobumbano yokunqanda ukuphangwa kwemikhumbi kanye nokuphamba ezweni noma olwandle. Njengoba ezohwebo zazanda, kwaba khona isidingo senhlangano enkudlwana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene. Ngakho ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, wonke amadolobha amakhulu asenyakatho Jalimane ayehlangene ndawonye abumba inhlangano eyodwa eyaziwa ngokuthi iNhlangano Yabadayisi yeHansa.

Ngenxa yendawo eyayikuyo, lenhlangano yalawula imizila eyinhloko yokuhwebelana emazweni asenyakatho. Ngasentshonalanga yahwebelana namazwe athuthukile ngokwezomnotho aseNgilandi kanye namaZwe aseNingizimu, lawo nawo ayenobuhlobo bezohwebo neMedithera kanye naseMpumalanga. Ngasempumalanga yayikwazi ukungena kalula eScandinavia naseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ngaphandle kokuhweba ngovolo neFlanders, lenhlangano yakwazi nokulawula ukuhwebelana ngenhlanzi neNorway kanye neSweden kuhlanganise nokuhwebelana ngoboya bezilwane neRussia.

Nakuba yayingeyona inhlangano engokombangazwe, futhi ingenawo umgwamanda oyibusayo noma izikhulu ezingashintshi, nokho ekudlondlobaleni kwayo lenhlangano yasebenzisa amandla amakhulu. Enye yezinto ezinkulu eyazifinyelela kwakuwukumisa isimiso semithetho yezentengiselwano eziqhutshelwa olwandle kanye nezentengiselwano ezivamile. Nakuba yayithuthuka iba nezimakethe ezintsha, lenhlangano yayishesha ukuvikela izimakethe zayo ezindala, isebenzise namandla uma kudingekile. Ezimweni ezivamile imikhumbi yayo emikhulu yabadayisi yayikwazi ukumelana nokunqatshelwa ngokusebenzisa ukuvimbela kukahulumeni imikhumbi yezentengiselwano.

INhlangano Yabadayisi YeHansa yadlondlobala cishe phakathi nekhulu le-14 leminyaka. Ukubhuntsha kwayo kwaqala ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka, lapho amaNgisi namaDashi eqala ukuba namandla nokuphatha ezohwebo zomhlaba. IMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu yayichitha leNhlangano. Amalungu ayo ahlangana okokugcina ngo-1669. Kwakungamadolobha ambalwa kuphela, phakathi kwawo okwakuyiLübeck, iHamburg, kanye neBremen, ayeseneqholo lokuzibiza njengamadolobha eHansa, okwakungamalungu abalulekile uma eqhathaniswa nenhlangano enkulu yezentengiselwano eyake yaba namandla.

Ezinye izinhlangano ezinkulu kunayo, ezengeziwe ezinamandla zazilinde ukungena esikhundleni seNhlangano Yabadayisi YeHansa. Funda ngazo eNgxenyeni 3 yaloluchungechunge: “Ezentengiselwano Ezinobugovu Ziveza Lokho Eziyikho Ngempela.”

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 13]

Amandla Ezinhlangano Zabadayisi Nezinyunyana Zezisebenzi

Ngekhulu lesinye leminyaka B.C.E., amanye amadolobha aseMedithera ayekhiqiza ngokuyinhloko izinto ezithile, enezingcweti zomsebenzi wezandla ofanayo ezazihlangana ndawonye endaweni eyodwa kuwo lamadolobha. Ekuqaleni, lezinhlangano zemisebenzi yezandla ngokusobala zazinesimo esingokwenkolo nesingokwenhlalo. IBy the Sweat of Thy Brow isitshela ukuthi “inhlangano ngayinye yayinonkulunkulu noma unkulunkulukazi wayo oyivikelayo, futhi amalungu ayo ayeba nezinkonzo ezingokwenkolo zawo wodwa.”

Izinhlangano zabadayisi zangenkathi ephakathi zaziklanyelwe ukunikeza usizo kwabampofu bamalungu azo kanye nokuvikela zonke izinto ezikhiqizwayo ngokuqondisa umkhiqizo kanye nokumisa izindinganiso, ngokunokwenzeka ngisho nokulawula amanani namaholo. Ezinye zaba izingqongqo, zashintsha ngobuqili amanani ngezivumelwano zangasese, ngenhloso yokuvikela izimakethe zalezinhlangano kanye nokuvimbela ukuncintisana okungafanele.

Njengabalandeli bezinhlangano zezinto ezenziwe ngezandla, izinhlangano zabadayisi zaba khona ngekhulu le-11 leminyaka, lapho abadayisi abangahlali ndawonye bezihlela ukuze bathole ukuvikeleka ezingozini zasemigwaqweni emikhulu. Kodwa kancane kancane lezinhlangano zayiyeka injongo yazo yasekuqaleni. Njengoba zase zishintshele ekuhwebelaneni kwangaphakathi, amandla azo nodumo kwehla lapho izimakethe zesifunda, zesizwe, kanye nezomhlaba wonke ziqala ukuvelela nalapho abadayisi beqala ukubaluleka kakhulu kunabenzi bezinto zezandla.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka nasekuqaleni kwele-19, njengehlumela leNguquko Yezimboni, izinyunyana zezisebenzi zaqala eBrithani naseUnited States njengezinhlangano zezisebenzi ezinamakhono afanayo. Njengoba zaziqale njengamaqembu ezenhlalo nje, zathuthukela ekubeni izinhlangano zokuvukela ngokumelene nesimiso esikhona sezenhlalo kanye nezombangazwe. Namuhla, ezinye izinyunyana zilwela nje ukunquma kuphela iholo, amahora, izimo zomsebenzi, kanye nokulondeka komsebenzi kwamalungu azo, lokhu zikufinyelela ngezingxoxo phakathi kwezinyunyana zezisebenzi kanye nomqashi noma ngokuteleka. Nokho, ezinye zingezombangazwe ngokuqondile.