Amahormone—Abathwali Besigijimi Abamangalisayo Bomzimba
UNQAMULA umgwaqo. “Qaphela!” othile uyamemeza. Uphendula ikhanda futhi ubona ukuthi iloli elikhulu alimanga esibanini somgwaqo esibomvu futhi liza ngakuwe ngesivinini esikhulu.
Ngokushesha umzimba wakho ukuhlomisela ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphuthumayo. Ingqondo yakho ithumela ngokushesha umbiko ophuthumayo ezindlaleni okuthiwa ama-adrenal, zona ezisabela ngokufaka iadrenaline nenoradrenaline egazini lakho. Lamahormone avimbela ukuyiswa kwegazi ezingxenyeni zomzimba ezizinkonzo zazo azidingeki ngokushesha ekubalekeleni lesimo, futhi alithumela ukuba liyoqinisa ingqondo yakho, inhliziyo, nemisipha.
Iadrenaline nenoradrenaline kuphoqa inhliziyo yakho ukuba ishaye ngamandla nangokushesha. Kwandisa umgudu womoya wamaphaphu akho; ukuphefumula kwakho kuyashesha. Kusekela ushukela osegazini lakho ukuba unikeze amandla amaningi. Ngokuphazima kweso, amahormone asesizile ekukuhlomiseleni ukwenza izenzo zamandla nokukhuthazela okungaphezu kwamandla akho avamile.
Iloli libhodlela eduze, umhlabathi uyandindizela. Akusekho mzuzwana wokulinda! Ugxumela ngamandla endaweni ephephile yabahamba ngezinyawo. Uphefumulela phezulu, inhliziyo yakho ishaya ngamandla, isisu sakho siyaxhuxhuzela, izandla zakho ziyavevezela—kodwa uyaphila!
Ezimweni ezinjengalezo amahormone ayasiza ekusindiseni ukuphila. Kodwa enza okungaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho. Asisiza ukuba sikhule futhi sikhulele ekubeni ngamadoda nabesifazane abanempilo. Enza ukuba ukusebenza kobulili nokuzalana kwethu kube nokwenzeka. Lapho sigodola noma sizwela ukushisa noma silambile noma somile noma sopha noma sigula, ayasisiza. Futhi asebenza amahora angu-24 ngosuku!
Kodwa wonke lomsebenzi uhlelwa kanjani emizimbeni yethu? Ukuze sisizakale ekuqondeni lokhu, ake sicabangele lokho amahormone ayikho nendlela asebenza ngayo.
Ukuxhumana Ngaphakathi
Amahormone ayizinto ezingamakhemikhali ezikhiqizwa izindlala zethu ze-endocrine. Igama elithi “endocrine,” elisho “ukukhiphela ngokuqondile,” lizichaza kahle lezindlala, njengoba zikhiphela amahormone ngokuqondile emzileni wegazi. Njengoba inhliziyo impompa igazi emzimbeni, amahormone aphuthuma ezindaweni ezehlukahlukene, lapho afeza khona umsebenzi wawo.
Ukuze amahormone enze imisebenzi yawo, ukuxhumana okuhle kuyadingeka phakathi kwezingxenye eziningi zemizimba yethu. Sonke sinezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidlulisela ukwaziswa okusigcina siphila futhi sisebenza ngokushelela—isimiso se-endocrine nesimiso semizwa.
Ukuze sibonise ukuthi lokhu kokubili kusebenza kanjani ndawonye, ake sibheke iVenice, eItaly, idolobha elidume ngesimiso salo esiyinkimbinkimbi semisele. EVenice, abantu basebenzisa isimiso socingo ukuze bathumele imibiko kwezinye izingxenye zedolobha. Ngokufanayo, umzimba uthumela imibiko yawo ngesimiso semizwa, isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuxhumana okwenzeka ngesivinini esisebenzisa izimpawu zikagesi namakhemikhali. Njengokushaya ucingo, umbiko wemizwa udluliselwa cishe ngokuphazima kweso.
Eqinisweni, umbiko ungadluliselwa futhi ngegondola, isikebhe eside esihamba phakathi kwemisele yedolobha eyinkimbinkimbi. Emzimbeni, abathwali bezigijimi abangamakhemikhali (amahormone) bahamba phakathi egazini noma kolunye uketshezi emzimbeni.
Uma sifanisa umzila wegazi nemisele yaseVenice, khona-ke amahormone afana namagondola amaningi athwele imibiko lapha nalaphaya evela emithonjeni eminingi iya ezindaweni eziningi. Lamahormone ahamba aye emisipheni, ezithweni, noma ezindlaleni kude kakhulu nendawo asuka kuyo. Uma efika nje lapho eya khona, aqalisa uchungechunge lwezenzakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali ukuze afeze injongo yawo.
Kodwa wonke lomsebenzi uqondiswa futhi wenganyelwe kanjani? Ukuphendula lowombuzo, ake sibheke ikomkhulu lesimiso se-endocrine futhi sibone ukuthi msebenzi muni owenziwa lapho.
Ipituitary—Indlala Eyinhloko
Umbonisi wesimiso se-endocrine yipituitary, isitho esincane esibomvu ngokumpunga esixhumene nobuchopho ngesiqu esincane futhi esisengoxini eyithambo ngemuva futhi ngenhla kwekhala.
Akuthakazelisi kangako ukubuka ipituitary. Ilingana nje nophizi, futhi inesisindo esingamagremu angu-0,6. Kodwa ngisho nakuba ipituitary incane, umthwalo wayo wemfanelo mkhulu kakhulu. Iye yabizwa ngokuthi indlala eyinhloko, umholi weqembu le-endocrine. Injengesikhulu sezebhizinisi esihhovisi laso lihlala liphithizela, ngemibiko evela futhi eya eminyango eminingi.
Eminye imisebenzi ipituitary iyabela ezinye izindlala ze-endocrine. Ngokwesibonelo, ipituitary ithumela umbiko ngamahormone emzileni wegazi iyala indlala ithyroid ukuba ikhiqize futhi ikhulule amanye amahormone amathathu. Lamahormone aqondisa ukushiswa kwamafutha, ukushisa komzimba, nokugcinwa kwamathambo esesimweni esihle. Ipituitary iyala futhi izindlala zobulili ukuba zikhiqize amahormone ayokwenza ushintsho olungokomzimba lokuthomba. Lendlala eyinhloko ingayala futhi nama-adrenal ukuba akhiqize amahormone alondoloza umfutho wegazi nesilinganiso sikasawoti emzimbeni.
Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi ipituitary inakekela izindaba ngokuqondile, ithumela imibiko yamahormone eshukumisa ukukhula kwamathambo ethu nezicubu. Amahormone ayo aqondisa ngisho nokuthi siyoba bade kangakanani.
Ipituitary ifeza ingxenye enkulu futhi ekuzalweni kwabantwana. Ekusizeni owesifazane onemihelo, ipituitary ithumela ioxytocin, ihormone eshukumisa ukufinyela kwesibeletho. Lapho ikhanda lomntwana lifinyelela emgudwini wokuzala, ingqondo ithumela umbiko kupituitary inxusa isilinganiso esengeziwe seoxytocin ukuze isize ngengxenye yokugcina yokuzala. Sonke lesikhathi, amahormone epituitary abeshukumisa ukukhiqizwa kobisi emabeleni kamama. Lapho umntwana ezalwa, umama usehlonyiselwe ukumondla.
Inhloko Yendlala Eyinhloko
Njengoba ipituitary ingumbonisi wezinye izindlala, nayo inombonisi wayo—ihypothalamus. Lokhu kuyisigaxa samangqamuzana emizwa emincane kunesihloko sesithupha sakho. Itholakala ngaphansi kobuchopho futhi ixhumene nepituitary. Umsebenzi wayo akukhona nje ukuqondisa umsebenzi wesimiso se-endocrine kuphela kodwa nokwengamela umsebenzi wesimiso semizwa ezisebenzela ngokwayo.
Ingxenye yomsebenzi wayo ukuhlola ukwakheka nezinga lokushisa kwegazi. Liningi igazi elidlula kuyihypothalamus kunanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye ebuchosheni. Kulokhu kugeleza kwegazi, ihypothalamus ifaka izinzwa ezishwabene ezifana neminwe, njengomuntu ogezayo lapho esebenzisa umunwe wakhe ukuzwa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kubhavu wakhe wokugezela. Uma igazi liphole kakhulu, ihypothalamus ithumela iziyalezo (ezidlula kupituitary nakuthyroid) ukuba kulethwe ithyroxine eyengeziwe, ihormone esekela ukushiswa kwamafutha ukuze kukhiqize ukushisa okuyofudumeza igazi.
Njengoba ihypothalamus yenza umsebenzi wayo ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngokuvamile asiyiqapheli imisebenzi yayo. Noma kunjalo, ithonya ukuphila kwethu nsuku zonke. Ingabe ulambile? Ihypothalamus yakho ithole ushukela iglucose encane kakhulu egazini lakho, ngakho ikutshela ukuba udle. Ingabe womile? Ihypothalamus yakho isiye yanquma ukuthi isilinganiso sikasawoti osegazini lakho sithe ukuphakama kancane. “Phuza amanzi,” iyakutshela.
Ihypothalamus ibuye iqondise izilinganiso zecalcium egazini. Ngaphandle kwecalcium ubuchopho bethu, izicubu, nemizwa bekungeke kusebenze kahle. Uma isilinganiso secalcium egazini siphansi kakhulu, ihypothalamus ikhipha icalcium emathanjeni, njengalapho umuntu ekhipha imali ebhange. Ikhishwa kanjani icalcium? Ihypothalamus ithumela umbiko ngamahormone kupituitary. Ipituitary ishaya owayo umthetho kumaparathyroid, asentanyeni. Amaparathyroid abe esekhipha iparathormone, yona eya emathanjeni iyocela icalcium ukuze iye emzileni wegazi. Lapho ihypothalamus isibona ukuthi isilinganiso secalcium sesilungile, ivala ama-oda okukhishwa okuqhubekayo.
Kodwa kuthiwani uma ihypothalamus ithola ukuthi kunecalcium eningi kakhulu egazini? Abathwali besigijimi bathunywa ‘ebhange lamathambo’ futhi, kodwa esikhundleni sokukhipha, ayafaka. Nansi inqubo: Ihypothalamus ithumela isigijimi kundunankulu wayo, ipituitary. Manje ipituitary ishaya umthetho kuyithyroid. Kamuva, ithyroid ithumela ihormone icalcitonin, esebenza ukudlulisela icalcium eyengeziwe isuka egazini iya emathanjeni.
Umklamo Ohlakaniphile
Yeka ubunyoninco bokuhleleka! Ihypothalamus iqondisa ipituitary, ipituitary iqondisa izindlala, nezindlala ziqondisa umzimba. Futhi konke lokhu kwenziwa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-30 ezihlukahlukene zamahormone ahamba ngokuthula emizimbeni yethu ukuze anakekele izidingo zemizimba yethu eziyisisekelo. Nokho, naphezu kokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwakho konke lokhu, isimiso se-endocrine sisebenza ngokushelela okumangalisayo.
IBhayibheli libonisa ukuthi “uNkulunkulu umisile izitho zonke, yileso naleso emzimbeni ngokuthanda kwakhe.” Yeka ukuthi afaneleka kanjani amazwi omhubi kuNkulunkulu: “Ngiyakukubonga, ngokuba ngenziwa ngokwesabekayo nangokumangalisayo; imisebenzi yakho iyamangalisa; umphefumulo wami uyakwazi kahle”!—1 Korinte 12:18; IHubo 139:14.
[Ibhokisi/Imidwebo ekhasini 18]
IZINDLALA ZE-ENDOCRINE ZIKHIPHELA AMAHORMONE EGAZINI
AMAHORMONE AYA KWEZINYE IZINGXENYE ZOMZIMBA UKUZE AFEZE IMISEBENZI EHLUKAHLUKENE
Indlala Ipineal
Lendlala encane, emaphansi phakathi ebuchosheni, ikhipha imelatonin, okucatshangwa ukuthi ithinta isimo sokuhlala uphaphame nokunye ukuvumelana komzimba okuhlukahlukene. Umsebenzi wangempela wemelatonin awukaziwa.
Amagonad, Noma Izindlala Zobulili
Amaovary amabili (kwabesifazane) atholakala ngasokhalweni, ohlangothini ngalunye lwesibeletho. Amahormone iestrogen neprogesterone akhiqizwa lapha. Lamahormone alawula umjikelezo wokuya esikhathini athinte nokwakheka kwezici zomzimba womuntu omdala wesifazane.
Amasende (kwabesilisa), asesikhwanyaneni, akhiqiza amahormone alawula ukukhula kwezici zomzimba womuntu omdala wesilisa futhi ashukumise ukukhiqizwa kwesidoda.
Indlala Ipituitary
Lesitho esingangohlamvu lukaphizi sixhumene nobuchopho ngesiqu esincane futhi singenhla kancane kwekhala nangemva kwalo. Ipituitary ingumqondisi walezi ezinye izindlala, ithumela imiyalezo engamakhemikhali ezindlaleni zethyroid, iadrenal, nezobulili, kuhlanganise nezinye izindlala ze-endocrine. Ingumlawuli oyinhloko wobude futhi ithinta ukukhula kwamathambo nezicubu. Futhi ishukumisa nokukhiqizwa kobisi ngamabele kamama oncelisayo.
Izindlala Zethyroid Neparathyroid
Lezindlala zisentanyeni. Iparathyroid ikhipha amahormone alawula izilinganiso zecalcium ukuze alondoloze amathambo anempilo. Ithyroid ikhiqiza amanye amahormone alawula isivinini sokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo nokudla ukuze kukhiqize amandla.
Izindlala Zeadrenal
Njengoba zingaphezu nje kwenso ngayinye, izindlala ezimbili zeadrenal zikhiqiza iadrenaline nenoradrenaline, ehlomisela umzimba ukulwa noma ukubaleka ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Amahormone engeziwe enziwa lapha athinta ukushiswa kwamacarbohydrate namaprotheni, alawule amanzi asingathwa izinso, futhi ashukumise izindawo zomzimba zokugcina ukudla uma kunokuncane kokudliwa.
Ubende
Njengoba ingaphansi kwesisu, lendlala iguqula iglucagon neinsulin, okulawula isilinganiso sikashukela egazini.
[Imidwebo]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
Indlala ipineal
Indlala ipituitary
Indlala ithyroid
Izindlala zeadrenal
Ubende
Amasende
[Imidwebo]
Isibeletho
Amaovary