Ukubuka Okwezwe

Izintandane Zengculaza

Izindawo zokugcina izintandane esifundazweni saseManicaland, eZimbabwe, seziyachichima ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezintandane zengculaza. Kulesifundazwe kuphela, ‘kunezingane ezicishe zibe ngu-47 000 ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-14 ubudala ezaba izintandane ngenxa yokufa kwabazali bazo ngezifo ezihlobene nengculaza,’ kubika iStar saseGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. Kulezingane, ezicishe zibe amaphesenti ayishumi ziye zalahlekelwa yibo bobabili abazali. Leliphephandaba labika ukuthi ngokokuhlola okwenziwa uPhiko Lwezempilo, ‘emikhayeni engu-294 eyakhethwa nje noma kuphi esifundazweni, amaphesenti angu-29,9 ayenezintandane zengculaza.’

Ukucikwa Isikhathi Esikhululekile

Ngokokuhlola okwenziwa iBAT Leisure Research Institute, abanye abantu eJalimane bakuthola kuya kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe ukunquma ukuthi yini abangayenza ngesikhathi sabo abangenzi lutho ngaso. Ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi abaningi abaphila ngokunethezeka futhi abanesikhathi esiningi esikhululekile bayakhohlwa ukuthi bangakujabulela kanjani ukuphila. Abaningi bayacikeka noma babe imilutha yokuba amadela-ngozi. Abanye baba namawala kakhulu, noma ngisho nobudlova. Loluhlobo lomuntu ngokuvamile luzifaka ngokungadingekile ezingozini ekufuneni kwalo injabulo nezinto ezivusa amadlingozi. Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi indaba yokuthi singasetshenziswa kanjani ngokufanelekile isikhathi esikhululekile izoba ngenye yezinkinga ezinkulu eshumini leminyaka elizayo.

Ukwephuza Okuyingozi

Izisebenzi zasehhovisi ezichitha amahora amaningi nsuku zonke zigqolozele izihenqo zecomputer “ziyingozi kuzo ngokwazo nakwabanye lapho zishayela ebusuku,” kusho uProfesa Paul Cook waseYunivesithi iBrunel yaseLondon. IDaily Telegraph yaseLondon ibika ukuthi ngemva kokuhlolwa kokungaboni ebusuku okwathatha iminyaka eyishumi, uProfesa Cook wathola ukuthi amehlo abantu ababegqolozela amacomputer amahora amade ngesikhathi esisodwa ayethatha imizuzwana eyizingxenyana zezinkulungwane ezingu-120 ukudlulisela ukwaziswa ebuchosheni. Leso isikhathi esiphindwe kayisishiyagalolunye kunesikhathi esivamile! Nakuba lokhu kwephuza okwandisiwe kuvikela ubuchopho ekuthwaleni ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu okuvezwa izihenqo zamacomputer, ebusuku, ekukhanyeni okuncishisiwe, kungenza ukusabela komshayeli kungasheshi.

Ukunqoba Izinambuzane

Izinyanga eziyisikhombisa, izindiza eziningi zandiza phezu kweLibya, zivula iminyango yezindawo zokuthwala impahla, futhi zidedele isikhali esinamandla esingokwemvelo: izimpukane zesilisa ezitheniwe okuthiwa amascrewworm. “Kwakuwumkhankaso ophuthumayo wokuqeda iNew World Screwworm, isikhonyane esisongela izilwane kanye nabantu eAfrika nakwamanye amazwe,” kusho umagazini iNew African. Manje, izimpukane eziyizigidi zezigidi ezingu-1,3 kamuva, iNhlangano yeFood and Agriculture yeZizwe Ezihlangene iye yamemezela ukunqoba, okufezwe ngemali engamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-179—okungaphezu nje kwengxenye yalokho ngaphambili okwakulinganiselwe. Lapho ezesifazane zihlangana nezesilisa ezitheniwe ezidedelwe, akukho bantwana abavelayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ekugcineni izimpukane ziyafa. Umkhankaso wokubeka iso kuzo uzoqhubeka kuze kube ngehlobo lika-1992.

Umkhaya Oqashisayo

Inkonzo elungiselela abantu abagugile abanesithukuthezi imikhaya-mbumbulu manje isiyatholakala eJapane. Iphephandaba iAsahi Shimbun libika ngenhlangano yezokuzilibazisa leyo ethumela abadlali, ngenkokhelo ethile, abadlala indima yokuba amalungu omkhaya. Abadlali bahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba kusukela kwesesikhombisa kuye kwesokuqala, kuxhomeke ekhonweni labo lokudlala. Kunesidingo esikhulu sabadlali besifazane ukuba badlale indima yokuba amadodakazi kuneyabadlali ababa njengamadodana. Iphephandaba lichaza ukuthi isizathu salokhu siwukuthi abantu abagugile bafuna “othile ozobatotosa futhi alalele izikhalazo zabo.” Ukuvakashelwa amalungu-mbumbulu omkhaya okuthatha amahora amathathu, kuhlanganise nomzukulu oyintombazane oneminyaka emithathu, kungabiza amayen angu-150 000 (R3 300).

Isicefe Sesikole

IToronto Star ibika ukuthi ekuhlolweni kwesizwe sonke kwezingane ezingaba ngu-9 000 ezayeka isikole semfundo ephakeme eCanada, “ezintathu kweziyishumi zayeka isikole ngenxa yokuba isicefe kwaso.” Amamaki amahle awasona isikhombo sokuthi abafundi bazohlala esikoleni, njengoba abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-30 balabo abahlolwa babenamamaki aphakeme. UJim Livermore, iphini likamongameli weSecondary School Teachers’ Federation yaseOntario akazange amangale. Wathi: “Ngenxa yethelevishini isicefe siyisici esikhulu namuhla kunanjengoba kwakunjalo eminyakeni engu-20 edlule. Ukuze izingane zibe nesithakazelo yonke into namuhla kufanele ikhazimule, ibe eyobuchwepheshe bezinga eliphezulu futhi ikhange.” UMnu. Livermore unomuzwa wokuthi ezinye zezingqondo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu azibekelwa inselele esikoleni. Wanezela ngokuthi “indlela endala yokufundisa ayisasebenzi. Kunokufundisa kokukhuluma kakhulu, kufanele senze abafundi bahileleke ngokwengeziwe.”

Izingane Ziyalimala

Ngokokuqala ngqá, abacwaningi baseArgentina baye bakha ukwaziswa okunemininingwane ngokuphathelene nezingozi ezenzeka ezinganeni kulelozwe. Ukuhlola kwembula ukuthi amaphesenti angu-41 azo zonke izingane ezilaliswe esibhedlela eArgentina aye alimala emakhaya akubo. Eziningi ziye zalimala lapho ziwa. Ngemva kokuchaza isimo esiyingozi esitholakala emakhaya amaningi, iphephandaba laseBuenos Aires iClarín labhekisela kwenye indlu eyisibonelo yaseArgentina “njengogibe lokuzingela izingane.” Kwenye indawo lapho eziningi zalezingozi zenzeka khona kusezimotweni. Iphephandaba lanezela ukuthi ezimweni eziningi abantu abadala baba necala ngenxa yalezingozi ezibuhlungu, futhi ngokuvamile ezibulalayo.

Vimbela Izingozi Ngokukhanya

EFinland, eDenmark, naseSweden, bonke abashayeli kudingeka bakhanyise izibani zasemini zezimoto zabo njengendlela yokuvimbela izingozi. Lesinyathelo sokuphepha sisebenza ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho kuba mnyama khona isikhathi esiningi sasemini phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika. Ukuhlola kwamuva eFinland kwembula ukuthi phakathi nobusika obuyisithupha, ukushayela kukhanyiswe izibani emini kwehlisa izingozi ezenzeka emini ngamaphesenti angu-21. Amanye amazwe eUnited States aye amisa imithetho efuna ukuba kusetshenziswe izibani zangaphambili lapho kuluvindi, njengalapho selizoshona nalapho lisanda kuphuma nje ilanga, nalapho kunesimo sezulu esingesihle. Phakathi no-1990 kwafa abantu abangaphezu kuka-44 000 futhi kwalimala abangaphezu kuka-5 000 000 ngenxa yokushayisana kwezimoto eUnited States kuphela.

Igazi Eliyingozi

EJapane abantu abaye bamukela ukumpontshelwa igazi esikhathini esedlule ngeke besafaneleka ukuba bathekelise igazi elizompontshelwa. Ngani? IRed Cross Society yaseJapane yabhekisela “emaphesentini aphakeme abantu abangenwe igciwane lesifo sokusha kwesibindi sohlobo C” njengabangelwe yilo, kubika iDaily Yomiuri. Ngokwaleliphephandaba, isilinganiso sokuthathelwana kwesifo sokusha kwesibindi sohlobo C kubantu abaye bampontshelwa igazi singamaphesenti angu-8,31, esiphakeme ngokuphindwe kayi-12 kunakulabo abangakaze balamukele igazi. Ngaleyondlela iJapane yaba izwe lokuqala ukumisa umthetho wokunqaba igazi njengeliyingozi ngenxa nje yokuthi lalivela kubantu ababempontshelwe ngaphambili.

ISingapore Iqinisa Ukunqandwa Kweshungamu

Izivakashi eziza esiqhingini esiyiriphabhuliki yeSingapore manje kufanele zisho emafomini azo agcwaliswa abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe uma ziphethe ishungamu. Nakuba embalwa yokusetshenziswa ngumuntu siqu ivunyelwa, eningi iyathathwa. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwalonyaka, uhulumeni uye wavala ukukhiqizwa, ukudayiswa, kanye nokuthengwa kweshungamu kwamanye amazwe. Abadayisi bahlawuliswa imali efinyelela ku-R3 300, kuyilapho labo abayithenga kwamanye amazwe bengagqunywa ejele unyaka wonke futhi bahlawuliswe u-R17 000. Okwamanje, ukuba nayo akulona icala. Ishungamu “idala ukungcola ezindaweni zethu zomphakathi,” kusho ummeleli kahulumeni. Izitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba zema izikhathi ezimbalwa ngonyaka odlule lapho ishungamu ibangela ukuba iminyango ibambeke futhi iyivimbela ukuba ingavaleki. Ukudayiswa kweshungamu bekwenza amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-14 ngonyaka, nakuba izimemezelo zokukhangisa ishungamu ziye zavalwa eSingapore kusukela ngo-1984. NgokweAsiaweek, uhulumeni uye futhi wamemezela amacebo “omthetho odinga ukuba labo ababoshwe ngenxa yokulahla udoti nomaphi bacoce izindawo zomphakathi.”

Izibiliboco ZaseBabiloni

Umagazini waseFrance iScience Illustrée ubika ukuthi ngemva kokusebenza iminyaka eyishumi, iqembu labacwaningi laseYunivesithi yaseYale liye lachaza lokho okubonakala kungezinye zezindlela zokupheka ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezindlela zokupheka ezibhalwe phansi ziyingxenye yombhalo wecuneiform owaqoshwa ematsheni obumba amaningana atholwa emanxiweni edolobha lasendulo laseBabiloni. Lamatshe ayehlanganisa nokudla okwakudliwa kanye nezindlela zokupheka ezingu-25 zokudla ngokusobala okwakugcinelwa imikhosi kanye nezenzakalo ezikhethekile. Nakuba ukudla kwansuku zonke kwakulula, izindlela zokupheka ezibhalwe phansi zembula ukuthi ukunambitheka kokudla kwaseBabiloni lasendulo ngezinye izikhathi kwakuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zenyama kanye nezinongo futhi ‘kwakunezibiliboco’ ezinjengenyama yemvu enongwe ngogaliki kanye noanyanisi, idliwa namafutha, ubisi olumuncu, kanye negazi.

Abagembuli Basemgwaqweni BaseJalimane

Izimoto zamaphoyisa muva nje ziye zaqala ukuqapha emigwaqweni yaseBerlin, eJalimane, zimemezela isigijimi esingajwayelekile ngemibhobho: “Ungahlanganyeli kuyiHütchenspiel. Ngeke uwine. Ayidlalwa ngokwethembeka.” KuHütchenspiel, ngokwezwi nezwi okusho “umdlalo wesigqoko esincane” (futhi osekukudala waziwa ngokuthi umdlalo wegobolondo), umdlali uzama ukuqagela ukuthi iyiphi kulezinkomishi ezintathu ezincane efihle idayisi, kuyilapho uchwepheshe oneminwe esheshayo ngokushesha eshintshanisa izinkomishi. Umdlali ongaziwa ohambisana nabo ngokuvamile unxenxa isixuku ngokuza azodlala futhi abonakale sengathi uyawina, kuyilapho abanye akanye nabo begade amaphoyisa. Amaphoyisa akholelwa ukuthi lawomaqembu angenza imali efinyelela ku-DM10 000 (R16-500) ngosuku. Kuze kube manje umthetho uye waba nempumelelo encane ekubanqandeni. Iphephandaba iNürnberger Nachrichten libika ukuthi engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1991, kwaboshwa abagembuli basemgwaqeni abangu-1 500, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kobufakazi obuqinile, bangu-25 kuphela ababoshelwa ukukhwabanisa.