Ukubuka Okwezwe

“Izimbangela Ezintsha Zokuntengantenga”

Ingabe inkululeko yenkolo esanda kutholwa eMpumalanga Yurophu iye yaletha isilinganiso esithile sokuthula nokuvumelana esiyaluyalwini sezombangazwe kuleyondawo? “Abefundisi bamaRoma Katolika nabobuOrthodox eRomania, eUkraine, nangasemngceleni osempumalanga wePoland balwela ubunikazi bamasonto,” kuphawula iphephandaba laseFrance iMonde. Leliphephandaba lanezela: “Kodwa kunokuthile okungenangqondo kakhulu ngalengxabano. . . . Lamahemuhemu empi yenkolo abonakala futhi phezu kweYurophu naseCaucasus, aba khona naphezu kwazo zonke iziyaluyalu zobuzwe, adala izimbangela ezintsha zokuntengantenga futhi awabikezeli lutho oluhle.”

U-1991—Unyaka Oqopha Umlando NgeBhayibheli

NgokweEcumenical Press Service, iScripture Language Report yaminyaka yonke yeUnited Bible Societies ibonisa ukuthi phakathi no-1991 “ngokokuqala ngqá . . . , izilimi ezingu-32 zathola okungenani incwadi eyodwa yeBhayibheli,” lokhu kwandisa ingqikithi yezilimi okuye kwahunyushelwa kuzo okungenani incwadi eyodwa yeBhayibheli yaba u-1 978. Umagazini waseNetherlands iVandaar uthi ngalowonyaka ofanayo, izinhlangano zeBhayibheli zesizwe ezingaphezu kwekhulu zathengisa inani eliqopha umlando lamaBhayibheli ayizigidi ezingu-16 emhlabeni wonke, ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu-3,5 kunango-1990. Ukuthunyelwa kwamaBhayibheli endaweni eyayiyiSoviet Union (amakhophi angaphezu kuka-700 000), eRomania (angaba u-340 000), naseBulgaria (angu-140 000) kwaphumela ekwandeni ngamaphesenti angu-34 okusakazwa kweBhayibheli eYurophu, kuyilapho ukuthunyelwa kwawo eShayina (amakhophi acishe abe isigidi) naseRiphabhuliki yaseKorea (ayizigidi ezingu-1,8) kwaholela ekwandeni ngamaphesenti angu-13 eAsia. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusakazwa kwamaBhayibheli kwehla ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwayishumi eAfrika nangamaphesenti angu-11 eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. IVandaar yenezela ngokuthi emazweni asathuthuka amaBhayibheli athengiswa ngemali elingana neholo elivamile losuku.

Imiphakathi Engcoliswe Izidakamizwa

ESpain, lapho abantu abangaba ngu-100 000 beyimilutha yeheroin, ukuhweba ngezidakamizwa sekungene emiphakathini eminingi yasemadolobheni—kuveza imiphumela edabukisayo. NgokweCambio 16, umagazini waseMadrid, “wonke umuntu uyazi” ngalesimo esiba sibi, “wonke umuntu uyahlupheka, futhi wonke umuntu ulindele amakhambi angekho.” Edolobheni laseValencia, imilutha nabathengisi bezidakamizwa baye banda ngokusobala kangangokuthi izinkulungwane zezakhamuzi zibhikisha ubusuku ngabunye zimelana nalokhu kungcoliswa kwemiphakathi yazo. Esinye isakhamuzi satshela iCambio 16: “Asikwazi ukuthatha izingane zethu ziyodlala emapaki, ngoba agcwele izipotsho. Kukhona ukuhlasela nsuku zonke.” Ngokufanayo, iphephandaba iPaís libika ukuthi kwamanye amafuku ngaphandle nje kweMadrid, izibhamu ziqhuma cishe nsuku zonke.

Ukuzingela Abathakathi

Abantu abaningi eVenda, enyakatho yeNingizimu Afrika, bakholelwa ukuthi abantu ababulawa izimbangela ezingokwemvelo. Njengoba iphephabhuku i-Indicator South Africa labika, bacabanga ukuthi ukufa kubangelwa ubuthakathi noma ukungenela kwemimoya yokhokho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intsha eningi yaseVenda, ilangazelela ushintsho, izimisele ukuqeda izinkolelo zamasiko. Iye yaqala umkhankaso wokuzingela abathakathi. I-Indicator South Africa yathi: “Esimweni esikhulayo sokwesaba, noma ubani owayesolwa njengomthakathi wayebulawa nje ngalesosikhathi naphezu kokuphika ethi akanacala. . . . UMarch 1990 wayeyinyanga egcwele ukushiswa ebusuku kwalabo abasolwe njengabasebenzisa ubuthakathi. Kweminye imizi, abangaba bahlanu noma ngaphezulu ababesolwa ukuthi bangabathakathi babeshiswa noma baxoshwe emakhaya abo ubusuku ngabunye.”

Ukuthengiswa Kwezikhali Kuyachuma

“Abathengisi bezikhali emhlabeni wonke bajabulela ukuchuma kwalelibhizinisi,” kubika iphephabhuku laseBrithani iNew Scientist. Yini eshukumisa lelibhizinisi elichumayo? Umcwaningi wezentengiselwano zezikhali zezizwe zonke uChris Smith uthi ukuwa kweSoviet Union nokuntengantenga kwamuva nje okubangelwe impi yasePersian Gulf kuye kwandisa ukuthunyelwa nesidingo sezikhali eziningi ezingabizi, esezisetshenzisiwe eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseMpumalanga Yurophu. NgokukaSmith noAndrew Ross beNaval War College yaseU.S., ukuthambekela okuphazamisayo ukuthi “izizwe ezisathuthuka ziba abakhiqizi bezikhali ababaluleke ngokwengeziwe.”

Ukufuna Ubusha Obuhlala Njalo

Imikhiqizo eminingi ethengiswayo inedumela lokuvimbela inqubo yokuguga. Ngeshwa, ngokukamagazini iConsumer Reports, abukho ubufakazi bokusekela lokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lemikhiqizo ebizayo ingabangela imiphumela eseceleni elimazayo. UCaleb Finch, uprofesa wesayensi yokuguga eYunivesithi yaseNingizimu California, wathi: “Kwenzeka izinto eziningi eziyinqaba lapho ugxisha umzimba wakho ngamakhemikhali. Ngalinye linomphumela walo, futhi ayikho indlela yokubikezela ukusabela kwawo noma imiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside.” IConsumer Reports yathi: “Abacwaningi abambalwa bethemba ukuthi esikhathini esiseduze esizayo bayokwazi ukwandisa ubude besikhathi sokuphila komuntu.” Lomagazini wathi ukudla okufanele, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo, ukugwema ugwayi notshwala obuningi, nokugcina isisindo esifanele “kungaveza imiphumela efanayo naleyo okuthiwa ingavezwa imikhiqizo eyandisa ukuphila.”

Abantwana Abalahliwe

“Omama abakhungathekile baye baqala ukulahla izingane zabo—ezinye zinezinyanga ezimbalwa nje ubudala—ezibhedlela kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Afrika,” kusho iSaturday Star, iphephandaba laseGoli. “Bekhungathekiswe inhlanganisela yobumpofu, ukuntuleka komsebenzi, ukungabi namakhaya nokuphelelwa ithemba, omama abaningi ngokwengeziwe bamane babhalise izingane ezibhedlela, ngamagama okungewona nangezifo ezingenazo, futhi bazishiye lapho.” Ezinye izingane ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba zihlale ezibhedlela isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka futhi zazingenakukwazi ukuyiswa emakhayeni okutholwa noma ezintandane, njengoba nawo ayegcwele echichima. Kwezinye izibhedlela iningi lezingane ezilahliwe kwakuyizinsana. Umqondisi wezenhlala-kahle yezingane eGoli uDkt. Adele Thomas ucashunwa ethi: “Amadoda asemaphandleni ayaqonywa (emadolobheni), ashiye amantombazanyana ekhulelwe, bese ebuyela emikhayeni yawo yasemaphandleni. Lamantombazane awanakho ukuzikhethela ngaphandle kokulahla usana.” Iziyaluyalu zombango zingesinye isizathu. “Siye saba nokwanda ngonyaka odlule lapho kwakugcwele ubudlova ngokukhethekile nabantu abaningi kudingeka bashiye amakhaya,” kusho omunye umphathi wesibhedlela.

Ukwethembeka EYurophu

Ingabe ukuziphatha kwezakhamuzi eYurophu kuyahlukahluka esizweni ngasinye? Ukuze ithole iqiniso iValue Systems Study Group yaseYurophu yaxoxa nabantu abangu-19 000 abavela ezizweni ezingu-13. Ngamunye wabuzwa ukuthi ziyathetheleleka yini izinto ezinjengokukhohlisa ngezintela, ukufumbathisa, ukungcolisa, nokufuna izinzuzo zikaHulumeni ungazifanele. IEuropean ibika ukuthi abantu baseScandinavia bathembeka kakhulu. Kungani? Lapho, abantu banomuzwa wokuthi bangazethemba izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuyilapho kwamanye amazwe, ukuziphatha okuphansi kwezakhamuzi kubonisa umbono ogxekayo ngoHulumeni. Kanjalo, ukwethembeka kubonakala kuveza isimo sengqondo somuntu ngomphakathi. “Lapho abantu bengenandaba nohulumeni, abanandaba nakho konke okuthinta umphakathi,” kusho uJan Kerkhofs, uprofesa osethathe umhlala-phansi wezokusebenzelana komphakathi eYunivesithi yaseLeuven, eBelgium.

Intengo Ephakeme Yokuluthwa Utshwala

Ukuluthwa utshwala kuyabiza. Kubiza kokubili emlutheni wotshwala nasemphakathini ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nezindleko zempilo ezikhulayo, amakhaya awohlokile, izingozi, nokufa. Nokho, intengo evame ukunganakwa imali yangempela echithwa umlutha wotshwala ukuze usekele ukulutheka kwawo. Ngokwephephandaba laseParis iFigaro, ukuhlola okwenziwa eFrance kubonisa ukuthi umlutha wotshwala uchitha isilinganiso sama-franc angu-3 000 (R1 485) ngenyanga emkhubeni wawo wokuphuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola kwembula ukuthi ukuphuza utshwala ngokuvamile kuthatha amaphesenti angu-50 ezindleko zomkhaya womlutha wotshwala—okungafinyelela emaphesentini angu-80 kulabo abahlala bodwa. Ngemva konyaka owodwa wokuyeka ngokuphelele, cishe yonke imilutha yotshwala eyaba nengxenye kulokhu kuhlola yayisilithuthukisile izinga elivamile lokuphila kwayo. Yayidla ukudla okungcono futhi igqoka kangcono. Ingxenye yayo yakwazi ngisho nokulondoloza imali.

Ukuhlolwa Okusheshayo Kukamalaleveva

Indlela esheshayo nenemba ngokwengeziwe yokuhlola umalaleveva iye yasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ezweni laseAfrika iKenya. Umagazini iPanoscope ubika ukuthi ngokusebenzisa “icentrifuge, umthanjana wegazi, ipolystyrene float, nokukhanya kweultraviolet, amagciwane angatholwa ngemizuzwana engu-45, uma kuqhathaniswa nemizuzu emine ethathwayo ngendlela yamanje.” Lomagazini uphawula ukuthi lendlela entsha izonciphisa umsebenzi wochwepheshe futhi kanjalo inciphise inani lamaphutha enziwayo lapho kwelashwa. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-150 emhlabeni wonke baphethwe umalaleveva. Unyaka ngamunye, lesifo sibulala abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi—iningi labo abantwana.

Ukudoba Izinhlanzi Okuyingozi

Muva nje iNational Research Council yaseU.S. yasakaza imiphumela yokuhlola okwabonisa ukuthi ukudoba izinhlanzi ukuze zithengiswe kuphakathi kwemisebenzi eyingozi kakhulu ezweni. NgokweNew York Times, lokhu kuhlola kwathola ukuthi “ngezisebenzi ezingu-47 ezifayo kulezo nalezo ezingu-100 000, ukudoba izinhlanzi ukuze zithengiswe kwalingana nokusebenza emayini njengomsebenzi oyingozi kakhulu eUnited States.” EMaine kuphela, kunesilinganiso sokufa okuhlobene nomsebenzi kwabantu abayisithupha phakathi kwabadobi unyaka ngamunye. Phakathi no-1991 lelonani lacishe laphindeka kabili. Ngokwehla kwentengo yamalobster, abanye abadobi ababengeke neze bayowadoba ebusika manje sebekuthola kudingekile ukwenza kanjalo. ITimes yaphawula ukuthi ebusika “izikebhe ezibandayo, ulwandle oluyaluzayo nezivunguvungu ezinkulu kwenza umsebenzi oyingozi ube ingozi ngisho nangokwengeziwe.”