Ukubuka Okwezwe
EZAMUVA NGECHERNOBYL
Eminyakeni emithathu nengxenye ngemva kwengozi yenuzi eChernobyl, eU.S.S.R., izakhamuzi zendawo, “ikakhulukazi abantwana, zihlushwa ukuvuvukala kwezindlala zomphimbo, ukuvilapha, isifo samehlo, nokwenyuka kwezinga lomdlavuza,” ngokusho kweManchester Guardian Weekly. Kwenye indawo, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha babikezela ukuthi amashumi ezinkulungwane asazobulawa umdlavuza obangelwa imisebe. Abaqondisi bamapulazi babika izinga elandayo lezilwane zasemapulazini ezizalwa ziyizidalwa: “amankonyane angenazo izinhloko, izinyawo, izimbambo noma amehlo; izingulube ezinezingebhezi ezikhubazekile.” Kubikwa ukuthi imisebe esemoyeni ingaphezu kwejwayelekile ngokuphindwe ka-30 endaweni. UZoya Tkachova, umqondisi wesibhedlela esifundeni saseMogilev eBelorussia, wathi: “Asikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphila okunempilo emphakathini wasezindaweni ezingcolisiwe.”
“IHLANE ELIKHULU LOKUGCINA LEZWE”
Njengoba imikhiqizo etholakalayo yamandla angokwemvelo iqhubeka incipha, izwekazi elicishe libe ingxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi zendawo yomhlaba, iAntarctica, ibhekwa njengomthombo wamandla omusha. Izwekazi elimbozwe iqhwa belingaphansi kwesivikelo seSivumelwano saseAntarctic sango-1959 nokuziyekela ngokuzithandela kwezezimayini. Nokho, kuye kwahlongozwa isivumelwano esisha esiyoyivula njengendawo yokuhlolwa kukawoyela nezinto ezimbiwa phansi. I-International Herald Tribune ibika ukuthi amazwe amabili kulawo enze isivumelwano, iAustralia neFrance, ayenqaba ukusayina isivumelwano. Ekhomba ukuchitheka kukawoyela eAlaska naseAntarctica njengezikhumbuzo ezidabukisayo zezingozi zendawo ezungezile ezibangelwa ukuhlolwa kwezimayini, undunankulu waseAustralia, uBob Hawke, wafuna “isivikelo esinamandla kakhulu salokho okuyihlane elikhulu lokugcina lezwe elisasele”.
LAPHO KUKHANYA ILANGA
Isazi sokuklama eFederal Republic of Germany siye saklama futhi sakha imoto ebukeka ingajwayelekile, enekhono lokuhamba eliphawulekayo, ehamba ngamandla elanga. Ngokwephephandaba iZeit, edolobheni lakubo kwalesazi sokuklama, imoto ivusa isasasa lenjabulo ezinganeni, kuyilapho abantu abadala bekhuluma ngayo njengebonakala ifana netafula lokudlalela ithenisi noma inhlanzi eyisicaba. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibonakala kanjani, lemoto iyaphumelela. Iye yanqoba emijahweni yezimoto zawompetha ezihamba ngamandla elanga futhi iye yafinyelela ngisho nejubane lamakhilomitha angu-130 ngehora. Kodwa lokho ikwenza ngamabhethri ayo egcwaliswe nswí. Lapho igijima iqondene ngqó nelanga, lemoto ayikwazi ukweqa amakhilomitha angu-30 ngehora—futhi lo-kho ikwenza kuphela uma ilanga likhanya.
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 28]
From a photo by Trykowski/Dürschner
AMANDLA AMAPHUNGA
Izimboni zaseJapane zihlola amaphunga ashintsha isimilo. Ngokomunye uchwepheshe waseJapane, amaphunga anjalo, ahanjiswa ngemihume ehamba umoya opholile, aye “atholakala ezolisa iziguli eziyaluzayo zasekhaya labangenakuzinakekela futhi andisa ikhono futhi anciphise ukucindezeleka phakathi kwezisebenzi zasemafektri nasemahhovisi.” Abasebenzisi bemishini yokubhoboza abangu-13 baqashelwa izinsuku ezingu-30 futhi ukuhlola kwabonisa ukuthi isilinganiso samaphutha ngehora sehla ngamaphesenti angu-54 lapho umoya wasehhovisi ufakwe iphunga likalamula. Lomagazini ubika ukuthi manje isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo “sesiqashiwe ukuba siveze iphunga elingafuthwa emabhulohweni aseDolobheni laseNew York ukuze kuncishiswe ubudlwembe babashayeli futhi kukhuliswe nobungane.”
AMASONTO ANGENAMUNTU
Ngokokuhlola kwamuva eFederal Republic of Germany, amaphesenti angu-70 amaJalimane akholelwa kuNkulunkulu, futhi amaphesenti angu-13 kuphela avuma ukuthi awakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, kubika iSchweinfurter Tagblatt, iphephandaba laseJalimane. Nokho, imiphumela yokuhlola kweAllensbach Opinion Research Institute ibonisa ukuthi amaphesenti ayisihlanu kuphela amaLuthela namaphesenti angu-25 amaKatolika aseFederal Republic of Germany aya njalo ezinkonzweni zesonto. Kulawa, amaphesenti angu-50 angaphezu kweminyaka engu-60 ubudala.
ILULWANE NOMUNTU
EYurophu, amalulwane anamarabi awusongo lwengozi eyandayo kubantu, kubika iManchester Guardian Weekly. Eminyakeni yamuva eYurophu sekulotshwe amakhulu ezehlakalo zobuthi obungena ngokulunywa amalulwane. Lenkinga akuyona eyaseYurophu kuphela. Kubikwa ukuthi kusukela ngo-1983 sekufe abantu ababili eSoviet Union noyedwa eFinland ngenxa yokulunywa amalulwane analesifo. “EMelika eseNingizimu nePhakathi, njengamanje kunobhubhane lwamarabi emalulwaneni angamazimu amunca igazi,” kusho iWeekly. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaselwa kwabantu kwamuva ngamalulwane eFrance kuye kwaholela ekutholakaleni kohlobo olusha lwegciwane elingena emalulwaneni. Leligciwane elisha, elifana nalelo lamarabi, libizwa ngokuthi igciwane lamalulwane laseYurophu.
ABANTWANA ABAMPOFU
IUnited States iyisizwe esaziwa ngokuchuma kwaso nangokuba nenala, kodwa ukuhlola okwenziwe amanxusa kahulumeni kuye kwathola izigidi zabantwana abangenayo impilo enhle nabangafundile kulelozwe. Ngokokuhlola koMnyango Wokubalwa Kwabantu, oyedwa kubo bonke abantwana abahlanu baseUnited States—abayizigidi ezingu-12,6 abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18—bayizintolela-mlonyeni. Isazi sezomnotho uD. Lee Bawden usola ukuthi ukwanda kobumpofu phakathi kwabantwana kubangelwa, ngokwengxenye, ukwanda kwenani lemikhaya enomzali oyedwa. Kulinganiselwa ekutheni abantwana abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-17 eUnited States bahlala nomzali oyedwa kuphela.
UMALALEVEVA OHAMBA IZINDAWO
Abantu abaningi abanomalaleveva kubikwa ukuthi bawuthola eduze kwezikhumulo zezindiza noma emagcekeni ezikhumulo zezindiza eBrithani, eFrance, eNetherlands, naseSwitzerland. Ngemva kokuveza ukuthi abanye babantu abangenwa yilesifo base benonyaka bengazange baye phesheya, umagazini iMachine Design wenezela ngokuthi izimo ezinjalo zisikisela ukuthi “umalaleveva wathuthwa omiyane abafika esikhumulweni sezindiza ngendiza eyayihamba ibanga elide.”
ABADLWENGULI ABANCANE
Ukuhlola kwamuva kwembule ukuthi phakathi kokuhlasela ngokobulili nokuzama ukudlwengula okuyisigidi nengxenye eUnited States, cishe ingxenye yayihilela umdlwenguli osathomba, ngokukamagazini iMedical Aspects of Human Sexuality. Kokunye ukuhlola kwaseU.S., abacwaningi bathola ukuthi “abadlwenguli abasathomba abangu-72% babika ukuthi babesebenzisa umlaliso noma imilaliso ngosuku lwesigameko; abangu-54% babesebenzise utshwala, abangu-44% insangu, futhi abangu-25% umlaliso othile . . . Abangamaphesenti angamashumi amane nantathu babedakiwe ngesikhathi bedlwengula.” Ngokombiko walomagazini, ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa kotshwala kungase kube nengxenye ekuhlaseleni abadlwenguli abasebenzisa kukho ubudlova obudlulele noma isankahlu.
INYOSI MBUMBULU
Ngo-1945 isazi sesayensi ephathelene nezilwane uKarl von Frisch sabonisa ukuthi ukudansa kwenyosi ethungatha umkhondo wokudla ngempela kuyinqubo yokuxhumana nezinye izinyosi eyinkimbinkimbi, enikeza ezinye izinyosi umthombo wempova esanda kutholwa. Kamuva wamukela umklomelo weNobel ngenxa yokuthola kwakhe lokho kwaziswa. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, ososayensi baye bazama ukwenza inyosi eyirobhothi engase yenze okufanayo. Kodwa imiphumela iye yaba ngedumazayo. Izinyosi mbumbulu, zidansa ngawo wonke amadlingozi, azizange zinakwe nhlobo izinyosi ezingokoqobo. Kodwa ngokwephephandaba laseJalimane iHannoversche Allgemeine, ososayensi baye bakha inyosi eyirobothi enezimpikwana ezinanyatheliswe ensimbini evumela ukunyakaza kwazo eyenziwe ngedayimane. Izimpiko zikhipha umsindo ongavamile obalulekile ohambisana nomdanso. Lapho lihlolwa eDenmark, lelirobhothi ladonsa ukunaka kwezinye izinyosi. Zanamathela kulo futhi zazama ukulibulala ngokulintinyela. Nokho izinyosi zakwelinye idolobha zawenanela umdanso mbumbulu, futhi zase zishaya utshani ukuze ziyofuna impova.
UKUZIBULALA KUYANDA
◻ Iminyaka yawo-1980 ikhiqize izinga eliphakeme kunawo wonke lokuzibulala phakathi kwamadoda amadala emlandweni waseCanada, kubika iToronto Star. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-80 ezisulu zokuzibulala angamadoda. Inhloko ebambele yomnyango wezifo zengqondo eBaycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, uDkt. David Conn, njengezimbangela ezinokwenzeka wabala ukuhlanganiswa kokugula okungokomzimba, ukuba umlutha wotshwala okungenzeka, nomzwangedwa ngemva kokuthatha umhlala-phansi noma kokufa kwamalungu omkhaya. “Ukuhlanganisa ukucindezeleka nokuphuza kungatshala imicabango yokuzibulala” kubika iStar. Ziyini ezinye izimpawu ezixwayisayo? UBarbara Debuk, isazi sempilo yengqondo seHealth and Welfare Canada, wathi ziyilezi: imithi enqwabelanayo, ukuhlela umngcwabo, ukushintsha incwadi yamafa, ukuhlela ukuba isidumbu sinikelwe kwabezokwelapha, nokubonisa umuzwa wokuzikhathaza ngokufa.
◻ ISaturday Star, iphephandaba laseGoli, eNingizimu Afrika, lafaka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, “iqiniso lokuthi amasonto aveza ukuphila kwangemva kokufa njengokukhangayo” njengesici okungenzeka ukuthi sinengxenye ezehlakalweni zokuzibulala kulelozwe. Laphawula ukuthi “ukuthatheka ngalendida yokuphila kwangemva kokufa” kuye kwaphumela ekuzibhubhiseni. Leliphephandaba lacaphuna isibonelo somfana oneminyaka engu-16 owazibulala. Epheshaneni, “watshela umkhaya wakubo ukuthi wayenqume ukuzibulala ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa kuphela—ukuze azi ngokuphila kwangemva kokufa,” kubika iphephandaba.
UKUPHATHWA KABI AKUFANI NESIYALO
Ukuhlolwa kweziboshwa zasejele ezingu-237 eUnited States kwahlola imbangela yokuba izingane zikhule zibe ngabantu abadala abanobudlova. Kwatholwa ukuthi “amaphesenti angu-87 eziboshwa zasejele ayethi abazali bawo babewakhahlela futhi bewafaka isibhakela eseyizingane ayeyizigebengu ezinobudlova,” kubika umagazini weScience Digest kaJanuary 1990. Ukubona umzali eshaya omunye kwakunomphumela ofanayo ezinganeni. Kodwa ukushaya izingane ngokwakho akuzange kubonakale kuyimbangela yokuzenza zibe ngabantu abadala abanobudlova.