Ukubuka Okwezwe

Umshado Uyawohloka

“Imibhangqwana eminingi eshadayo manje iye yahlala ndawonye ngaphambi komshado,” kubika iGuardian Weekly yaseManchester, eNgilandi. Leliphephandaba liphawula ukuthi ukuhlola eCanada, eNgilandi, eSweden, naseUnited States kubonisa ukuthi imibhangqwana ehlala ndawonye ngaphambi komshado inesilinganiso esiphakeme sesehlukaniso. Ukuhlola eNgilandi kwathola ukuthi isiyonke imibhangqwana enjalo kwakunethuba elingamaphesenti angu-60 lokuba yenze isehlukaniso noma ihlale ngokwehlukana kunaleyo engazange ikipite ngaphambi komshado. Nokho, izingane ezengeziwe zizalwa abazali abangawazisi umshado. ENgilandi naseWales, amaphesenti angu-31,2 ezingane ezizalwayo azalwa abazali abangashadile. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlola kwamuva kwabonisa ukuthi eScandinavia, eAustria, eSwitzerland, naseLiechtenstein, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yazalwa ngaphandle kwefindo lomshado. Ezizweni ezingu-12 zoMphakathi waseYurophu, inani licishe libe amaphesenti angu-20.

Ukuvuna Emafwini

Kwase kuyiminyaka eminingi idolobha elincane, elimpofu lokudoba laseChungungo, eChile, lingawatholi amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza. Kodwa lokho kushintshé muva nje, ngenxa yendlela eyingqayizivele yokuqoqa amanzi. Imvula iyindlala kulendawo, kodwa ngokuvamile inkungu iyehla ivela oLwandlekazi iPacific. Njengoba idlula phezu kwentaba engamamitha angu-800 phezu kwalelidolobha, inkungu isuke ikhasa phansi. Lapha iqembu lezazi zesayensi zaseCanada naseChile zandlala amanetha amakhulu angu-50 enziwe ngepulasitiki anendawo enhle yokubamba eklanyelwe ukuqongelela amanzi avela kulamafu. Njengoba amaconsi eqoqana kulendawo, ayahlangana bese emfimfela epayipini eliphansi enethini. Amapayipi ayahlangana bese ethwala amanzi awase kulelidolobha. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lukagesi, lesimiso okulula ukusinakekela, ngosuku sinikeza amalitha angu-25 amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza ezakhamuzi zaseChungungo ezingu-350. Abacwaningi abaphathelene nalomsebenzi bakholelwa ukuthi amazwe acishe abe ngu-22 asemazwekazini ayisithupha angazuza kulesimiso. Kodwa akuwona neze umqondo omusha; izinkulungwane zeminyaka izihlahla bezilokhu ziqongelela amanzi enkungwini.

Umfula Owuju

UMfula waseThailand iNam Pong, owumthombo obalulekile wokudla kwamakhulukhulu abantu balelidolobha abahlala ogwini lwawo, ngokungazelele amanzi awo ashuba futhi anamfuka muva nje. Ngokukamagazini iAsiaweek, isilo esesigayweni sikashukela saleyondawo yavuza, yafaka amathani angu-9 000 katiligi emfuleni. Njengoba lotiligi omningi kakhulu ochithekayo uqeda umoya mpilo womfula, wabulala amakhilogremu alinganiselwa kwangu-500 ezinhlanzi ikhilomitha ngalinye owawulihamba wehla ngomfula. Kulokho iAsiaweek ekubiza ngokuthi “umzamo oqondiswe kabi wokunqanda umonakalo,” izikhulu zazama ukukhipha lotiligi ngokuvulela amanzi angamacubic meter ayizigidi ezingu-84 avela edamini eliseduze. Lelicebo laphumelela nje kuphela ekusakazeni utiligi amakhilomitha angu-600 kwehle ngomfula kanye nakweminye imifula emibili. Omunye uchwepheshe wendawo ezungezile ulinganisela ukuthi kungathatha okungenani iminyaka engu-12 ngalemifula emithathu ukuba isimame.

Izingane Zingaphansi Kokucindezeleka

Izingane eziningi zasedolobheni laseJapane ziphila ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu ngokwanele ukuba kungazenza zigule ngokomzimba, kubika iAsahi Shimbun, iphephandaba laseTokyo. Ngemva kokuchitha usuku esikoleni, kubikwa ukuthi kuvame kakhulu ukuba izingane ziye ezikoleni zokulungiselela ukuhlolwa kuze kube sebusuku kakhulu. Kunokucindezela okukhulu kokuncintisana ekuhlolweni okwenza zamukeleke esikoleni esiphakeme naseyunivesithi. Leliphephandaba libika ukuthi amaphesenti angu-37 abafana abasesikoleni sabaqalayo aphendukela “eziphuzweni eziyimithi evuselela ingqondo nomzimba” ukuze zibasize babhekane nokukhathala, futhi amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-20 ahlushwa ukukhathala kwamahlombe okubangelwa ukucindezeleka, ukungafiki kobuthongo, noma ukuba nesiyezi.

Ukufundisa Odokotela Uzwela

Ezinye izibhedlela nezikole zokufundela ubudokotela eUnited States zisebenzisa izinhlelo ezingavamile zokuqeqesha odokotela ukuba babe nozwela ngokwengeziwe. Esinye isibhedlela saseDolobheni laseNew York siqasha abadlali ukuba bazenze iziguli. Njengoba udokotela oqeqeshwayo elalele okubahluphayo, uthwetshulwa ngomshini wevideo futhi kamuva abuke indlela enze ngayo. “Bayadumala futhi bamangale ngalokho abakubonayo kulamakhasethi,” kusho umqondisi wesibhedlela uDkt. Mark Swartz kuNew York Times. “Bathi, ‘Ingabe njalo ubuso bami buba ngalendlela?’ ‘Ingabe ngempela nginokhahlo ngalendlela?’” Esinye isibhedlela sinodokotela abamukelwa njengeziguli ukuze babone ukuthi kuwumuzwa onjani ukuba owamukela ukuphathwa. Esinye futhi isibhedlela sifundisa odokotela abafundela ukwelapha ukuba babe nesihe ngabagugile ngokuba kuthuntubezwe okwesikhashana izinzwa zodokotela ngezibuko zamehlo eziluvindi, izinto zokuzwa, namagilavu enjoloba. Labodokotela kufanele futhi bafake ukhuni lokubopha ithambo eliphukile ukuze amalunga abo aqine futhi bafake uhlamvu oluqinile ezicathulweni ukuze kube sengathi amakhona namaqhubu. Khona-ke kufanele benze imisebenzi “elula,” enjengokugcwalisa amafomu omshuwalense nokususa izivalo zamabhodlela izingane ezingenakuzisusa. “Esikhathini sengxoxo esilandelayo,” kubika iTimes, “odokotela ngokuvamile bazwakalisa ukudabuka ngenxa yokucasuka abaye bakuzwa esikhathini esedlule lapho kuneziguli ezigugile.”

Ukuncipha KweSonto EIreland

Ngokwezibalo ezakhishwa kuIrish Times, inani labantu baseRepublic of Ireland abafundela ubupristi lehla ngokushesha. Ngo-1970, kwakunabangu-750 abafundela ubupristi eSontweni lamaKatolika. Ngo-1989 lelonani lehla laba u-322, okumelela ukuncipha ngamaphesenti angu-57. Phakathi no-1977 no-1989, inani lamadoda aba abapristi besifunda lehla lisuka ku-206 laya ku-139; inani labangena ezinhlwini zabefundisi nabapristi lehla lisuka ku-261 laya ku-99; futhi inani lezindela ezintsha lancipha lisuka ku-98 laya ku-9.

Sika Uphondo, Usindise Ubhejane

Uhulumeni waseZimbabwe uye waphendukela eswini lokugcina ukuze asindise inani elinciphayo lobhejane abamnyama kubazingeli kanye nasekuqothulweni okuseduze. Njengoba abazingeli befuna uphondo kuphela, udokotela othile wezilwane neqembu labaphathi beziqiwu bafaka obhejane izibulala-zinhlungu bese bebasika izimpondo. Nakuba ezinye izazi zesayensi yemvelo zikhathazeka ngokuthi lezilwane zingase ziludinge uphondo ngenjongo ethile engakaziwa, obhejane babonakala bekwazi ukuzivikela bona nabantwana babo nakuba bengenalo uphondo. Kobhejane abamnyama abangu-3 000 abasele kuyo yonke iAfrika, cishe abayinkulungwane baseZimbabwe. Ngokwezilinganiso zamanje, abazingeli kulelozwe babulala lezozilwane ezinkulukazi ezingaphezu kwekhulu unyaka ngamunye.

Inkinga Yemijondolo

Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesomiso esikhulu, izinkulungwane zabantu eNingizimu Afrika zishiya amakhaya azo asemaphandleni futhi zithuthelekela emadolobheni ziyofuna umsebenzi. Njengoba umnotho wehla, amathuba okuthola umsebenzi emadolobheni, singathi nje awamahle. Izindawo zemijondolo ezakhiwa zibe amaxhokovana ziye zanda. Abanikazi bezindlu ezisezindaweni zokuhlala eziseduze bakhononda ngokwehla kwezinga lendawo nokwanda okukhulu kobusela. Abanye banomuzwa wokuthi uhulumeni kufanele alungiselele labantu abahlala emijondolo izindlu zokuhlala ezibiza kancane. Kodwa njengoba iphephandaba iSowetan laphawula, lowomsebenzi ngeke ube “izindleko ezincane”—noma ube lula. Elinye iqembu elihlolayo lilinganisela ukuthi kunabantu abangu-7 000 000 abahlala emijondolo kulo lonke lelizwe.

Ingabe Ikhofi Linjengomlaliso?

Abadlali bangalisebenzisa—futhi ngezinye izikhathi bayalisebenzisa—ikhofi ukuze bathuthukise ukudlala kwabo, njengoba nje bengase basebenzise umlaliso, kusho uprofesa waseBrazil. Ngokwephephandaba iEstado de S. Paulo, uLuiz Oswaldo Rodrigues, uprofesa eSikoleni Semfundo Yokuvivinya Umzimba seFederal University yaseMinas Gerais, uthi: “Angingabazi ukuthi abadlali engiye ngabaqaphela ekucwaningeni kwami babengaphansi kwethonya lomlutha othile—nakuba basebenzisa icaffeine ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu kunaleso esicatshangelwa njengesingekho emthethweni.” I-International Olympic Committee ibeka isilinganiso samamiligremu angu-750 ecaffeine njengesiwumngcele, okungaba cishe izinkomishi ezingu-11 zekhofi elijiye kakhulu. Ngokukadokotela, abasubathi bebanga elide baye bandisa ukugijima kwabo ngamaphesenti angu-20 ngenxa yecaffeine esekhofini.

“Ukonakala Esigungwini Sabefundisi”

URodolfo Reviglio, umpristi osesikhundleni esiphezulu eTurin, eItaly, muva nje wagxeka “ukonakala esigungwini sabefundisi” okusakazekile. Ukugxeka kwakhe kwabikwa iphephandaba iRepubblica. Wathi: “Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, kubonakala sengathi kube khona izenzakalo zabapristi abaye bamukela izipho kanye nezenzo zomusa zabezombangazwe kanye nezikhulu ezivotelwayo ukuze ngokusobala noma ngomshoshaphansi babenzele [abezombangazwe] umkhankaso wokubatholela amavoti.” UReviglio uphawula ukuthi lokonakala akwenziwa kuphela ngezikhathi zokhetho, esho nokusho ukuthi kuvamile “ukuzwa ngokusebenzelana okungekho emthethweni kwabapristi nezikhulu zomphakathi lapho kusingathwa izinto ezibhalwa phansi, ukwenza izicelo zezimvume,” kanye neminye imikhuba, yonke uReviglio ayifanisa “nezindlela zeQembu Lezigelekeqe.”

‘Abafelokazi Bokufa Okuzumayo’

“Akukho kuvalelisa, asikho isikhathi sokuthi, ‘Ngiyakuthanda,’ akukho kulungiselela noma isikhathi sokwamukela ukuba ngokoqobo kokufa.” Uwuchaza ngaleyondlela umphumela wokufa ngokungalindelekile komyeni, umlobi owumfelokazi uJenny Cullen, kumagazini iFemina waseNingizimu Afrika. Ukufa okunjalo kungaphumela esikhathini esijana sokushaqeka kunalokho ababhekana nakho abesifazane abanabayeni abafa ngemva kokugula isikhathi eside. “Izinyanga eziningi umfelokazi wokufa okwenzeke ngokuzumayo angase angakukholelwa nhlobo lokho okwenzeke kuye,” kusho uCullen, enezela ukuthi kungadlula isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ngaphambi kokuba akuqaphele ngokugcwele ukulahlekelwa kwakhe—okuyiphuzu abangane nezihlobo ngokuvamile abangalinaki. Yiqiniso, njengoba uCullen esho, “ukufa komyeni, ngisho nalapho kulindelwe, kuyashaqisa.” Kodwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe siqu, uqinisekisa abafelokazi ukuthi nakuba imizwa yokulahlekelwa okujulile ingapheli ngokuphelele, “ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ubuhlungu obujulile bokulahlekelwa buyancipha kancane kancane buze ekugcineni buphele cishe ngokuphelele.”

Ibhizinisi Eliyingozi

IRed Cross Society yaseJapane izokwenza imizamo emikhulu yokuvimbela abantu ukuba bathekelise ngegazi ukuze nje ikwazi ukulihlola mahhala ukuthi alinalo yini igciwane lengculaza. Muva nje lenhlangano yayala izikhungo zayo zegazi ukuba zingabatsheli imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwengculaza labo abathekelisa ngegazi. Futhi esimemezelweni sokukhangisa esisephephandabeni iAsahi Shimbun, iRed Cross yacela labo abesaba ukuthi kungenzeka banalo leligciwane ukuba bangathekelisi ngegazi. Lesimemezelo sathi: “Ngisho nangezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuhlola zamuva kakhulu, ayikho indlela yokuhlola igazi elinegciwane phakathi nenkathi yokungenwa ingculaza nokwakheka kwamasosha omzimba.” Nakuba kunjalo, “kubonakala sengathi bayanda abantu abasebenzisa ukuthekelisa ngegazi njengendlela yamahhala nelula yokuhlola ingculaza,” kubika iphephandaba iYomiuri Shimbun. Ngonyaka odlule, lendlela yathola abantu abathekelisa ngegazi abangu-29 abanengculaza.