“Inkathi Yokusungula”—Inakuphi Ukulahlekelwa?
Ngumlobeli wePhaphama! eSpain
“BHEKA ukuthi ngitholeni!” kumemeza intombazanyana, iphethe uvemvane oluhle. Abantu abadala nabo bayathanda ukubukisa ngezinto zabo zamuva kakhulu abaye bazithola.
Futhi kukuphi lapho bengakwenza khona kangcono lokho kunasembukisweni wendawo yonke noma wezwe lonke? Kusukela ngoApril 20, kuya kuOctober 12, 1992, iSeville, eningizimu yeSpain, yenza umbukiso wezwe wokugcina nomkhulu kunayo yonke walelikhulu leminyaka, owawuqanjwe ngokuthi iExpo ’92.
Isihloko se-Expo ’92 sasithi “Inkathi Yokusungula,” ngakho ababebambe iqhaza benza umzamo wokukhangisa ngendima yabo ezintweni ezisungulwe isintu kokubili esikhathini esidlule nesamanje. Isivakashi sasinikezwa ithuba eliyingqayizivele ukuze sazi ubuciko bokupheka, amagugu esizwe, ubungcweti bokwakha, kanye nobuchwepheshe bamazwe omhlaba angu-111.
Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwavela olunye uhlangothi olufiphele lokusungula. Umkhiqi-zo ongathandeki wokusungula okuningi uye waba ukonakaliswa kwendawo ezungezile yomhlaba ebucayi. Njengoba nje intombazane esencane ingase ilimaze izimpiko ezibucayi zovemvane, kanjalo ukusetshenziswa budedengu kobuchwepheshe kungase kulethe umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kuplanethi yethu.
Ngakho, njengoba iEx-po’92 Official Guide yachaza, umgomo kwakungekhona nje ukunikeza “udumo ekhonweni leSintu lokusungula” kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa ubunye bezizwe zonke obudingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe iplanethi yethu ebucayi.
“Izwe Elisesiqhingini”
ISeville, idolobha elamukela izivakashi, laceba ngokomnotho enkathini yokusungula eyayichuma. UChristopher Columbus wasuka ngomkhumbi eSeville ohambweni lwakhe lwesibili olukhulu lokuthola izinto ezintsha. Phakathi nekhulu le-16 leminyaka, igolide eliningi nesiliva elalivela eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika lathunyelwa eSeville ngemikhumbi yaseSpain. Izinguzunga zegolide nesiliva—isisusa esiyinhloko sabacwaningi abaningi bakuqala—zehliswa eTorre del Oro (Inqaba Yegolide), esinye sezici zekhethelo ezidumile zedolobha.
Nokho, muva nje, imali ibilokhu ivuza esikhundleni sokuthi ingene. Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, kuye kwasetshenziswa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-28 kulungiselelwa lelidolobhakazi laseAndalusia ngenxa ye-Expo ’92. Iye yenzani yonke leyomali?
ILa Cartuja, isiqhingi sesihlabathi esenziwa uMfula iGuadalquivir osebeni lweSeville, kwakuyindawo yesonto elidala lezindela kanye nemboni ewohlokile eyenza izitsha zobumba. Yaguqulwa yenziwa ipaki lokuzilibazisa eliwudedangendlale elinemigwaqo ezungezwe izihlahla, izingadi, imisele yamanzi, izindlela ezikhonkiwe, nezakhiwo zombukiso eziwubukhazikhazi, konke okuye kwahlanganiswa nedolobha ngamabhuloho amaningana akhangayo. Inkosi yaseSpain, uJuan Carlos I, wachaza iLa Cartuja entsha ‘njengezwe elisesiqhingini, nanjengesiqhingi sezwe.’ Hlobo luni lwezwe izivakashi ze-Expo ’92 ezaluthola?
IExpo ’92 yabonakala igcizelela impucuko, ubuciko bokupheka, nokuzijabulisa ngendlela efanayo namakhono ezobuchwepheshe. Umlobi uCésar Alonso waphawula: “KuyiExpo ’92, siye sathuthuka sisuka ekuzinikeleni okukhulu kwethemba elihle leNtuthuko siya ekuqapheni okukhulu ngentuthuko nje engokwesayensi noma yezobuchwepheshe.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubamba iqhaza kwenani eliqopha umlando lamazwe amancane futhi kwanikeza lombukiso ukuvelela komuntu kunokwezobuchwepheshe.
Lezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zombukiso zanikeza labo okungenzeka bangabi nalo ithuba lokuvakashela emazweni akude ukubona ubuhle, abantu, nomlando wamazwe anjalo. Imidanso yesizwe ehlaba umxhwele yaseNew Zealand nasePapua New Guinea yayidedelana nemidanso yabantu baseRussia enomdlandla, isevillanas yaseSpain, kanye nezigqi ezihehayo zaseIndonesia ukuze kukhangwe izivakashi. Imikhiqizo yobungcweti, imibukiso yeziqhumane ezikhipha umlilo, nabalibazisi basemgwaqeni kwanezela isimo esikhanga ngokwengeziwe.
Ukusungula Esikhathini Esidlule Nesamanje
Isivakashi sasingabona ukuthi izwe liye lashintsha kangakanani eminyakeni engamakhulu amahlanu edlule. Umbukiso wesonto lezindela elivuselelwe eLa Cartuja wabonisa ukuthi ukuphila kwakunjani ngo-1492—hhayi nje kuphela eYurophu kodwa futhi naseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, eMpumalanga, nakwelamaSulumane. Ngalesosikhathi lezozindawo zozine zazifana neziqhingi ezinkulu ezihlukaniswe yizilwandlekazi, izingwadule, noma ukungathembani.
Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, iExpo ’92 yayihlose ukungonakalisi indawo ezungezile. Ngokokuqala ngqá embukisweni wamazwe onke, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo kwanikezwa ukubaluleka kokuqala. Ibhayisikobho eyayihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu yachaza indlela ukusungulwa kwezinto kwakamuva—njengokutholwa kwembobo esongqimbeni lweozone—okuye kwaqokomisa ngayo usongo olwenziwe abantu kuplanethi yethu. IPavilion of the Environment yahlaziya inkinga yokulinganisela ukukhula kwezomnotho nokulondolozwa kwemvelo, futhi iPavilion of Nature, eyagcina isilinganiso esincane sehlathi lemvula laseAmazon, yagcizelela ukuba sengozini kwalelifa eliyigugu.
Komunye wemikhankaso emikhulu yaseYurophu yokutshala, kwatshalwa izihlahla ezingu-30-000 nezihlahlana ezingu-300 000 esiQhingini iLa Cartuja. Umgomo kwakuwukwenza indawo yombukiso ibe yinhle nokudlulisela isigijimi sokuthi ukusungula izinto ezintsha akufanele kuholele ekubhujisweni kwendawo yethu ezungezile. Iminduze yamanzi ebomvu nephuzi yayincikene kakhulu nesiphuphutheki sokuxhumana esiyinkimbinkimbi, kuyilapho izihlahla zejacaranda zaziqhakaza ngaphansi komgwaqo wezimoto ongenakugwenywa, futhi ungwengwe oluluhlaza olunabile lwalumboze isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuxhumana ngefiber-optic.
Izakhiwo eziningi zombukiso zaziveza ubuciko bezokwakha obungokwesiko futhi zazikhanga, ngokubonakala noma ngezinto zokwakha ezisetshenzisiwe. Isakhiwo sombukiso sabantu baseJapane kwathiwa yisakhiwo sezingodo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kuyilapho abantu baseSwitzerland bakha umbhoshongo okhangayo ngephepha. IMorocco yakha isigodlo saseArabiya, futhi iUnited Arab Emirates yakha isigodlwana. Ingaphambili lesakhiwo sombukiso saseNew Zealand kwakuyiwa elinamadwala elinempophoma nekoloni elibonakala lingokoqobo lezinyoni zolwandle eziklewulayo, kuyilapho isakhiwo sombukiso esakhiwe ngezingodo saseNdiya sasihlotshiswe ngomsila omkhulu wepigogo.
Ukuzigcina upholile kuyinkinga ngaso sonke isikhathi phakathi nehlobo laseSeville elikhipha umkhovu etsheni. Abahleli be-Expo bafuna ukuxazulula lenkinga ngendlela engokwemvelo, besebenzisa izindlela zakudala ezihlonishwayo zamaMoor ayehlala eSeville emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Iziphethu eziningi namafu okuzenzela amathonsana amanzi ehlanganiswe nezihlahla, izihlahlana, nezindlela ezinomthunzi ukuze kwenziwe ukuba lokhu kushisa kubekezeleleke ngokwengeziwe.
“Ukusungula Okukhulu Kakhulu Kosuku Lwethu”
Ngaphambi kokuba uColumbus athathe uhambo lwakhe lokuqala, wayehlala endlini yezindela endala eLa Cartuja. Uhambo lwakhe lwaqalisa inkathi yokusungula eyagujwa yilombukiso. Kodwa naphezu kweminyaka yentuthuko engamakhulu amahlanu emikhakheni eminingi, isintu sibheka esikhathini esizayo ngokukhathazeka okukhulayo. Inkosi uJuan Carlos I waphawula ukuthi “ukulangazela okubumbene namathemba amahle alindelekile ngokuyinhloko kuxhomeke ekuxoxisaneni kwezizwe, ukuqondana.”
Ngenxa yalesosizathu iExpo ’92 yafuna “ukudlulisela isigijimi sokuthula, ukuhlalisana kahle nobunye kuzo zonke izakhamizi . . . zeplanethi yethu enguMhlaba”—okungewona umgomo olula uma kubhekwa izwe elikhathazwa ukwehlukana. Njengoba iOfficial Guide yaqaphela, “ngempela, uhlelo lwezwe elisha olusekelwe kulezimiso luyoba ukusungula okukhulu kakhulu kwesikhathi sethu.”
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ITorre del Oro (Inqaba Yegolide) yase-Seville edumile yekhulu le-13 leminyaka
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Iminduze yamanzi incikene nombukiso weziphuphutheki zokuxhumana
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Isakhiwo Sombukiso saseMorocco sibonisa indlela yokwakhiwa kwesigodlo samaMoor