Ukubuka Okwezwe
Izifo Ezithathelwanayo Ziyavela Futhi
“Ingozi elethwa izifo ezithathelwanayo ayikashabalali. Iba yimbi kakhulu,” kusho uRobert Shope waseYunivesithi yaseYale ngokuphathelene nombiko owakhishwa i-U.S. National Academy of Sciences. “Uma singayenzi imizamo yokuzikhandla futhi ukuze silawule lesimo, singase sibhekane nezinkinga ezintsha ezifana nobhadane lwe-HIV noma lomkhuhlane ka-1918-1919.” Izifo ezine kakade seziye “zavela ngokungalindelekile, zibangela usizi nokufa okukhulu,” kwenezela uJoshua Lederberg, usihlalo obambisene noShope ekomitini elalungiselela lombiko. Lezifo i-TB engalapheki ngemithi, ingculaza, i-Lyme disease, nohlobo olusha lwesifo esibhubhisayo esithathelwanayo segciwane le-coccus. Nakuba kuye kwenziwa imithi eminingi yokwelapha emashumini amathathu eminyaka adlule, amagciwane aye amelana nayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-bacterium, angashintshana ngezici zofuzo, kuhlanganise nezakhi zofuzo ukuze amelane nemithi yokwelapha. Ngenxa yalokho, izibhedlela, imitholampilo, nezikhungo zokunakekelwa kwabangenamakhaya kuye kwaba yizikhungo zokwanda kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ezingalapheki. Ukuhambela amazwe ahlukahlukene okwandile kuye kwasakaza “amagciwane angalapheki” emhlabeni jikelele. UBarry Bloom we-Albert Einstein College of Medicine yaseNew York uthi: “Maqondana nezifo ezithathelwanayo, ayikho indawo esingenakufinyeleleka kuyo futhi akekho umuntu esihlukanisiwe naye.”
Ubugebengu BaseCanada Obunobudlova
“Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi iCanada iyindawo enokuthula? Ake ucabange futhi,” kusho i-Toronto Star. “ICanada ibalelwa esigabeni sesibili esinezinga lobugebengu obunobudlova eliphakame kunawo wonke emazweni asentshonalanga,” ngemva kwe-United States. Ukuhlola okwenziwa ezweni lonke kwabonisa ukuthi izinga lobugebengu baseCanada liphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu kunalelo laseNtshonalanga Yurophu, nalo elaliphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezintathu kunelaseJapane. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ubugebengu buye baphindeka kabili ngisho nakathathu eCanada, nezinga lobugebengu eliphakeme ukwedlula wonke emadolobheni aseVancouver, e-Edmonton, nase-Ottawa. Kwalandela iLondon ne-Ontario, alandelwa iToronto neMontreal. Ngokwesazi sezobugebengu saseYunivesithi yase-Ottawa u-Irvin Waller, ubugebengu obunobudlova bungase bube bubi kakhulu uma kungenziwa okwengeziwe ukuze kuqedwe imbangela yalenkinga, njengobumpofu, ukuswela indawo yokuhlala, ukunganakwa, ukuntula imisebenzi, nokusetsheniziswa kabi kotshwala nezidakamizwa.
Umculo Wokwelusa
Abafuyi bezinkomo zobisi eJapane bebefuna indlela ephumelela kakhulu neyonga isikhathi yokuqoqa izinkomo ezisakazekele emagqumeni, lapho zingenakubonakala khona. Ngakho benza ukuhlola ukuze babone ukuthi lezinkomazi zazingaluswa yini ngomculo. Izinsuku ezingu-13 badlalela izinkomazi ezingu-16 umucu wesiJapane othi Haru no Ogawa (Umfudlana Entwasahlobo) imizuzu emithathu ngesikhathi, izikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezine ngosuku. Ngokushesha kamuva, bazinikeza ukudla kwazo ezikuthandayo. Ngemva kokuphazamiseka kwasebusika, ngesikhathi lapho lezinkomazi zizala, eziyishumi zalezinkomazi “eziqeqeshiwe” zayiswa emadlelweni ukuze ziyoklaba kanye namankonyane azo ayisishiyagalolunye. Kwadlalwa umucu ofanayo womculo futhi. I-Asahi Evening News iyabika: “Emizuzwini emibili wonke umhlambi wase ufikile, uhlanganiswe umculo okwase kuphele cishe izinyanga ezine ungazange uwuzwe.”
Imfihlo Yezokwelapha Egciniwe
Enye yezimfihlo ezigcinwe kahle kakhulu zobudlelwane kwezokwelapha kwaseDenmark yembulwa uProfesa Margareta Mikkelsen, ongumxhumanisi. Wadalula ukuthi izisebenzi zezokwelapha ezihlola iziguli eziphethwe ukugula okungokofuzo ngokuvamile zithola ukuthi indoda okuthiwa ingubaba wengane ayinakuba uyise ongokofuzo ngenxa yokungavumelani kwama-chromosome. Ngokwephephandaba i-Süddeutsche Zeitung, amaphesenti aphakathi kwayisihlanu nangu-8 obaba eDenmark ababona obaba abangokofuzo bezingane zabo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi okungenani izingane ezingu-3 000 kwezingu-60 000 ezizalwayo ngonyaka ziyizingane ezizalwa ngokungathembeki. Nokho, lamadoda awatshelwa ngalokho okutholiwe, hleze kuhlukaniswe umkhaya.
“Usizi Osizini”
Umhlangano wamuva nje owahlelwa i-World Health Organization ne-International Center of Research and Relief eRoma wembula “uhlu olude lwezenzo ezihlasimulisayo, ukusaphaza, namaphutha asabekayo lawo izinhlangano ezinkulu ezinikeza usizo ezihlala zinamacala azo,” kusho i-Economia, isenezelo sephephandaba i-Corriere della Sera. Loluhlu luhlanganisa amaswidi angakhuluphalisi athunyelwa eTopiya ekhungethwe indlala; amathende asehlobo athunyelwa ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba e-Anatolia, eTurkey, lapho i-thermometer ilinganisela khona izinga lokushisa ku-10 degrees Fahrenheit (-12° C.); imithi esiphelelwe yisikhathi; nemijovo edinga ukugcinwa eziqandisini ethunyelwa ezindaweni ezingenawo ugesi. Amalungiselelo osizo ngokuvamile ahlala engabiwe ezindlini agcinwe kuzo noma awafinyeleli kulabo abawadingayo. Kungani leziphambeko ezinkulu kangaka ziqhubeka? I-Economia ithi: “Usizo olunikezwa amazwe onke kumelwe luveze imiphumela ebonakalayo, futhi uma kungenzeka, emangalisayo.” Yabuye yathi: “Ngokombono womphakathi lulindelekile, ngakho akukhathaliseki uma, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi, kumane nje kuwukuchitha imali.” Izazi zikubiza ngokuthi “usizi osizini.”
Ama-alga Angababulali
Ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi okwandayo kubangela ukwanda kwama-alga anoshevu asongela izinhlanzi emhlabeni wonke, kusho ososayensi. Ngokombiko kuyi-International Herald Tribune, ama-dinoflagellate, uhlobo oluthile lwama-alga, akhipha ushevu obulala izinhlanzi. Abe esezinamathisela ezicutshaneni zenyama yenhlanzi ngesiqu sawo, akhipha ngaso uketshezi olugayayo ukuze lwenze inyama ibe saluketshezi ngaphambi kokuba ayimunce. Kulokhu kubulawa kwezinhlanzi okukhulu, abacwaningi baye babalela ama-dinoflagellate ku-35 000 ngemililitha ngalinye lamanzi. Inhlanganisela yama-dinoflagellate angu-300 ngemililitha elilodwa kuphela yanele ukubulala izinhlanzi ezifuywe emadanyini. Ngokuvamile ama-dinoflagellate alethwa ezindaweni ezintsha ngokuchithwa kwamanzi asetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuntanta komkhumbi.
Isilinganiso Sesehlukaniso Sabefundisi Siyenyuka
“Umshado owodwa kwemithathu eJalimane uphela ngesehlukaniso,” kuphawula i-German Tribune. Futhi ngokufanayo, “imishado eminingi ngokwengeziwe yabefundisi bamaProthestani iyahluleka.” UHans-Martin Heusel, iphini likamongameli weSonto lamaProthestani eHesse naseNassau, uyavuma ukuthi “isilinganiso sesehlukaniso phakathi kwakho kokubili abefundisi besilisa nabesifazane manje sesiphakeme njengasemphakathini uwonke.” Nakuba isonto lifundisa ukuthi ubunye bomshado kufanele buqine, i-Tribune ithi, “iqiniso, ngisho naphakathi kwabefundisi ngokwabo, lingokuthile okwehluke kakhulu. Ubufakazi bobuKristu bomuntu siqu nezimfundiso zeSonto kungqubuzana kakhulu nesehlukaniso esihilela abefundisi.” Ngaphandle kwabambalwa, “umfundisi ohlukanisile angaqhubeka esikhundleni sakhe endaweni efanayo noma kwenye indawo.”
“Ukucindezeleka Okufihlekile”
Inani elandayo lezisebenzi zasehhovisi zaseJapane ezithatha umhlala-phansi lihlushwa izimpawu ezisukela ebuhlungwini besisu kuya ekukhubazekeni. Njengoba isikhathi sokuthatha umhlala-phansi sisondela, labantu abasebenza ngokweqile baphelelwa ukuba negunya emsebenzini futhi baphathwa njengezinto ezingelutho emakhaya yimikhaya abaye bangayinaka. “Nakuba becindezeleka,” kubika iphephandaba i-Asahi Shimbun, “bazama ukukufihla ngokuzenza abanamile. Ngokushesha izimpawu ezinjengobuhlungu besisu ziyaqalisa.” Ukuhlola akuvezi lutho olungalungile ngokomzimba. UDkt. Tooru Sekiya, owabiza lezimpawu ngokuthi “ukucindezeleka okufihlekile ngaphambi kokuthatha umhlala-phansi,” uthi ngesinye isiguli esiyisibonelo salokhu: “Uzikhathalela ngokweqile ngokucabanga ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokuba amukeleke iwukuba agule, futhi lokhu ngokuzenzekelayo kuholela ezimpawini eziyizinhlobonhlobo.” Yini engenziwa? Thola inzuzo kokuthile ngaphandle komsebenzi, njengomsebenzi wokuzilibazisa,” kweluleka uDkt. Takashi Sumioka, owelapha iziguli eziningi ezinjalo eTokyo, futhi “kwenze umkhuba ukwazisa umkhaya wakho ngaso sonke isikhathi.”
IMexico NeSonto LamaKatolika
Ngo-September 21, 1992, ngemva kokuhlukana iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-130, iMexico neVatican zabuyisela ubudlelwane obugcwele bezingxoxo. Lokhu kwalandela isihlongozo esenziwa uMongameli uCarlos Salinas de Gortari sokushintsha uMthetho-sisekelo Wezwe nokubuyisela amalungelo emaqenjini angokwenkolo ayewaphucwe ngemva kokuvukela kwango-1910. “Amaningi alawomalungelo agodlwa okokuqala phakathi kuka-1856 no-1861 lapho izinhlangano ezivukelayo, zizimisele ukunqanda amandla amakhulu eSonto LamaKatolika, zinqamula izibopho zalelozwe nobupapa,” kuphawula i-New York Times. Nokho, eziningi zezinto ezinqatshelwe ziye zanganakwa isikhathi eside. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo awuzange uguquke, njengoba abantu abaningi baseMexico babengakawathembi amandla eSonto LamaKatolika. Wonke amasonto manje aqashelwa ngokomthetho, anelungelo lokuqhuba imfundo engokwenkolo, futhi angaba nempahla yawo.
Ukubukezwa Kwezinga Lokushisa Komzimba
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu, isilinganiso esivamile sokushisa komzimba womuntu siye samukelwa njengesingu-37 degrees Celsius okuwumphumela wephepha elakhishwa uCarl Wunderlich ngo-1868, esisekelwe ezilinganisweni zokushisa komzimba ezingaphezu kwesigidi ezenziwa kubantu abadala abangu-25 000. Lokhu kwakuyisenzo esiphawulekayo, njengoba kwakuthatha ama-thermometer angalesosikhathi imizuzu ecishe ibe ngu-15 kuya kwengu-20 ukulinganisa amazinga okushisa, futhi kwakumelwe athathwe esafakwe ekhwapheni. Nokho, uPhillip A. Mackowiak eYunivesithi yaseMaryland School of Medicine uthi lelinani kufanele lishintshwe, njengoba ukuhlola kwakhe kwabonisa ukuthi u-37 degrees Celsius “wayengeyona ingqikithi yezinga lokushisa elisesilinganisweni, engelona izinga lokushisa elisesilinganisweni lanoma yisiphi isikhathi elake lahlolwa, engesona isilinganiso sokushisa esiphakathi nendawo, noma isilinganiso sokushisa esisodwa esathathwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.” Eqinisweni, lathatha amaphesenti angu-8 kuphela ezilinganiso ezingu-700 ezathathwa. Uthi isilinganiso esivamile sokushisa komzimba kufanele sibe ngu-36,8 degrees Celsius.