Ukubuka Okwezwe

IYurophu Ixwayiswa Ngezingxabano Zezinhlanga

“Abantu bangaguqulwa benziwe imishini yokuzonda nokubulala kalula,” kuxwayisa uJosé-María Mendiluce, ummeleli okhethekile wenxusa eliphakeme le-UN lokusiza ababaleki. UMnu. Mendiluce, owachitha izinyanga ezingu-19 engamele isimiso se-UN sokusiza ababaleki ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia, wathi “yiphutha eliyingozi kakhulu” ukubheka abantu baseBalkan “njengabahlukile ngokwesizinda kwabanye abantu baseYurophu,” futhi waphawula ukuthi izingxabano ezifanayo zobuhlanga zingase zigqashuke kalula kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Wathi: “Okudingekayo nje inhlekelele yezomnotho nabaholi abambalwa bezombangazwe abangathembi muntu abasola ababaleki noma abantu abampofu noma abantu abahlukile ngandlela-thile.” Ngokwalombiko we-New York Times, uMnu. Mendiluce waphawula indlela abaholi abangayibangela kalula ngayo inzondo “ngokusakaza amanga emithonjeni yezindaba nokuvusa izingxabano,” egomela ngokuthi labo abasayina izivumelwano zokuthula abazange bakushintshe ukuziphatha kwabo, kodwa baqhubeka “bezonda futhi bebulala.”

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kotshwala E-Australia

Izindaba ezinhle e-Australia ukuthi izinga lokuphuzwa kotshwala kulelozwe liyancipha. Kodwa izindaba ezimbi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala kusabiza lelizwe “[amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13] nokuphila kwabantu abangu-6 000 ngonyaka,” kusho i-Sydney Morning Herald. Umbiko wamuva nje okuthiwa yi-Dimensions and Effects of Alcohol Abuse waveza ukuthi amaphesenti angu-88 abesilisa base-Australia namaphesenti angu-75 abesifazane aphuza utshwala, futhi wakhuluma ngokwanda kwabesifazane abaphuzayo “nokuphuza ngokweqile” kwentsha njengezimbangela eziyinhloko zokukhathazeka.

Imizamo Ye-UN Yokuthula Iyehluleka Ngenxa Yokuntuleka Kwemali

Izindleko ze-UN zokulondoloza ukuthula kulindeleke ukuba zifinyelele emaRandini ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10,9 kulonyaka. Nokho, i-New York Times ithi: “Ukwehluleka kwamazwe angamalungu ukukhokhela izindleko zawo kubangela ukungabaza ngekhono lalenhlangano lokuxhasa ngezimali imikhankaso yangesikhathi esizayo noma ukusekela ngokwanele imizamo yokuthula ekhona manje.” I-UN kufanele ikhokhele amazwe asizayo emikhankasweni yokulondoloza ukuthula imbuyiselo yamaRandi angaba ngu-3 000 isosha ngalinye elithunyelwayo inyanga ngayinye. Kodwa sekudlule izinyanga eziningi ngaphandle kokukhokha imbuyiselo yamazwe athumela amabutho emikhankasweni ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia naseCambodia. Ekupheleni kuka-April, izindleko ezingakhokhelwe zokulondoloza ukuthula zase zifinyelele emaRandini ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,4, kanye namanye amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,9 ezindleko ezivamile ezingakhokhelwe. Njengoba bengayitholi lembuyiselo, ohulumeni bamanye amazwe asathuthuka sebewahoxisile kakade amabutho noma benqaba ukuhlanganyela emikhankasweni emisha.

Unyaka Wenzondo

“Unyaka onjengo-1992 uyiphakamisa kabusha eminye imibuzo yakudala ngokuphathelene nemvelo yomuntu,” kuphawula umagazini i-Newsweek. “Lokhu kwehlukana—umakhelwane ngokumelene nomakhelwane, uhlanga ngokumelene nohlanga, isizwe ngokumelene nesizwe—kungokuthile ebesilokhu sithambekele kukho ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi izenzakalo zalonyaka zibangela ukungabaza ngokuthi siyaphumelela yini ekunqobeni lamagebe.” Waphawula: “Kwakubonakala sengathi isiqubulo sonyaka sasithi ‘Zonda umakhelwane wakho.’” Kungani “inzondo yabantu” yayivelele kangaka ikakhulukazi ngo-1992? I-Newsweek ithi: “Isiyaluyalu esidlulele siyimbangela yobudlova obuningi bangonyaka odlule,” kanye “nokuntengantenga kwezomnotho okungalindelekile” okwalandela ukuwa kobuKhomanisi baseSoviet. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kwakunenzondo yobuhlanga eyayishoshozelwa izikhulu zikahulumeni. Ingabe amabutho okulondoloza ukuthula ayikhambi? I-Newsweek iyaphendula: “Amabutho e-UN abeseCyprus, ehlukanisa imiphakathi yaseGreece naseTurkey, cishe iminyaka engu-20. Njengoba zilondekile ngemva kwalesivikelo se-UN, alukho uhlangothi olwaluzimisele nakancane ukubuyisana nolunye.”

Abesifazane Abangekho

Abesifazane badlula amadoda ngesilinganiso sabangu-105 kwangu-100 emazweni athuthukile, njengeBrithani, iFrance, iSwitzerland, ne-United States. Kodwa izibalo ze-UN zibonisa ukuthi e-Asia amashumi ezigidi zabesifazane awekho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Afghanistan naseBangladesh kunabesifazane abangu-94 kuphela kulawo nalawo madoda angu-100, eNdiya kunabangu-93, futhi iPakistan inabangu-92 kuphela. Izibalo ezigunyaziwe zeChina zibonisa isilinganiso sabafana abangu-114 abaphakathi konyaka owodwa nemibili kulawo nalawo mantombazane angu-100. Kungani kunalomehluko? I-Washington Post ithi: “Izazi zikhomba ekubandlululweni okusongela ukuphila abesifazane okumelwe bakubekezelele, okwenza amathuba abo okusinda abe mancane kunawamadoda: ukukhishwa kwezisu ngokukhetha ubulili nokubulawa kwezinsana, ukungondleki kahle nokunganakekelwa ngokwempilo, ukukhulelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe nokusebenza kanzima ngokomzimba.” Ngaphandle kwalokho, kweminye imiphakathi, ababali babantu abangabantu besilisa ababanaki abesifazane noma abavunyelwe ukuba bakhulume nabo. Futhi abanye obaba, benamahloni ngokuthi banamadodakazi amaningi kunamadodana, baqamba amanga ngobulili bezingane zabo.

Izinga Lokuzala Elinciphayo EChina

I-New York Times ibika ukuthi izibalo zika-1992 zibonisa izinga lokuzala eliphansi kakhulu elake labikwa eChina—ukuzalwa kwabantu abangu-18,2 kulabo nalabo abangu-1 000, elehle kusukela kwabangu-23,33 ngo-1987. Nakuba kwakungalindelwe ukuba lomgomo ufinyelelwe ngaphambi konyaka ka-2010, wafinyelelwa “ngoba izikhulu zezombangazwe nezikahulumeni kuyo yonke imikhakha zagxilisa ukunakekela okwengeziwe ekuhlelweni kwemindeni futhi zasebenzisa izinyathelo eziphumelela kakhudlwana,” kusho uPeng Peiyun, undunankulu we-State Family Planning Commission. Ngaphansi kwalesimiso izikhulu zendawo zazinikwé umthwalo womuntu siqu wokunciphisa inani lezingane ezizalwayo ezifundeni zazo futhi zazingase zijeziswe ngokwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo. Ezimweni eziningi lokhu kwakusho ukuvalwa ngempoqo kwenzalo kwabesifazane abase benomntwana kakade nenhlawulo enkulu kulabo ababethole umntwana bengagunyaziwe. Lapho abantu basemaphandleni behluleka ukukhokha lenhlawulo, izimpahla zabo ziyathathwa noma zonakaliswe, futhi ngokuvamile izindlu zabo ziyabhidlizwa. Izakhamuzi zaseChina eziyizigidi ezingu-1 170 kakade sezakha amaphesenti angaba ngu-22 omphakathi wasemhlabeni.

‘Inkinga Yezempilo Enkulu Ngonyaka Ka-2000’

Izikhulu zezokwelapha zaseFrance zibikezela ukuthi “ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo C okungamahlala-khona kuyoba inkinga yezempilo enkulu eFrance ngonyaka ka-2000.” Izingcaphuno ezivela embikweni wezokwelapha ephephandabeni laseParis i-Monde zathi lenkinga inezici ezimbili ezibalulekile: “ingxenye ephawulekayo efezwa ukumpontshelwa igazi ekusakazeni leligciwane” kanye “nokudlanga okubi kakhulu [kwaleligciwane] esimweni salo esingaguquleki.” Kulinganiselwa ukuthi manje abantu abaphakathi kuka-500 000 no-2 000 000 eFrance bangenwe yileligciwane nokuthi amaphesenti angu-62 alaba cishe ayoba nesifo sokusha kwesibindi esingamahlala-khona, kanye nengozi yokuqina kwesibindi noma umdlavuza phakathi neminyaka engu-10 kuya kwengu-30. Odokotela bathi nakuba abantu abaningi abanesifo sokusha kwesibindi sohlobo C bengenazo izimpawu, alikho ithemba lokuthi bayolulama.

Ingozi Yemfucumfucu Yasemkhathini

“Imfucumfucu yasemkhathini iba inkinga ngokwengeziwe ohambweni lwasemkhathini,” kubika i-Süddeutsche Zeitung. Umhlangano wokuqala we-European Conference on Space Garbage, owaqhutshelwa eDarmstadt, eJalimane ngo-April, wabhekisela ukunakekela “kulokho okufanele kwenziwe ngalendawo enemfucumfucu eyandayo eneziphuphutheki ezingasebenzi, izindawo zokuciba ama-rocket ezasha, noma imishini eyalahleka ohambweni lwangaphambili lwasemkhathini.” Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinto ezingaphezu kuka-7 000 ezilingana nebhola lethenisi noma ngaphezulu zizungeza umhlaba, kanye nezingcezu ezincanyana ezingaphezu kuka-100-000. Imikhumbi-mkhathi yaseRussia nase-U.S. ibangela amaphesenti angu-95 alemfucumfucu esemkhathini. Leliphephandaba lanezela: “Eminyakeni yamuva nje imishini endiza emkhathini kanye nemfucumfucu egcwele yonke indawo kuye kwacishe kwashayisana izikhathi eziningana. Ukuvinjelwa okuqinile kwemfucumfucu nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ngemikhankaso yasemkhathini yangesikhathi esizayo kuwukuphela kwekhambi eliyokwenza ukuba imikhumbi-mkhathi ingasongelwa ngokupheliswa enkulungwaneni ezayo yeminyaka.”

Impikiswano YaseJapane Ngefulege Nengoma Yesizwe

I-Mainichi Daily News ithi imibiko ekhishwe muva nje eYamato, eJapane, ibonisa ukuthi othisha-nhloko bezikole baye “basebenzisa isiqondiso soMnyango Wezemfundo ekuphakanyisweni kwefulege lesizwe nokuhlatshelelwa kwengoma yesizwe . . . , naphezu kokuphikisa okunamandla kwendikimba yothisha. Lempikiswano yokuhilela i-Hinomaru [ifulege lesizwe] ne-Kimigayo [ingoma yesizwe] emikhosini yesikole iye yabangela impikiswano ezweni lonke ngenxa yokuhlobana kwakho nokubandlulula ngokweqile kobuzwe nobukhosi baseJapane bangesikhathi sempi.” Ngokwe-Asahi Evening News, abaphikisi bahlobanisa ifulege nengoma yesizwe nokukhulekelwa kombusi futhi bathi ukuphoqelela izingane ukuba zihlabelele ingoma yesizwe “kuyobe kuwukuphoqelela isimiso esithile esingokwenkolo kuzo.” Bathi amalungelo angokomthetho enkululeko yenkolo nonembeza ayoniwa.

Izinhlekelele Zenuzi Zembuliwe

Ukwaziswa okusha ngesiza senye yezingozi zenuzi ezimbi kakhulu emhlabeni kuvezwé obala ngemva kokuba kufihlwé iminyaka eminingi, kusho iphephandaba lansuku zonke laseParis i-International Herald Tribune. Emkhankasweni wakhe wokwakha izikhali zenuzi, uhulumeni wezwe elaliyiSoviet wakha ifekthri ye-plutonium eziNtabeni zase-Ural. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokwakha ngo-1948 kuya ku-1951, imfucumfucu yalefekthri ekhipha imisebe yayimane ilahlelwe emifuleni yakulendawo eseduze, eyayisetshenziselwa futhi ezolimo nokuphuza. Khona-ke, ngo-1957, enye imfucumfucu yenuzi elapho yaqhuma, ikhiphela izinto eziningi ezikhipha imisebe emkhathini womhlaba. Esinye isenzakalo senzeka ngo-1967, lapho ichibi eliseduze nje elalisetshenziswa njengendawo yokulahla izinto ezinamandla enuzi lisha. Imimoya yasakaza lemfucumfucu ekhipha imisebe endaweni enkulu kakhulu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukungcola kwezinto okukhipha imisebe okuvela kulezenzakalo ezintathu kwathinta abantu abangaba ngu-450 000.