Ukubuka Okwezwe

Ukusebenza Ngendlela Efanele

Ngemva kokwehluleka kaningana okudumazayo, kubonakala sengathi i-NASA, inhlangano yokuhlola umkhathi yase-United States, iphendulé ukwehluleka okukodwa kwaba ukunqoba. IHubble Space Telescope, eyacitshwa ilenhlangano emkhathini ngo-1990, inesibuko esiyinhloko esingasebenzi kahle, esasenza lesisibonakude singasebenzi ngendlela efanele. Nokho, ngo-December 1993, izisebenzi zasemkhathini zachitha amahora angu-30 zifaka izingilazi zokulungisa ikhono lokubona kulesisibonakude esingasebenzi kahle futhi zikhipha izingxenye ezingasasebenzi. Yaba yini imiphumela? Umagazini i-New Scientist uyabika: “Kwezinye izici iHubble isebenza kangcono kunangendlela okwakulindeleke ngayo ekuqaleni.” Ngokukamagazini i-Newsweek, “ikhono leHubble lokubona manje selilihle kakhulu kangangokuba ingabona ukhanyikhanyi [firefly] osebangeni elingamamayela angu-8 500 [14 000 km].” Ngemva kokubona imifanekiso yalesisibonakude esithuthukisiwe, kubikwa ukuthi uDuccio Macchetto we-European Space Agency wababaza: “Engingakusho nje ukuthi kuyamangalisa.”

Iziqhwaga Zasesikoleni E-Australia

Iphephandaba i-Australian libika ukuthi izingane zesikole e-Australia ziziphatha ngobudlova zisezincane. Kulelozwe amaphesenti angu-20 ezingane athi azizwa engalondekile esikoleni; ingane eyodwa kwezingu-7 iphathwa ngesihluku njalo. Abacwaningi babonisa ukuthi izingane ezinobudlova zivame ukwehluleka ezifundweni zesikole futhi zintula ukuzethemba. Lemiphumela iveza ukuthi izithombe ezinobudlova zamafilimu, ama-video, nemithombo yezindaba ngokuqinisekile zinethonya entsheni. Abafana bayiziqhwaga ezimbi kakhulu, kanti amantombazane nezisebenzi zasesikoleni ngokuvamile baba izisulu. Ngisho nothisha bahlukunyezwa iziqhwaga zasesikoleni, futhi abaningi sebeyanqikaza ukusebenzelana nabafundi abakhathazayo ngenxa yokwesaba ukuhlukunyezwa. Enye inhlangano yothisha inxuse ukuba othisha abagada amagceke esikole ngesikhathi sokudla batholelwe izingcingo zokuxhumana.

I-caffeine Nokukhulelwa

Ngo-1980 i-U.S. Food and Drug Administration yatusa ukuba abesifazane abakhulelwe banciphise ukuphuza kwabo i-caffeine, ikhemikhali etholakala ekhofini, etiyeni, kuyi-cocoa, naseziphuzweni ze-cola. Lokhu kutusa kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngesisekelo sokuhlola okwenziwa ezilwaneni. Nokho, kusukela ngalesosikhathi, ukuhlolwa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kuye kwasiveza ngokuqinisekile isidingo sokuqapha ekusebenziseni i-caffeine. I-Journal of the American Medical Association muva nje ibike ukuthi amaphesenti angu-75 abesifazane abakhulelwe aphuza i-caffeine, nakuba ukuhlola okuningi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukuphuza amamiligremu e-caffeine angaphezu kwangu-300 ngosuku (cishe izinkomishi ezintathu zekhofi) kungalimaza umbungu. Nokho, ukuhlola okusha kuveza ukuthi ngisho nezilinganiso eziphansi ze-caffeine—amamiligremu angu-163 ngosuku—kungase kukhulise ingozi yokuphuphuma kwesisu ngokuphazima kweso kwabanye besifazane. Abasunguli balokhu kuhlola bayaphawula: “Ukutusa okunengqondo bekungaba ukunciphisa iziphuzo ezine-caffeine phakathi nesikhathi sokukhulelwa.”

Imizimba Engcolisiwe, Izindawo Ezingcolisiwe

Kungase kungamangalisi ukuthi abantu abangaba ngu-3 020 e-United States bayafa unyaka ngamunye ngemva kokusebenzisa i-cocaine; imiphumela engcolisayo yalesisidakamizwa emzimbeni womuntu yaziwa ngokugcwele. Kodwa i-National Geographic muva nje ibike ukuthi ukukhiqiza lesisidakamizwa nakho kubangela ukungcola okukhulu emifuleni nasemifudlaneni yamahlathi emvula aseBolivia, ePeru, naseColombia. Lomagazini uyaphawula: “Ngo-1992 izikhulu zikahulumeni zathola amathani angaba ngu-308 e-cocaine emhlabeni wonke, ngokwe-U. S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Ukuze kwenziwe eningi kangako—okuyiqhezu lengqikithi ekhiqizwayo—kwakudingeka amagalane ayizigidi ezingu-28 [amalitha ayizigidi ezingu-106] kaphalafini, amagalane angu-1 100 000 [amalitha ayizigidi ezingu-4,2] ezincibilikisi, amagalane angu-295 000 [amalitha angu-1 100 000] e-sulfuric acid, amagalane angu-18 500 [amalitha angu-70 000] e-hydrochloric acid, namagalane angu-3 700 [amalitha angu-14 000] e-ammonia. Ingxenye enkulu yalengqikithi ilahlwa emifuleni, ibulale izilwane zasemanzini futhi ingcolise amanzi okunisela nokuphuza.”

Ukudlondlobala Kokuphazamiseka Kwengqondo

Ekuqaleni kuka-1994 i-New York Times yabika: “Cishe umMelika oyedwa kwababili—amaphesenti angu-48—uye waphazamiseka ingqondo esikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwakhe.” Ukuhlolwa okwakuholwa isazi sezenhlalo kwamadoda nabesifazane abangu-8 000, kusetshenziswa ukuxilongwa ngokuxoxa ubuso nobuso, kwathola ukuthi ukuphazamiseka okuvame kakhulu ukucindezeleka okukhulu; abangamaphesenti angu-17 babeke baba nakho esikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwabo. Abangamaphesenti angu-14 babencike otshwaleni esikhathini esithile. Le-Times yaphawula ukuthi okunye okumangalisayo kulokhu kuhlola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-12 abesifazane ayeke aba nokuphazamiseka kwangemva kokucindezeleka okwabangelwa ingozi ethile, ingxenye yalezozimo “yabangelwa ukudlwengulwa noma ukuxhashazwa ngokobulili.” Phakathi kwabo bonke abaye baphazamiseka ngokwengqondo, ingxenye yesine kuphela eyafuna usizo lochwepheshe. UDkt. Ronald C. Kessler, isazi sezenhlalo esasihola kulokhu kuhlola, ucashunwa ethi: “Okubuhlungu ukuthi kunokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuningi kunalokho ebesikucabanga. Okujabulisayo ukuthi abantu abaningi bayalulama—abaningi ngaphandle kosizo—kunangendlela obekucatshangwa ngayo.”

Ingozi Yokuhlinzwa Ehlobene Notshwala

Iziguli eziphuza iziphuzo zotshwala ezingaphezu kwezinhlanu ngosuku zisengozini ephindwe kathathu yokuba nezinkinga zangemva kokuhlinzwa kuneziguli eziphuza kancane, ngokukadokotela ohlinzayo ophambili waseDenmark uDkt. Finn Hardt. Njengoba kusanda kubika i-Journal of the Danish Medical Association, ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala kunethonya elinobuthi cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zezitho; kubangela ukuthambekela okukhulu kokopha kanye nezinkinga zenhliziyo namaphaphu. Ngokuvamile izimo ezinjalo zenza odokotela balalise isiguli esibhedlela isikhathi eside futhi simpontshelwe igazi eliningi. Abaphuza utshwala kakhulu nsuku zonke nabo basengozini yokwenza isimiso sabo sokuzivikela ezifweni sibe buthaka, kanjalo bandise ingozi yokungenwa amagciwane. Nokho, ukuhlola kuye kwafakazela ukuthi ngemva kokugwema uphuzo amasonto ambalwa, isimiso sokuzivikela ezifweni sithuthuka kakhulu. UDkt. Hardt utusa ukuthi ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukuhlinzwa, iziguli kufanele zigweme utshwala amasonto ambalwa.

Izingane Empini

Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule, kuye kwabulawa izingane ezingaba isigidi nengxenye empini, ngokwe-State of the World’s Children 1994, umbiko we-United Nations Children’s Fund. Ezinye eziyizigidi ezine ziye zakhubazeka, zagogeka, zaba izimpumputhe, noma zalimala ubuchopho. Inani leziye zaba ababaleki lilinganiselwa okungenani ezigidini ezinhlanu. Izingane ziye zabuthelwa ngisho nasempini. Emazweni amaningi izingane ziye zahlukunyezwa futhi zaphoqelelwa ukuba zibukele noma zibe nengxenye ezenzweni zonya. Kwenye indawo ukudlwengulwa kwamantombazane kuye kwaba “isikhali sempi esivamile.” Lombiko uthi: “Kubonakala kufanele ukuphetha ngokuthi impucuko ayikaze ibe buthaka ngalendlela.”

Ukunqotshwa Izinkumbi

Ekuqaleni kuka-1994, umagazini i-New Scientist wabika: “I-UN inqotshwa izinkumbi.” Ngokomhlangano wamuva nje wososayensi bezolimo eNetherlands, ukulwa nezinkumbi kweZizwe Ezihlangene okwadla amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-1 380 ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 akufezanga lutho. Okwaqeda lolobhadane kwakuwumoya ongalindelekile owaphephethela lezozinambuzane olwandle. Izinkumbi ziyazala bese ziba uswebezane lapho kufika imvula ena ogwadule ngezikhathi ezithile, ebangela ukuba kuhlume iziqinti zohlaza. I-UN Food and Agriculture Organization izama ukubulala izinkumbi ngaphambi kokuba zibe uswebezane, ngokuncika ezithombeni zesiphuphutheki eziveza iziqinti eziluhlaza ogwadule. Inkinga iwukuthi lezizithombe azizivezi iziqinti eziningi ezincane. Phansi, izimpi zendawo nokuntuleka kwekhono kuvame ukuvimbela amaqembu afutha ngezibulala-zinambuzane ekufinyeleleni nasezindaweni zokuzalela ezaziwayo.

Izazi Zezinkanyezi Ziphila Isikhathi Eside

Ingabe izazi zezinkanyezi ziphila isikhathi eside kunabanye abantu? Umagazini wesayensi yemvelo waseJalimane i-Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau ubika ngokuhlolwa kobude besikhathi sokuphila kwabantu abazalwe phakathi kuka-1715 no-1825. Phakathi naleminyaka, amadoda angu-67 aba izazi zezinkanyezi lapho eneminyaka engu-25 ubudala afinyelela isilinganiso sobude bokuphila seminyaka engu-71,6. Cishe ingxenye yalamadoda ayengamaJalimane, kodwa abesilisa baseJalimane ababeneminyaka engu-25 ubudala phakathi nalesisikhathi baphila isilinganiso seminyaka engu-60,7 kuphela. Kungani izazi zezinkanyezi ziphila iminyaka eyengeziwe? Lomagazini uyabika: “Kungenzeka ukuthi isikhathi eside sokuphila kwezazi zezinkanyezi sihlobene ngandlela-thile nesimo esinokuthula somsebenzi wazo.” Noma, ngokucabanga kwalomagazini, “mhlawumbe ukubona nje kanye nokugxila ezimangalisweni zendawo yonke kungaba nethonya elihle empilweni yomuntu.”

Ulimi Lwezikhulu Zikahulumeni

E-Italy ulimi lwezobuchwepheshe nolwezincwadi eziningi ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni kunzima kakhulu ukuluqonda kangangokuthi umkhandlu womphakathi wase-Italy ukholelwa ukuthi kufanele lwenziwe lube lula. NgokukaNgqongqoshe Wezokusebenzelana Nomphakathi, uSabino Cassese, “lona umkhandlu ongasaxhumani nezakhamuzi zawo, ongakhulumi ulimi olulodwa.” Ngakho manje abasebenzelana nomphakathi kuyomelwe baqale ukukhuluma isiNtaliyane esivamile kunokuba bakhulume “ulimi oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezikhulu zikahulumeni,” ulimi olugcwele amagama angavamile ukusetshenziswa. Lenqubo entsha yamenyezelwa ekwethulweni kwe-“Style Code for Written Communications in the Public Administration.” Njengoba sinikeza iqoqo lolimi lwamagama angu-7 050 aqondakala kalula futhi ayisisekelo, lesisichazamazwi sihlose ukuqeda amagama amaningi akudala nanzima ngokuvamile enza ukuba imithetho, amafomu, amapheshana, nezimemezelo zomphakathi kungaqondakali esakhamuzini esivamile.