U-ogani Loqalo—Insimbi Yomculo Eyingqayizivele YasePhilippines
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EPHILIPPINES
SEKUYIMINYAKA engaphezu kwengu-2 000 u-ogani lwakhiwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Izindlela zokulwakha ziye zahlukahluka, kodwa okukhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zalo uhlu lwamapayipi ayingxenye yomklamo okhipha umsindo. Ngokuvamile akhiwa ngokhuni nensimbi. Nokho, u-ogani esifisa ukukuxoxela ngalo lunamapayipi ngokuyinhloko enziwe ngoqalo. Ingqikithi yamapayipi alo angu-832 kwangu-953 akhipha umsindo enziwe ngoqalo. Amanye ayinsimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamanye amapayipi ahlobisile nje kuphela.
Lusebenza kanjani u-ogani loqalo? Lusebenza ngokufanayo nezinye izinhlobo zo-ogani olunamapayipi. Kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezimbili zamapayipi, futhi afuthwa umoya ukuze akhiphe umculo. Amapayipi omoya—anezimbobo eziyingxenye yesiyingi ezisondele eduze nendawo ezixhunywe kuyo—akhipha umsindo njengomtshingo. Amapayipi omhlanga—anokuthile okuvevezelayo ngaphakathi—akhipha umsindo njengegenkle noma i-saxophone. Iqiniso lokuthi iningi lamapayipi lenziwe ngoqalo linikeza lolu-ogani izici ezikhethekile zomsindo.
Ukwakha Lolu-ogani
Ukwakhiwa kwalolu-ogani kwaqalwa ngo-1816 isithunywa sevangeli saseSpain, uDiego Cera. Kungani kwasetshenziswa uqalo? Uma sicabangela ubumpofu bendawo, mhlawumbe kwadingeka ukuba kusetshenziswe izinto zokwakha ezingabizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umenzi walolu-ogani ngokungangabazeki wafuna ukusebenzisa izinto zokwakha zendawo ezifanelekayo.
Ngo-1816, kwagawulwa uqalo lwagqitshwa esihlabathini sogu lolwandle isikhathi esingangonyaka. Uqalo olwasinda ezinambuzaneni nasezimweni zezulu lwabhekwa njengoluyinguganaboya lwase lusetshenziswa lapho kwakhiwa lolu-ogani. Eminyakeni eminingana eyalandela, kwahlanganiswa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zalolu-ogani. Lapho ingxenye yalo enkulu isiqediwe ngo-1821, kwathiwa “iwuhlobo oluhle kakhulu nolokuqala ngqá oluyingqayizivele kulelizwe.”
Ukusinda Ezikhathini Ezinzima
Akubanga lula ukuphila ko-ogani loqalo. Ngonyaka ka-1829 kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba edolobhaneni laseLas Piñas lapho lubekwe khona lolu-ogani. Lwacekeleka phansi uphahla lwesakhiwo olwalukuso, futhi cishe lolu-ogani lwachayeka ezimweni zezulu okwesikhashana. Ngo-1863 kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla angavamile okwenza umonakalo omkhulu kulolu-ogani. Amanye amapayipi ashintshwa, kodwa izinambuzane zawonakalisa isikhathi eside. Ngo-1880 kwagadla okunye ukuzamazama komhlaba okuyinhlekelele okwalimaza isakhiwo lolu-ogani olwalukuso, futhi kwagadla isiphepho ngaphambi kokuba lesisakhiwo silungiswe ngokuphelele. Ngalesosikhathi izingxenye eziningi zalolu-ogani zazihlakazeke kuyo yonke indawo.
Kwazanywa ukuthi lulungiswe eminyakeni edlule, kodwa omunye umzamo onjalo waphumela ekulonakaliseni unomphela. Owayelulungisa wasaha izingxenye zamapayipi oqalo ukuze afake ama-valve okushintsha umsindo. Lokhu kwawushintsha unomphela umsindo wokukhala kwalensimbi yomculo. Futhi, naphezu kwemizamo yokululungisa, lolu-ogani lwawohloka ngokuqhubekayo.
Lolu-ogani lwasinda nasempini. ILas Piñas yayiyinkundla yeziphithiphithi phakathi kwabasePhilippines nabaseSpain ekupheleni kwawo-1890, naphakathi kwabasePhilippines namaMelika phakathi kweMpi YabasePhilippines NamaMelika. Nakuba kunjalo, naphezu kokuwohloka kwalo, imibhalo egciniwe esukela ku-1911 kuya ku-1913 ibonisa ukuthi izivakashi zeza zizobona lolu-ogani.
Iminyaka ka-1941 kuya ku-1945 yaletha impi yezwe yesibili ePhilippines. Phakathi nokubusa kwamaJapane, lolu-ogani lwanakekelwa uMarquess Y. Tokugawa, isihlobo soMbusi uHirohito. Wahlela ukuba ingxenye yalo ilungiswe, kodwa ngemva kwalokho lensimbi yomculo ayizange ilungiswe iminyaka eminingi.
Khona-ke, ngawo-1970, wonke umuntu wafuna ukuba lulungiswe. Emapayipini oqalo angamakhulu, angu-45 ayengekho, futhi angu-304 ayengasebenzi. Kwelinye kwatholakala isidleke senyoni. Ingabe kukhona okwakungenziwa ukuze lolu-ogani lubuyiselwe ezingeni lokusebenza?
Ukululungisa
Umsebenzi wokululungisa waqala ngo-March 1973, wenziwa inkampane ethile yangaphandle. Amapayipi athunyelwa eJapane, futhi ingxenye yalolu-ogani yathunyelwa eJalimane. Lapho, kwakhiwa igumbi elikhethekile elinesimo sezulu esifana nesasePhilippines. Umsebenzi wokululungisa wawenzelwa kuleligumbi.
Umgomo kwakuwukulwenza lufane ngangokunokwenzeka nomklamo wokuqala. Ekugcineni, ukululungisa kwaphela. Amapayipi ayelungiswa eJapane athunyelwa ngendiza eJalimane. U-ogani oluphelele lwaphinde lwahlanganiswa futhi lwavivinywa. Khona-ke, ngo-February 18, 1975, lwajabulisa izethameli zaseJalimane ekhonsathini yehora elilodwa.
Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho lolu-ogani olunesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-5 626 lwapakishwa emabhokisini angu-12, futhi lwathunyelwa emuva ePhilippines ngendiza yaseBelgium. Lwamukelwa ngesasasa eLas Piñas, idolobhana olwaluzobekwa kulo. Abayizinkulungwane ezingu-30 babuka umbukiso walo othwelwe ngezinqola owawubonisa izigcawu zomlando walensimbi yomculo.
Ngo-May 9, 1975, lolu-ogani loqalo lwase lulungele ikhonsathi yokwethulwa kwalo emphakathini. Umshayi wo-ogani waseJalimane wayehlabelela nabaculi basePhilippines njengoba kwakwethulwa lolu-ogani loqalo ePhilippines.
Ingabe uyasazisa isipho somculo esasiphiwa uMdali wethu? Ungathanda ukuzwa okuthile okuhlukile? Uma kwenzeka uthola ithuba lokulalela lolu-ogani loqalo eLas Piñas, ngokungangabazeki uyoyijabulela lensimbi yomculo eyingqayizivele yasePhilippines.