Ukusebenzisa Amandla Omoya

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! ENETHERLANDS

UPHEPHELA omkhulu wenjini uyaphenduphenduka. Uphenduka kancane kancane, njengezingalo zenhlambi ebhukuda kanzima iphambana nomsinga onamandla. Nokho, lophephela uphendulwa umsinga—awuvinjelwa yiwo. Lomsinga uwumoya. Ngaphandle komsindo wawo, ukuphenduka kwalophephela yikho kuphela okuzwakalayo. Lena injini yomoya, ephehla ugesi ngamandla omoya.

Emazweni anomoya njengeDenmark, iFrance, iJalimane, iNetherlands, ne-United States, kuneziningi zalezi zinjini zomoya. E-United States, iCalifornia kakade inezingaphezu kuka-16 000. Ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-50 empumalanga yeSan Francisco, e-Altamont Pass, kunendawo yalezi zinjini zomoya ezingaba ngu-7 000 ezigcwele amaqele ukuze ziphehle amandla ngomoya ozolile. Sezizonke, izinjini zomoya zaseCalifornia kuthiwa zikwazi ukuphehla amandla anele izindlu zaseSan Francisco nezaseWashington, D.C. zihlangene.

IDenmark, ezungezwe ulwandle, nayo ikufanelekela kahle ukusebenzisa amandla omoya; kakade sekunezinjini zomoya ezingaba ngu-3 600 lapho. Ngo-1991 iNetherlands yayinezinjini zomoya ezingaba ngu-300 kuphela, kodwa izifundazwe zakulelizwe ezinomoya omningi zavuma ukwandisa lelo nani libe ngu-3 000. Onjiniyela eNgilandi nabo banethemba lokusebenzisa umoya ngendlela efanayo ezweni lakubo.

Yiqiniso, ukusebenzisa amandla omoya akulona isu elisha. Ake ucabange ngayo yonke imikhumbi eqhutshwa umoya eyake yahamba olwandle enkathini engaphambi kokuklanywa kwezinjini. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka kusetshenziswa imishini ekudonseni amanzi, ekugayeni ummbila nezinongo, nasekusaheni izinkuni. ENetherlands kusenalemibhoshongo ekhangayo engaba ngu-900. Eminingi yayo isadonsa amanzi ngokwethembeka; inokwethenjelwa ngisho nalapho kuphele amandla kagesi.

Kwakuseminyakeni eyikhulu edlule lapho uprofesa waseDenmark uPoul de la Cour ahlola khona ngokokuqala ngqá ukusebenzisa amandla omoya ekuphehleni amandla kagesi. Waklama umanduleli omncane wenjini yomoya yanamuhla. Nokho, ekhulwini lama-20, isintu sathola ukuthi izinto zokubasa zazisebenziseka kalula futhi zinikeza amandla amaningi. Ekuqaleni, lezi zinto kwabonakala zishibhile futhi ziyinqwaba; ngakho zathatha isikhundla somoya njengomthombo wamandla. Amandla omoya aphinda acatshangelwa ngokungathi sína ngemva kwenhlekelele kawoyela ngo-1973.

Izinzuzo Endaweni Ezungezile

Lenhlekelele kawoyela yashukumisela ososayensi ukuba bacabangele ukuthi kungenzekani uma kungaphela izinto zokubasa. Ezinye izindlela ezinjengamandla omoya zakhanga kakhulu. Phela, umoya awupheli. Eqinisweni, uzivuselela njalo, njengoba iBhayibheli lasho ngawo: “Uzungazungeza njalo ekuhambeni kwawo.” (UmShumayeli 1:6) Amandla omoya aphatha indawo ezungezile kangcono kunezinto zokubasa, ezibangela izinto ezisabekayo njengemvula ene-asidi futhi zingase zandise ukushisa komoya womkhathi. Amandla omoya awawakhiqizi amakhemikhali.

Futhi nakuba umoya ungenawo amandla amaningi njengegesi, amalahle, noma uwoyela, unezinzuzo ezimangalisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngenjini yomoya ephenduka kancane ngenxa yomoya ohamba ngejubane elingamakhilomitha ayishumi ngehora. Ngokungazelele, lomoya uyadlondlobala, uphindeke ube ijubane elingamakhilomitha angu-20 ngehora. Ithola amandla angakanani manje lenjini emoyeni? Amandla aphindwe kabili? Cha. Umagazini i-New Scientist uyachaza: “Amandla akhiqizwa umoya aphakama ngokuphindwe kathathu kunejubane lomoya.” Ngakho lapho ijubane lomoya liphindeka kabili, linikeza amandla aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-8! Ngakho ngisho nokwanda okuncane kwejubane lomoya kusho amandla amakhulu atholakala enjinini yomoya. Ukuze ziwusebenzise ngokugcwele lomthetho obizwa ngokuthi amandla okuphindeka kathathu, ngokuvamile izinjini zomoya zibekwa eziqongweni zamagquma, lapho ijubane lomoya lidlondlobala khona njengoba uvunguza.

Esinye isici esikhangayo samandla omoya ukuthi utholakala yonke indawo. Umshini wokudonsa amanzi ungasondeza amandla kumuntu owusebenzisayo. Lemishini kulula ukuyifaka nokuyithutha. Umoya awumbiwa phansi, uthuthwe, noma uthengwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akunzima ukusakaza amandla, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nowoyela ongacwengiwe, okumelwe uthuthwe ngemikhumbi emikhulu. Izingozi ezihilela imikhumbi enjalo ziye zaholela ezinhlekeleleni ezinkulu ngokuphindaphindiwe endaweni ezungezile—njengokuchitheka kukawoyela e-Alaska ngo-1989. Izinjini zomoya azinayo imiphumela emibi kanjalo.

Ezinye Izithiyo

Lokhu akusho ukuthi amandla omoya ayikhambi lezinkinga zesintu zamandla. Inselele enkulu ukuguquguquka komoya. Ungavunguza uye ngakolunye uhlangothi noma nini. Sekuyisikhathi eside abacwaningi befuna amakhambi alenkinga. Elinye ikhambi latholakala ngawo-1920, lapho unjiniyela waseFrance uGeorges Darrieus akha injini yomoya ene-axis ebheke phezulu. Ifana nomshini wokuxova omkhulu, futhi iyasebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umoya uya ngakuluphi uhlangothi. Imishini ehlukahlukene yalolu hlobo olungavamile iyasebenza namuhla. Nokho, umoya futhi ungathula cwaka noma nini. Futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, izivunguvungu ezingalindelekile zingalimaza uphephela nenjini yomoya.

Ngokumangalisayo, ezinye zezikhalazo ezivezwayo ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla omoya ziphathelene nendawo ezungezile. Phakathi kokunye, izinjini zomoya zobuchwepheshe zanamuhla zihluke kakhulu kwezangesikhathi esidlule ezazikhanga. Ezinkulu ziphakeme ngamamitha ayikhulu; eziphakathi nendawo ngamamitha angamashumi amane. Bambalwa abangazichaza ngokuthi zinhle. Yiqiniso, izintambo zikagesi nemibhoshongo yomsakazo eminingi ingase iphakame kangako, kodwa uphephela wenjini yomoya udonsa ukunakekela okukhulu.

Bese kuba khona nendaba yomsindo. Abanye bamelana ngokuqinile nokuba nezinjini zomoya endaweni abahlala kuyo ngenxa yomsindo eziwenzayo. Nokho, ngokuthakazelisayo, okunye ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi injini yomoya ephakathi nendawo eCornwall, eNgilandi, ibanga umsindo olingana nalowo ongawuzwa lapho imoto ehamba ngejubane elingamakhilomitha angu-60 ngehora idlula ebangeni eliqhele kuwe ngamamitha angu-7. Nokho leli zinga lomsindo lehla ngokuphawulekayo lapho kwanda ibanga. Umuntu osebangeni elingamamitha angu-300 uzwa umsindo olingana nalowo angawuzwa emtatsheni wezincwadi ovamile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umoya oqhuba lenjini uyawugqiba lomsindo. Nokho, kuyavunywa ukuthi lapho kunezinjini zomoya ezingamakhulu—noma eziyizinkulungwane njengoba zikhona e-Altamont Pass yaseCalifornia—umsindo ungaba inkinga ephawulekayo.

Enye inkinga ihilela izinyoni. Inhlangano ethile yokuvikela izinyoni eNetherlands muva nje ixwayise ngokwakhiwa kwezindawo zezinjini zomoya lapho izinyoni zidla futhi zizalele khona—lapho kumnyama noma kunenkungu, zingase zishayise kuphephela. Ngokokunye ukulinganisela, endaweni ethile eNetherlands enezinjini zomoya ezingu-260, kungafa izinyoni ezingaba ngu-100 000 ngonyaka ngalendlela. Nokho, okunye ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izinjini zomoya azikuphazamisi ukuphila kwezinyoni.

Umshuwalense?

Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, kusobala ukuthi amandla omoya angaba nengxenye ebalulekile ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokubasa emhlabeni. Encwadini yakhe ethi Wind Energy Systems, uProfesa Gary L. Johnson waseKansas State University, e-U.S.A., uchaza ukuthi amandla omoya angasebenza nasezimisweni ezivamile zokuphehla amandla. Uthi uma zisetshenziswa ngaleyo ndlela, “izinjini zomoya zingase zibhekwe ngandlela-thile njengomshuwalense wezinkinga ezingathi sína zezinto zokubasa.”

Ngokushesha, umuntu angase awudinge ngempela umshuwalense onjalo. Ngokuvamile imithombo yezindaba ikhuluma ngesidingo somuntu esiqhubekayo sezinto zokubasa. Njengoba emba amalahle futhi ebhola ukuze athole uwoyela negesi, akaziqothuli lezi zinto kuphela kodwa futhi kwezinye izindawo ungcolisa indawo yakhe ngokuzisebenzisa! Okwamanje, umoya uyaqhubeka uvunguza—uhlanzekile, awupheli, futhi, ngokwengxenye enkulu, usashaywa indiva.

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Izinkulungwane zezinjini zomoya ziphehla ugesi emazweni amaningi

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Kusenamakhulu alemibhoshongo ekhangayo eNetherlands