Ukubuka Okwezwe

Izwe Libhekene ‘Nenhlekelele Yezempilo’

“Umbulali omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni futhi oyimbangela enkulu kunazo zonke yokugula nokuhlupheka embulungeni yonke . . . ububha.” Isho kanjalo i-World Health Report 1995, enyatheliswa i-WHO (World Health Organization). Ngokwalombiko, ingxenye yabantu bomhlaba abayizigidi ezingu-5 600 ayiyitholi imithi yokwelapha edingekayo; cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezingane emhlabeni idla ukudla okungenamsoco; futhi ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yabantu bembulunga yonke ibulawa ububha. I-Independent, iphephandaba laseLondon, eNgilandi, icaphuna umqondisi-jikelele we-WHO exwayisa “ngenhlekelele yezempilo lapho izinto eziningi ezinkulu ezifeziwe . . . emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ziyothiyeka khona.”

Ukunciphisa Ukufa Kwezinsana Ngokuzumayo

Esifundazweni saseJalimane iNorth Rhine-Westphalia, uhlelo oluthile lunikeza bonke abazali bezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa ipheshana elibatshela ngezici ezingase zandise ingozi yokufa kwezinsana ngokuzumayo. Iphephandaba i-Süddeutsche Zeitung lithi ngemva kokuqalwa kwalolu hlelo, ukufa kwezinsana ngokuzumayo kwehla ngamaphesenti angu-40. Ngenxa yokulandela izinhlelo ezifanayo, kuthiwa e-Australia, eNetherlands, eNgilandi, naseNorway lokhu kufa kuye kwehla ngamaphesenti angafinyelela kwangu-60. Lolu hlelo olusha lokuqaphelisa ngokufa kwezinsana ngokuzumayo luxwayisa abazali ngokulalisa umntwana ngesisu, ukusebenzisa umbhede omkhulu wezimpaphe noma umatilasi othambile, ukubhema phakathi nokukhulelwa, nokuchaya osanda kuzalwa entuthwini kagwayi.

Ukubhekana Nobuhlungu Beqolo

Njengoba buphatha abantu abangamaphesenti angu-90 emhlabeni wonke esikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwabo, ubuhlungu beqolo “buwukugula okuvame ukukhathaza abantu,” ngokwe-Medical Post yaseCanada. Nokho, ezimweni eziningi, ukungenela kwezokwelapha okubizayo kungase kungadingeki. UDkt. Garth Russell, udokotela wamathambo, uthi “amaphesenti angu-90 okufutha kweqolo (ngokuvamile okubangelwa ukusebenza) ahilela kuphela inkwantshu eqolo, futhi iyophela ngokuphumula izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu.” Ngemva kwalokho, uDkt. Russell utusa ukuba “uqale ukuvivinya umzimba okulula bese uqala imisebenzi yakho yansuku zonke.”

Imidlalo Yama-video Enobudlova

Ngokombiko we-Vancouver Sun yaseCanada, imidlalo yama-video engokoqobo, enobudlova ivamile ekuphileni kwentsha eningi. Leli phepha libhekisela ekuhloleni okubonisa ukuthi abadlali abasebasha bayajabula lapho bedlala lemidlalo. Ukushaya kwenhliziyo yabo kwenyuka ngokuphawulekayo—kwezinye izimo kuba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili. Okwakukhathaza umcwaningi kwakuwukuthi kazi “lezi zingane zigcina ngokudlala lemidlalo yama-video enobudlova yini noma ziba nobudlova nasekuphileni kwazo.” Uprofesa wemfundo wase-University of British Columbia uCharles Ungerleider ukholelwa ukuthi lemidlalo idlulisa isigijimi sokuthi ubudlova buyindlela yokuxazulula izinkinga. Uyaphawula: “Kuyinqaba ukuthi emphakathini imidlalo yama-video enobudlova iyindlela yokuzijabulisa eyamukelekayo.”

Amagciwane Ayinkathazo

Ngokwesihloko esithile kuyi-U.S.News & World Report, “ubhubhane olusha kanye nezifo ezindala kuyadlanga.” Ngani? Iphephandaba laseSwitzerland i-Neue Zürcher Zeitung lichaza ukuthi izici eziningi ziye zandisa ukungenwa komuntu izifo kalula. Lezi zici zihlanganisa ukwanda kokuvakashela amazwe ngamazwe, okubangela ukungena kwezifo emiphakathini engagonyiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-U.S.News iphawula ukuthi okwesabisa abantu e-CDC (Centers for Disease Control), e-Atlanta, eGeorgia, “amagciwane avamile, ayebulawa kalula ngezibulala-magciwane, aseqale ukwehlula ngisho nemithi emisha shá futhi enamandla kakhulu.”

Imiphumela Yendawo Ezungezile Enobuthi?

Ngokwephephandaba i-Globe and Mail, ngokokuqala ngqá, iCanada yabhekana nokwanda kokufa kwabantu okungaphezulu kakhulu kunalokho okwabikezelwa. Kunokuba kwande ngamaphesenti amathathu ayelindelekile, ukufa kwabantu baseCanada kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-1993 kwanda ngamaphesenti angu-4,3, ukwanda okukhulu kunakho konke emlandweni. Lezi zibalo zihlanganisa ukwanda kokufa kwezinsana, okokuqala ngqá eminyakeni engu-31. Ngokwalombiko, lokhu kwanda akuvamile futhi kuyashaqisa. Uchwepheshe othile waseCanada wakhumbula ukufa kwentaka— eyayisetshenziselwa ukuxwayisa ngamagesi anobuthi ezimayini esikhathini esidlule. Umbuzo owabuzwa uthi: “Kungenzeka yini ukuthi lokhu kwakuwuphawu lokuqala lokuthi indawo ezungezile iba nobuthi ngokwengeziwe?”

Intsha Inethemba Elifiphele Ngekusasa

I-Australia yayivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “izwe lenhlanhla,” kodwa inani elandayo lentsha yase-Australia lingase lingavumelani nalawo mazwi namuhla. Libika ngokuhlolwa kwentsha ephakathi kweminyaka engu-15 nengu-19 ubudala, iphephandaba i-Australian lathola ukuthi “yayinombono ‘oyinhlekelele’ ngekusasa lezomnotho wase-Australia.” Kwaxoxwa nabafundi basezikoleni zamaKatolika, ezikahulumeni, nezingezona ezikahulumeni abasebangeni lesi-7, lesi-8, nelesi-9. Leli phepha libika ukuthi “ngokwalombiko, imiphumela ibonisa ‘ngokucacile’ ukuthi isizukulwane samanje sabaneminyaka engu-15 nengu-16 ubudala ‘asibhekile esikhathini esizayo ngokulangazela’—njengoba sikholelwa ukuthi umphakathi uba nobudlova ngokwengeziwe futhi ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi kuyohlala kuphakeme.” Lapho icelwa ukuba ichaze ukuthi ukuphila kwayo kuyoba njani eminyakeni eyishumi kusukela manje, “eningi eyaphendula yaphawula ukuwohloka kwezomnotho nomphakathi lapho abantu beye bangaba namandla okulawula ikusasa lezomnotho wabo.”

Abantu Abane-HIV Abatshelwa

EJapane abanye odokotela ababatsheli abantu abane-HIV ukuthi banaleli gciwane, ngaleyo ndlela abangane bomshado balaba bantu baye bangenwa yileli gciwane. Ngemva kokuhlola izibhedlela nezikhungo zezokwelapha zakulelizwe ezingu-363, i-Health and Welfare Ministry yabonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-43 kuphela alezi zikhungo azisa zonke iziguli ezine-HIV ngesimo sazo. Amaphesenti angaba ngu-28 azisa kuphela ezinye zeziguli zawo. I-Daily Yomiuri yathi ezinye izibhedlela zavuma ukuthi ziyehluleka ngokuphelele ukwazisa iziguli zazo, kuyilapho ezinye zenqaba ukuphendula umbuzo walokhu kuhlola. Isizathu esiyinhloko esinikezwa odokotela sokugodla ukwaziswa ‘siwukungakhululeki ngokweqile kwesimo sengqondo’ sabantu abanaleli gciwane.

Okusha Embukisweni Wamakamela

Nakuba izivakashi ezibuka amazwe zivame ukufuna izinto ezingavamile lapho zivakasha, zona ngokwazo zingase zibonakale ziyinqaba kubantu bendawo. I-International Herald Tribune ibika ukuthi izivakashi ezibuka amazwe zaseNtshonalanga ziye zathola lokho okungase kube imakethe yamakamela enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni edolobheni lasogwadule enyakatho yePushkar, eNdiya. Lapho, abahwebi bamakamela bazithola zihlekisa izivakashi zabo zakwamanye amazwe. I-Tribune ichaza ukuthi “abashayeli bamakamela bayamangala lapho bebona loluhlobo lwabantu oluyinqaba olufuswa ilanga lasogwadule, olubuka izwe ngamabhokisi amnyama oluwabeka ebusweni [amakhamera] futhi oluzimisele ukukhokha ama-dollar amabili [amaRandi angu-7] (okungaphezu kweholo lezinsuku ezimbili labafuyi abaningi basogwadule) ngokugibela ihora elilodwa ikamela elitotobayo.” Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi inani elandayo lezivakashi ezibuka amazwe lihle noma libi yini, umhwebi othile wamakamela waphendula: “Lihle. Siyathanda ukuzibuka.”

Izindinganiso Eziwohlokayo ZaseChina

“Ukukhathalela umnotho kusongela isisekelo somphakathi waseChina, umkhaya,” kubika i-Wall Street Journal. “Imikhaya iyawohloka, ibangela intsha ‘eyisizukulwane sobumina.’ Ubugebengu nokonakala kuyingqopha-mlando.” Umcwaningi othile uthi izingane ngaphambili ezazibahlonipha abazali bazo manje sezibasebenzisa njengezinceku futhi azifuni ukubanakekela lapho sebegugile. Nakuba abaningi eChina besabambelele ezindinganisweni ezingokwesiko, ziyawohloka njengoba izigidi zishiya amakhaya ziyofuna amathuba kwezinye izindawo. Isekela likangqongqoshe wezokulondeka komphakathi uBai Jingfu lithi: “Ukuphishekela imali sekuwumgomo. Ngenxa yemali, abantu bazimisele ukukushaya indiva okuhle, ukuzishaya indiva izindinganiso zokuziphatha okuhle emphakathini.”

Izinhlobo Ezintsha

Zifuna izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo, izazi zesayensi yezitshalo zaseBrithani naseBrazil bezilokhu zihlola intaba eyodwa enyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Kuze kube manje ziye zathola izinhlobo ezimangalisayo ezingu-131 ezazingaziwa ngaphambili, zonke ezazikhula endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-171 kuphela. “Lengadi yase-Edene,” njengoba iphephandaba i-Folha de São Paulo liyibiza kanjalo lendawo, isePico das Almas ephakeme ngamamitha angu-1 960 esifundazweni saseBrazil iBahia. Izazi zesayensi yezitshalo zahlola izithombo ezingaba ngu-3 500 ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi zonke lezi zitshalo zazizintsha ngempela—futhi kwakunjalo. USimon Mayo we-Royal Botanic Gardens yaseNgilandi watshela leli phephandaba: “Kuhlaba umxhwele ukuthola izitshalo eziningi kangaka ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.”