Inkululeko Yokukhuluma—Ingabe Isetshenziswa Kabi?

IKHULU leminyaka lama-21 selizoqala. Ngokungangabazeki leli khulu leminyaka elisha liyoletha amathemba amasha, imigomo, izindinganiso zokuziphatha, imiqondo yobuchwepheshe obumangalisayo, nesidingo senkululeko eyengeziwe. Kakade imibono evamile yohulumeni, izinkolo, nabantu isithathelwa indawo izifiso nezimfuno ezintsha. Ezindaweni eziningi kuphokophelwe ekususeni imibandela ekhona yenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuveza umbono, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphumela iyini!

Lokho okwake kwalahlwa futhi kwenqatshelwa abasakazi nabahlaziyi bezinhlelo zomsakazo nethelevishini—ulimi olunenhlamba nezigcawu zezenzo ezingcolile zobulili—sekuyinsakavukela emazweni amaningi futhi kubhekwa njengelungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma!

Labo abanekhono lokusebenzisa ama-computer, abadala nezingane, sebengathumela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyingcaca kwamanye amazwekazi ngemizuzwana nje embalwa futhi baxoxe nezigebengu zobulili ezaziwayo nabanukubezi bezingane abafuna amagama namakheli okuhlangana ngasese. Umculo onezosha ezisikisela futhi zikhuthaze ukuzibulala nokubulala abazali, amaphoyisa, nezikhulu zikahulumeni usuzwakala nsuku zonke emsakazweni nakuthelevishini noma usezingomeni ezidlalwa izingane.

Bambalwa kulabo abafuna inkululeko yokukhuluma engenamingcele abangenakuvumelana noMahlulel’u-Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. weNkantolo Ephakeme, owabhala eminyakeni engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu edlule esinqumweni esidumile esiyingqopha-mlando ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma: “Imithetho enamandla kakhulu evikela inkululeko yokukhuluma ibingenakumvikela umuntu omemeza ngeze ukuthi kunomlilo enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini futhi abangele isiyaluyalu.” Imiphumela engabangelwa isenzo esinjalo isobala. Khona-ke, yeka indlela okungenangqondo ngayo ngalabo bantu ukuwubukela phansi noma ukuwushaya indiva umusho olandelayo waleso sinqumo futhi ngenkani benze ngokumelene nawo. “Iphuzu kuwo wonke amacala,” kusho uHolmes, “liwukuthi ingabe amazwi asetshenzisiwe asetshenziswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezingabangela ingozi esobala nekhona futhi abangele ububi obukhulu iSishaya-mthetho esinelungelo lokubuvimbela.”

Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ze-computer

“Ubulili bukuyo yonke indawo kulezi zinsuku,” kubika umagazini i-Time, “ezincwadini, komagazini, ezithombeni zebhayisikobho, kuthelevishini, kuma-video omculo nasezikhangisweni zamakha ezitobhini zamabhasi. Bunyatheliswa emakhadini ocingo afakwa ngaphansi kwama-wiper. . . . AmaMelika amaningi asejwayele ukubonakaliswa obala kwenkanuko yobulili—nezizathu zokuthi kungani kuthandeka ngokukhethekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala [inkululeko yokukhuluma]—kangangokuthi awasaqapheli nokuthi kukhona.” Nokho, kunokuthile ngokuhlanganiswa kobulili obuyingcaca nama-computer okuye kwenza ukuba igama elithi “izithombe zobulili ezingcolile” libe nezici nencazelo entsha. Kuye kwathandwa emhlabeni wonke futhi kwayekelelwa.

Ngokokunye ukuhlola, kwatholakala abantu abathola izimiso ze-computer zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ababezimisele ukukhokha imali yanyanga zonke esuka emaRandini angu-40 kuya kwangu-120 “emadolobheni angaphezu kuka-2000 kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingu-50 namazwe, izifunda nezifundazwe ezingu-40 kuwo wonke umhlaba—kuhlanganise namanye amazwe anjengeChina, lapho ungagwetshwa khona intambo uma utholakale unezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.”

Umagazini i-Time wachaza olunye uhlobo lwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-computer ngokuthi “umgodla wokwaziswa ‘okuphambukile’ ohlanganisa izithombe zokuboshwa, ukuzilimaza ngenjongo yokuthola injabulo, ukuchama, ukukhipha indle, nobuhlobo bobulili nezilwane eziningi ezinhlobonhlobo.” Ukutholakala kokwaziswa okunjalo esimisweni se-computer somphakathi, esitholwa amadoda, abesifazane, nezingane kuwo wonke umhlaba, kuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma.

“Lapho izingane sezixhunyaniswe nalesi simiso,” kuphawula iphephandaba elithile laseBrithani, “izithombe zobulili ezingcole ngokweqile azitholakali kuphela emashalofini ezitolo zezincwadi, kodwa zingatholakala kalula kunoma iyiphi ingane, ngisho nangasese ekamelweni lokulala.” Kubikezelwa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-47 awo wonke amakhaya aseBrithani anama-computer ayobe exhunywe ezimisweni zama-computer ekupheleni kuka-1996. Leli phephandaba lathi: “Abazali abaningi baseBrithani abanalo ulwazi ngobuchwepheshe obuphambili izingane zabo ezibaziyo. Kulezi zinyanga ezingu-18 ezidlule ‘ukuhlola i-Net’ kuye kwaba enye yezindlela zentsha zokuzilibazisa ezithandwa kakhulu.”

UKathleen Mahoney, uprofesa wezomthetho e-University of Calgary, eCanada, futhi onguchwepheshe ezindabeni zezomthetho eziphathelene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, wathi: “Umphakathi kufanele uqaphele ukuthi kukhona umzila ongalawuleki neze izingane ezingaxhashazwa futhi zinukubezwe ngawo.” Esinye isikhulu samaphoyisa saseCanada sathi: “Kunezimpawu ezisobala zokuthi ukuchuma kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zezingane ezitholakala ngama-computer kuseduze.” Amaqembu amaningi okululekwa kwemikhaya agcizelela ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-computer ezibonwa izingane kanye nethonya ezingaba nalo kuzo “zimelela ingozi esobala nekhona.”

Imibono Engqubuzanayo

Abashisekeli benkululeko yomphakathi bathukutheliswa yinoma imiphi imizamo yeSishaya-mthetho yokunqanda izinto ezinjengezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-computer, ngokuvumelana nesinqumo sikaMahlulel’uHolmes neNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States. “Kuwukuhlaselwa ngokuqondile kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala,” kusho uprofesa othile wezomthetho eHarvard. Umagazini i-Time waphawula ukuthi ngisho nabashushisi abangomakad’ebona bayakulahla. Omunye wathi: “Ngeke kuphumelele ekuhlaziyweni ngisho nasenkantolo yamacala amancane.” “Kuhlaziywa uhulumeni,” kusho isikhulu esithile se-Electronic Privacy Information Center. I-Time yasicaphuna sithi: “ISichibiyelo Sokuqala akufanele sigcine lapho kuqala khona i-Internet.” “Ngokusobala kuwukwephulwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma,” kumemezela ilungu lesishaya-mthetho sase-United States, “futhi kuwukwephulwa kwelungelo labantu abadala lokukhulumisana.”

Uprofesa othile eNew York Law School uveza ukuthi kunezinzuzo ekuvezweni okuhlukahlukene kobulili, ngaphandle kwamalungelo obuntu nenkululeko yokukhuluma. I-Time yabika umbono wakhe: “Ubulili obukuyi-Internet bungase eqinisweni buyizuzise intsha.” Wathi: “I-[cyberspace] iyindawo elondekile yokuhlolisisa lokho okunqatshelwe nokuvinjelwe . . . Inikeza ithuba lezingxoxo zangempela, ezingabangeli amahloni ngemibono yobulili enembile necatshangelwayo.”

Abanye futhi abamelene nanoma imiphi imingcele ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ezimisweni zama-computer abasha abaningi, ikakhulukazi abafundi baseyunivesithi. Abanye baye bamasha bebhikishela lokho abakubheka njengokwephulwa kwamalungelo abo enkululeko yokukhuluma. Nakuba engeyena umfundi, omunye owacashunwa kuyi-New York Times ngokungangabazeki uvumelana nemizwa yabaningi abamelene nezihlongozo ezingavimbela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuma-computer: “Ngicabanga ukuthi kuyoklolodelwa yibo bonke abasebenzisa i-Internet kulelizwe futhi kushaywe indiva, futhi kuwo wonke umphakathi womhlaba osebenzisa i-Internet, kuyokwenza elase-United States libe inhlekisa.”

Lapho ibika amazwi esikhulu seqembu lenkululeko yomphakathi, i-U.S.News & World Report yaphawula: “I-cyberspace [izimiso zama-computer] ingase iqinise inkululeko yokukhuluma kakhulu kuneSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ngempela, kungenzeka kakade ‘akusenakwenzeka ukuba uhulumeni athulise abantu.’”

ECanada kuqhubeka izimpikiswano ngalokho okungase kwephule amalungiselelo enkululeko yokuveza umbono kuyi-Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Kuye kwaboshwa izazi zobuciko ezinemifanekiso eye yathukuthelisa abacusumbuli namaphoyisa, ayibheka “njengengcolile.” Izazi zobuciko nabasekeli benkululeko yokukhuluma baye bahlangana ukuze babhikishe futhi bamelane nokuboshwa njengokugxambukela enkululekweni yabo yokukhuluma. Kuze kube seminyakeni emine edlule, amaphoyisa ayeqoqa amakhasethi e-video anezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yomthetho waseCanada omelene nenhlamba, futhi kwaqulwa amacala anqotshwa ngokumelene nabathengisi bawo.

Nokho, konke lokho kwashintsha ngo-1992, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada ikhipha isinqumo ecaleni eliyingqopha-mlando sokuthi imikhiqizo enjalo yayingenakunqatshelwa ngenxa yesiqinisekiso senkululeko yokuveza umbono kuyi-Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Lesi sinqumo senkantolo “siye saletha izinguquko eziphawulekayo emphakathini waseCanada,” kubhala umagazini i-Maclean’s. Lomagazini waphawula: “Emadolobheni amaningi sekuvamile ukuthola omagazini nama-video ezithombe zobulili ezingcole ngokweqile ezitolo ezivamile.” Ngisho nalawo inkantolo eyathi mawavinjelwe asatholakala kubathengi.

“Ngiyazi ukuthi uma ungangena lapha uyothola izinto okungenzeka ziphula umthetho,” kusho isikhulu esithile samaphoyisa. “Ngokunokwenzeka lezo izinto esingabopha abantu futhi sibathwese icala ngenxa yazo. Kodwa . . . asinaso isikhathi.” Abanaso futhi isiqinisekiso sokuthi lamacala ayokwamukelwa. Kulenkathi eyekelelayo, kugcizelelwa inkululeko yomuntu siqu engenamingcele, futhi izinkantolo zivame ukuthonywa umbono womphakathi. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini isizathu, lempikiswano iyoqhubeka ibangela imizwa ejulile futhi ehlukanisayo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi—abasekeli nabamelene nalokho.

Esikhathini esidlule, eJapane kwakunemingcele eqinile ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma nemithombo yezindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzamazama komhlaba okwaba nesilinganiso esingu-7,9 esikalini sikaRichter futhi kwashiya abantu abangaphezu kwenkulungwane befile akuzange kubikwe ngokukhululekile. Ayengenakubikwa amacala okonakala nawokubulalana kwezithandani ngezivumelwano. Abahleli bamaphephandaba babesatshiswa izinsongo zikahulumeni njengoba kwakwanda amandla okulawula kwawo ngisho nakulokho okwakubhekwa njengezinto ezingelutho. Nokho, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, imingcele yasuswa futhi iJapane yajabulela inkululeko eyengeziwe yokukhuluma nemithombo yezindaba.

Ngempela, isimo sashintsha ngokuphelele njengoba omagazini nezinye izincwadi zamahlaya zezingane zazigcwaliswa ngemidwebo evusa inkanuko nehlambalazayo. I-Daily Yomiuri, iphephandaba eliphambili eTokyo, yake yaphawula: “Mhlawumbe enye yezinto ezishaqisa kakhulu ezingabonwa isivakashi esisanda kufika eJapane osomabhizinisi abafunda izincwadi zamahlaya ezinezithombe zobulili eziyingcaca eziteshini zaseTokyo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Manje kubonakala sengathi lomkhuba uthinta nabesifazane emphakathini, njengoba izincwadi zamahlaya zabesifazane ‘ezinezithombe zobulili eziyingcaca’ zitholakala emashalofini ezitolo zezincwadi nasezitolo ezinkulu.”

Ngo-1995 iphephandaba elidumile i-Asahi Shimbun labiza iJapane ngokuthi “iPharadesi Lezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile.” Nakuba abahleli nabanyathelisi babefuna elabo ikhambi lokunqanda ukuphikisa kwabazali kunokuba bashayelwe umthetho uhulumeni, intsha engabafundi yabhikisha. Umuntu angazibuza, ‘Izwi likabani eliyonqoba ekugcineni?’

Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyindaba eyimpikiswano enkulu okwamanje eFrance. Encwadini yakhe ekhuluma ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, umlobi waseFrance uJean Morange wabhala: “Ngokungangabazeki, umlando wenkululeko yokukhuluma awukapheli, futhi uyoqhubeka ubangela uqhekeko. . . . Awukho unyaka ophela kungakhishwanga ifilimu noma uchungechunge lwethelevishini noma umkhankaso wokukhangisa obangela ukusabela kwentukuthelo, uvuselele impikiswano yakudala nengasoze yaphela ngokuphathelene nokuhlaziywa kwezinhlelo.”

Isihloko esavela ephephandabeni laseParis i-Figaro sabika ukuthi iqembu le-rap elibizwa ngokuthi i-Ministère amer (Inkonzo Ebabayo) likhuthaza abalandeli balo ukuba babulale amaphoyisa. Ezinye zezosha zalo zithi: “Ukuthula ngeke kube khona ngaphandle kokuba [amaphoyisa] alale ngokuthula.” Umkhulumeli waleli qembu wathi: “Erekhodini lethu sibatshela ukuba bashise iziteshi zamaphoyisa futhi benze imihlatshelo [ngamaphoyisa]. Yini elunge ukwedlula lokho?” Asikho sinyathelo esithathiwe ngaleli qembu le-rap.

Amaqembu e-rap eMelika nawo asekela ukubulawa kwamaphoyisa futhi athi anelungelo lokukhuluma kanjalo ngaphansi kwesivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma. EFrance, e-Italy, eNgilandi nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu nasemhlabeni wonke, kuzwakala izikhalazo kuyo yonke imikhakha zokuthi akukho mingcele okufanele ibekelwe inkululeko yokukhuluma obala, ngisho noma lokhu “kungabangela ingozi esobala nekhona.” Iyophela nini lempikiswano, futhi iluphi uhlangothi oluyonqoba?

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-computer, “umgodla wokwaziswa ‘okuphambukile’”