Kungani Zandé Kangaka Izithombe Ezingcolile Zobulili?

IZITHOMBE eziklanyelwe ukuvusa imizwa yobulili zihlehlela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule. Kodwa phakathi nengxenye enkulu yomlando wazo, kwakunzima ukukhiqiza izithombe ezingcolile zobulili futhi ngenxa yalokho zazitholwa ngokuyinhloko yizicebi nabasebukhosini. Ukukwazi ukunyathelisa izinto ngobuningi nokusungulwa kokuthwetshulwa kwezithombe namabhayisikobho kwakushintsha konke lokho. Kwaba lula ukuthenga izithombe ezingcolile nokuba abantu abangacebile bazithole kalula.

Ukusungulwa komshini wokudlala amakhasethi e-video kwawubhebhethekisa lo mkhuba. Ngokungefani namabhayisikobho kanye nezithombe ezindala, kwakulula ukugcina, ukukopisha nokusakaza amakhasethi e-video. Ayevumela nomuntu ukuba awabuke ngasese ekhaya. Muva nje, ukwanda kweziteshi zethelevishini ezikhokhelwayo kanye ne-Internet kuye kwenza kwaba lula ngisho nakakhulu ukuthola izithombe ezingcolile zobulili. Umuntu onovalo lokuthi umakhelwane angase ambone engxenyeni yamakhasethi angcolile esitolo sama-video, manje “usengahlala ekhaya awa-ode ngokuchofoza inkinobho yesiteshi esikhokhelwayo, noma yesiteshi esivamile se-TV,” kusho umhlaziyi wemithombo yezindaba uDennis McAlpine. UMcAlpine uthi ukutholakala kalula kwezinhlelo ezinjalo kuye kwabangela ukuba lezi zithombe “zamukeleke nakakhulu.”

Ukwamukelwa Kabanzi Kwezithombe Ezingcolile Zobulili

Abaningi banemizwa engqubuzanayo ngezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ngenxa yokuthi manje sezamukelwa kabanzi. Umlobi uGermaine Greer uthi: “Kakade sezinethonya elikhulu kwezenhlalo ukwedlula yonke imidlalo nemidanso yaseshashalazini, umculo nezobuciko kuhlangene.” Izimo zengqondo zanamuhla ngezithombe ezingcolile zobulili zingase zibonakale ezimfashinini ‘zonondindwa’ ezigqokwa osaziwayo abaningi, kuma-video omculo aqhubeka eveza izithombe ezisikisela ubulili, kanye nakwezokukhangisa ezamukela “izithombe ezisikisela ubulili.” UMcAlpine uphetha ngokuthi: “Umphakathi wamukela lokho okufunzwayo. . . . Lokho kunengxenye ekwakheni umbono wokuthi konke lokhu kulungile.” Ngenxa yalokho, “kubonakala sengathi abantu abasashaqeki,” kukhononda umlobi u-Andrea Dworkin. “Abasenamsebenzi.”

Izizathu Ezibekwayo Ngezithombe Ezingcolile Zobulili

Enanela amazwi omlobi uDworkin, uRoger Young, owayesebenza njengomphenyi we-FBI osethathe umhlalaphansi, uveza ukuthi abantu abaningi “abayiqapheli ngokugcwele imiphumela yamanyala akulezi zithombe kanye nezinkinga ezizibangelayo.” Abanye bakhohliswa yilabo abavikela izithombe ezingcolile zobulili, abathi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi lezi zithombe zinomphumela ongemuhle kubantu. Umlobi uF. M. Christensen uyabhala: “Kakade izithombe ezingcolile zimane nje ziyizinto eziqanjiwe, okuyiqiniso abantu abamelene nazo okubonakala bethanda ukulikhohlwa.” Kodwa uma kuwukuthi izinto eziqanjiwe azinalo ithonya, kungani-ke sinemboni yezokukhangisa? Izinkampani zizichithelani izigidi zamaRandi zenza izikhangiso, ama-video, nezikhangiso ezinyatheliswayo uma zingenalo ithonya elihlala njalo kubantu?

Iqiniso liwukuthi njengazo zonke izikhangiso eziphumelelayo, injongo eyinhloko yezithombe ezingcolile zobulili iwukuvusa izinkanuko ebezingekho nhlobo ngaphambili. “Injongo yezithombe ezingcolile ukuthola inzuzo yemali, kwaphela nje,” kubhala abacwaningi uSteven Hill noNina Silver. “Futhi kule mboni engalawuleki, yonke into ibhekwa njengempahla engase isetshenziswe futhi kutholwe ngayo inzuzo, ikakhulukazi imizimba yabesifazane nobuhlobo bobulili phakathi kwabantu.” UGreer ufanisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili nokudla okunewozawoza okuthengwa sekulungisiwe, okungenawo umsoco kodwa okugcwele izithako namakhemikhali anandisa ukudla. Uthi: “Ubulili obusheshayo bezentengiselwano buyinto eqanjiwe . . . Izikhangiso zokudla zidayisa ukudla okungenamsoco njengoba nokukhangisa ngobulili kudayisa ubulili obuqanjiwe.”

Abanye odokotela bathi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zingabangela ukulutheka okunzima kakhulu ukukunqoba kunokuluthwa yizidakamizwa. Ngokuvamile imilutha yezidakamizwa iqala ukwelashwa ngokukhishwa kobuthi egazini ukuze kukhishwe leso sidakamizwa emzimbeni. Kodwa uDkt. Mary Anne Layden wase-University of Pennsylvania, uchaza ukuthi ukuluthwa yizithombe ezingcolile “kwakha izithombe zengqondo ezigxila unomphela engqondweni yomuntu ozibukayo, zibe yingxenye yemicabango yakhe.” Yingakho abantu bekwazi ukuzikhumbula ngokucacile izithombe ezingcolile zobulili abazibona eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Uyaphetha: “Lena yinto yokuqala eluthayo okungenathemba lokuthi ubuthi bayo bungakhishwa egazini.” Kodwa ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi akunandlela yokugqashula ethonyeni lezithombe ezingcolile? Futhi imuphi umonakalo oqondile eziwubangelayo?

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Sekulula kakhulu ukuthola izithombe ezingcolile zobulili

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Amaqiniso Ngezithombe Ezingcolile Ze-Internet

◼ Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ze-Internet ezingaba amaphesenti angu-75 zivela e-United States. Cishe ezingamaphesenti angu-15 zivela eYurophu.

◼ Balinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-70 abantu abavakashela izingosi ze-Internet zezithombe ezingcolile isonto ngalinye. Cishe abayizigidi ezingu-20 balaba bantu baseCanada nase-United States.

◼ Ucwaningo oluthile lwembulé ukuthi phakathi nenkathi yamuva nje engangenyanga, izwe laseJalimane libe nabantu abaningi ababuka izithombe ezingcolile kuyi-Internet eYurophu, kwalandela iGreat Britain, iFrance, i-Italy neSpain.

◼ EJalimane, abantu ababuka izithombe ezingcolile ze-Internet bachitha imizuzu engaba ngu-70 inyanga ngayinye bebuka lezo zingosi.

◼ Phakathi kwabantu ababuka izithombe ezingcolile ze-Internet eYurophu, labo abevile eminyakeni engu-50 ubudala bachitha isikhathi eside kunabo bonke bevule izingosi ze-Internet ezinezithombe zobulili.

◼ Umthombo othile ubonisa ukuthi cishe abantu abangamaphesenti angu-70 ababuka izithombe ezingcolile kuyi-Internet bakwenza emini.

◼ Abanye abantu balinganisela ukuthi kunezingosi ezingu-100 000 ze-Internet eziqukethe izithombe ezingcolile zezingane.

◼ Cishe amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 ezithombe ezingcolile zezingane ezikuyi-Internet ezidayiswayo avela eJapane.