Ukunqoba Ukukhungatheka Okubangelwa I-dyslexia

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EBRITHANI

“ITHINI inombolo yakho yocingo?” kubuza uJulie. Oshaye ucingo uyaphendula. Kodwa izinombolo uJulie azibhala phansi azifani nakancane nenombolo ayinikeziwe.

‘Uthisha uklebhule isithombe engisidwebile,’ kukhala uVanessa, enezela, ‘Angikhumbuli nokuthi ubethini.’

UDavid, owevile eminyakeni engu-70, unobunzima ekufundeni amagama alula ayewazi kahle eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha edlule.

UJulie, uVanessa, noDavid banenkinga yokufunda—inkinga ekhungathekisayo. Kuthiwa i-dyslexia. Ibangelwa yini? Abaphethwe i-dyslexia bangakunqoba kanjani ukukhungatheka ekubangelayo?

Iyini I-dyslexia?

Isichazamazwi esithile sichaza i-dyslexia ngokuthi “ukuphazamiseka kwekhono lokufunda.” Nakuba ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengokuphazamiseka kwekhono lokufunda, i-dyslexia ingahilela okungaphezulu kakhulu kunalokho.a

Imisuka yaleli gama lesiNgisi ivela kwelesiGreki elithi dys, elisho “ukuba nenkinga,” nelithi lexis, elisho “igama.” I-dyslexia ihlanganisa ukuba nenkinga ngamagama noma ngolimi. Ihilela ngisho nokuba nenkinga ekubekeni izinto ngokulandelana okufanele, njengezinsuku zesonto nezinhlamvu egameni. NgokukaDkt. H. T. Chasty we-Dyslexia Institute yaseBrithani, i-dyslexia “ukuhluleka ukuhlela okuphazamisa inkumbulo yesikhashana, ukuqonda namakhono ezandla.” Yingakho labo abane-dyslexia beyithola ikhungathekisa!

Cabangela indaba kaDavid. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba lomuntu owayengumfundi oshisekayo noqephuzayo adinge usizo lomkakhe ukuze afunde kabusha ukuzifundela? Isifo sohlangothi salimaza ingxenye yobuchopho bukaDavid ehlobene nokukhuluma, futhi lokhu kwenza ukuba intuthuko yakhe ekufundeni ihambe kancane kakhulu. Nokho, amagama amade ayengamhluphi njengamagama amafushane. Naphezu kokuba ne-dyslexia ayeyizuzile, ikhono likaDavid lokuxoxa kanye nengqondo yakhe ekhaliphile akuzange kuthinteke. Ubuchopho bomuntu buyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuba abacwaningi kusadingeka bakuqonde konke okuhilelekile ekuhlaziyeni imisindo nezimpawu zokubona ezamukelwa ubuchopho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJulie noVanessa babene-dyslexia abakhule nayo, eyaba sobala njengoba bekhula. Abacwaningi bebonke bayavuma ukuthi izingane ezibonisa ukuhlakanipha okuvamile lapho zineminyaka engu-7 noma engu-8 ubudala kodwa zibe nenkinga engavamile ekufundeni ukufunda, ukubhala, nokupela amagama kungenzeka zine-dyslexia. Ngokuvamile, izingane ezine-dyslexia zibhala uhlamvu ngendlela ehlanekezelwe kunalolo ezizama ukulukopisha. Cabanga indlela uJulie noVanessa abakhungatheka ngayo lapho ngephutha othisha bethi bayizithutha, bayanambuza, futhi bayavilapha!

EBrithani, umuntu oyedwa kwabayishumi une-dyslexia. Ukuhluleka kwabanye ukuqaphela izinkinga laba bantu ababhekana nazo kumane kwandise ukukhungatheka kwabo.—Bheka ibhokisi ekhasini 14.

Yini Ebangela I-dyslexia?

Ukungaboni kahle ngokuvamile kubangela izinkinga zokufunda. Uma ulungisa inkinga yamehlo, i-dyslexia iyaphela. Idlanzana lalabo abanenkinga yokufunda ukuzifundela lithola ukuthi liwabona kangcono amagama lapho libeka ikhasi elilula lepulasitiki enombala phezu kwendaba eliyifundayo. Abanye bathola ukuthi lokhu akusizi.

Abanye, beqaphela ukuthi lenkinga ithinta imikhaya, banikeza incazelo yokuthi ibangelwa izakhi zofuzo. Ngempela, umagazini i-New Scientist muva nje ubike ngocwaningo “olucusumbula ukuhlobana okwaziwayo phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ezifweni eziwohlozayo njenge-migraine nesifuba somoya, kanye nezakhi ezibangela i-dyslexia.” Ngenxa yokuthi abaphethwe i-dyslexia nezihlobo zabo cishe bayophathwa izifo eziwohlozayo, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ze-dyslexia zitholakala endaweni yezakhi zofuzo zalezi zifo. Kodwa njengoba kuphawula usosayensi wezokuziphatha uRobert Plomin, abacwaningi “basathole nje indawo yezakhi zofuzo, hhayi isakhi sofuzo sokuphazamiseka kwekhono lokufunda.”

Ingxenye yobuchopho elawula ukuma komzimba, ukuzimelela, nokusebenzelana kwezitho zomzimba kuthiwa i-cerebellum. Abanye ososayensi bathi inengxenye futhi enqubweni yethu yokucabanga nokukhuluma. Ngokuthakazelisayo, abacwaningi eSheffield University eNgilandi baye basungula indlela yokuxilonga i-dyslexia ehilela ukuzimelela nokusebenzelana kwezitho zomzimba. Babonisa ukuthi amaphutha akuyi-cerebellum ashukumisa izingxenye zobuchopho ezinempilo ukuba zivale isikhala. Ngokuvamile izingane zikuthola kulula ukulondoloza ukuzimelela lapho zicelwa ukuba zime zinganyakazi, ngonyawo olulodwa zisondelene futhi zilule izingalo. Kodwa lapho uzivala amehlo, izingane ezine-dyslexia zintenga kakhulu, njengoba zincike kakhulu ekuboneni ukuze zizimelele.

Abanye abacwaningi babonisa ukuthi ubuchopho bezingane ezine-dyslexia bakheke ngendlela ehlukile. Ngokuvamile, ingxenye engemuva yohlangothi lwesobunxele lobuchopho luthanda ukuba lukhudlwana kunohlangothi lwesokudla, kuyilapho ebuchosheni bengane ene-dyslexia, uhlangothi lwesobunxele nolwesokudla zibonakala zilingana. Kanti abanye bathi batholé ukuhlanekezelwa kwendlela izinzwa ezihlelwe ngayo ezingxenyeni zobuchopho ezilawula ukukhuluma.

Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyini izimbangela ezingokomzimba ze-dyslexia ebaphethe, bangasizwa kanjani kangcono labo abanalenkinga?

Usizo Lwabazali

Abanye abangabazali bezingane ezine-dyslexia bazizwa benecala ngosizi lwezingane zabo. Uma uzizwa ngalendlela, susa lowo muzwa wokudabuka ngokuqaphela ukuthi akukho noyedwa kithi ophelele futhi sonke asifani. Qala ngokuqaphela ukuthi njengoba nengane engakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala idinga usizo ukuze ibhekane nokukhubazeka kwayo, nengane yakho ene-dyslexia idinga usizo. Wena njengomzali ngokuqinisekile unendima okufanele uyifeze ekufundiseni umntanakho.

Nakuba okwamanje i-dyslexia ingenakuvinjelwa noma yelashwe, ingadanjiswa. Kanjani? UProfesa T. R. Miles, umlobi wethi Understanding Dyslexia, ululeka abazali ukuba baqale bathole ukuthi yini ngempela ingane ene-dyslexia eyithola inzima. Khona-ke bayokwazi ukwahlulela ngokufanele ukulinganiselwa kwengane yabo nalokho okufanele bakulindele. “Ingane kufanele icelwe ukuba yenze okusemandleni ayo,” kululeka i-Reading and the Dyslexic Child, “kodwa hhayi okungcono kunalokho.” Ngokuba nozwela nokuba isikhuthazo, futhi ikakhulukazi ngokuhlela ukufundiswa okufanele, abazali bangadambisa imiphumela ye-dyslexia, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, banciphise ukucindezeleka kwengane ene-dyslexia.

Usizo Lothisha

Khumbula, i-dyslexia yinkinga yokufunda. Ngakho othisha kufanele bachithe isikhathi nezingane ezine-dyslexia ezisemakilasini abo futhi benze umzamo wokuzisiza. Nciphisa ukukhungatheka kwalezi zingane ngokusebenzisa ukucabangela kulokho okulindele kuzo. Phela, ingane ene-dyslexia ingase ikhule ibe umuntu omdala osakuthola kuyinkinga ukufunda kuzwakale.

Ungasheshe uphelelwe ithemba. Kunalokho, tusa izingane nganoma iyiphi intuthuko eziyenzayo—futhi ngokuqinisekile nangawo wonke umzamo wazo. Futhi, gwema ukuncoma ngokungacabangi. UProfesa Miles utusa ukuba lapho othisha bephawula intuthuko ethile, kufanele bathi kumfundi one-dyslexia: “Yebo, ngiyavuma ukuthi kunamaphutha owenzile. Kodwa ngithi wenze kahle; kungcono kunangesonto elidlule, futhi uma sicabangela ukukhubazeka kwakho, kuyagculisa.” Kodwa lapho intuthuko ingekho, ululeka ukuba bathi: “Yebo, ukuthi nokuthi kubonakala kusakubangela ubunzima; ake sibone ukuthi ngeke yini sizame enye indlela engcono yokukusiza.”

Qaphela ungakhulumi amazwi ajivazayo ngendlela ingane ene-dyslexia efunda ngayo. Lwela ukuyenza ukuba ijabulele izincwadi nokufunda. Kanjani? Abazali nothisha bangasikisela ukuba ingane ibambe into yokubekisa, mhlawumbe irula elincane, ngaphansi komusho ewufundayo, njengoba umuntu ofunda anense ngokuvamile ulahlekelwa ukugxilisa ingqondo. Uma kuphakama inkinga yokufunda izinhlamvu zegama ngokungafanele, ngomusa buza, “Yiluphi uhlamvu lokuqala?”

Ake ucabange indlela okuyidumaza ngayo ingane ene-dyslexia uma uthisha wayo wezibalo njalo eyitshela ukuthi izimpendulo zayo azinembile. Kungcono kakhulu ukuyinikeza izinkinga ezithanda ukuba lula ukuze yaneliseke ngokuzixazulula ngokunembile kunokuba ikhungatheke ngenxa yokwehluleka.

Ngokukathisha othile onguchwepheshe, “isici esiyisihluthulelo kubantu abane-dyslexia ukuba bafunde ngokusebenzisa zonke izinzwa.” Sebenzisa ikhono lokubona, lokuzwa, nokuthinta ukuze usize ingane ifunde futhi ipele amagama ngokunembile. “Umfundi kudingeka abhekisise, alalelisise, aqaphele ukunyakaza kwesandla sakhe njengoba ebhala, futhi aqaphele ukunyakaza komlomo wakhe njengoba ekhuluma,” kuchaza uProfesa Miles. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ingane ene-dyslexia iyohlobanisa uhlamvu olubhaliwe nomsindo walo kanye nokunyakaza kwesandla ekwenzayo ukuze ilubhale. Ukuze usize lengane ibone umehluko phakathi kwezinhlamvu eziyididayo, ifundise ukuba iqale ukubhala uhlamvu ngalunye ezindaweni ezingafani encwadini. I-Reading and the Dyslexic Child iyatusa: “Ukuze imiphumela ibe mihle, ingane ngayinye [ene-dyslexia] kufanele ibe nehora elilodwa ngosuku lokufundiswa uthisha iyodwa vó.” Ngokudabukisayo, izimo azikuvumeli lokhu. Noma kunjalo, abaphethwe i-dyslexia bangazisiza.

Ukuzisiza

Uma une-dyslexia, zimisele ukufunda kakhulu lapho usenamandla. Abacwaningi baye baphawula ukuthi abafundi abane-dyslexia bafinyelela imiphumela emihle uma beqhubeka befunda cishe ihora nengxenye kodwa ngemva kwalokho umsebenzi wabo uba mubi. “Ukutadisha njalo ngokulinganisela usuku ngalunye cishe kuyoba inzuzo kakhulu kunomzamo omkhulu wokuzikhandla ngezinsuku ezithile,” kuphawula i-Dyslexia at College. Yiqiniso, kuyokuthatha isikhathi eside ukuba ukwazi ukufunda nokupela kahle. Kodwa phikelela.

Sebenzisa umshini wokubhala ophathekayo, noma okungcono nakakhulu, i-word processor enesimiso esikusiza ukuba uhlole indlela okupelwe ngayo lokho okubhalayo. Hlanganisa lokhu nokufunda indlela yokuhlela nokusebenzisa ukwaziswa.—Bheka ibhokisi elisekhasini 13.

Jabulela ukufunda izincwadi ngokulalela lezo eziqoshwe emakhasethini. Ngempela, lomagazini nomngane wawo, INqabayokulinda, sebetholakala njalo ngekhasethi ngezilimi eziningi, njengoba kunjalo nangalo lonke iBhayibheli.

Uma ngemva kokufunda leli bhokisi ucabanga ukuthi une-dyslexia, ungayifihli lenkinga. Yamukele, futhi uyibhekisise. Ngokwesibonelo, kungenzeka ulungiselela ingxoxo yokufuna umsebenzi. Njengabantu abaningi, ungase uthole ukuthi ukucindezela kwesimo kukwenza kube nzima ukuveza imibono yakho ngokucacile nangokuqondile. Kungani ungazami ukuprakthiza ingxoxo yokufuna umsebenzi?

Ubunzima obubangelwa i-dyslexia abuxazululeki kalula. Kodwa ubuchopho, njengoba buyisitho esimangalisa kangaka, buyayinqanda lenkinga. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuba ungajabuli unomphela. UJulie, uVanessa, noDavid baye bazikhandla ukuze banqobe ukukhungatheka kwabo. Nawe ungenza okufanayo. Qaphela ukuthi inkinga onayo akudingekile ukuba ikuvimbele ekufundeni. Phikelela ekuzameni ukufunda, ukubhala, nokupela amagama ngendlela efanele. Ukwenza kanjalo kuyokusiza ukuba unqobe ukukhungatheka okubangelwa i-dyslexia.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 13]

Amacebiso Okuzihlela

Sebenzisa okulandelayo:

• ibhodi lezaziso

• ikhalenda lokuhlela izinto

• uqwembe lokugcina izinto okufanele uzenze

• ifayili yomuntu siqu

• incwadi yezenzakalo zosuku

• incwadi yokugcina amakheli

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 14]

Indlela Yokubona I-dyslexia Ezinganeni

Uma uphendula ngoyebo emibuzweni emithathu noma emine kwengezansi eqenjini lobudala ngalinye, kungenzeka ukuthi izingane ezithintekayo zine-dyslexia ngezinga elithile.

Izingane ezineminyaka engu-8 noma ngaphansi:

Ingabe zephuza ukufunda ukukhuluma?

Ingabe zisenobunzima obuthile ngokufunda noma indlela yokubhala amagama? Ingabe lokhu kuyakumangalisa?

Ingabe unomuzwa wokuthi ezindabeni ezingahlobene nokufunda nendlela yokubhala amagama, zikhaliphile?

Ingabe ziyahlanekezela lapho zibhala izinhlamvu nezinombolo?

Lapho zibala, ingabe zidinga usizo lwezinto zokubala, iminwe, noma izimpawu ephepheni isikhathi eside ukwedlula ezinye izingane ezingontanga? Ingabe zinobunzima obungavamile bokukhumbula izibalo zokuphindaphinda?

Ingabe zinobunzima bokuhlukanisa esobunxele kwesokudla?

Ingabe zingamadlabha ngokungavamile? (Akuzona zonke izingane ezine-dyslexia ezingamadlabha.)

Izingane ezineminyaka engu-8 kuya kwengu-12:

Ingabe zenza amaphutha angavamile endleleni yokubhala amagama? Ingabe ngezinye izikhathi zeqa izinhlamvu zamagama noma ziwalandelanise ngendlela engafanele?

Ingabe zenza amaphutha okunganaki asobala lapho zifunda?

Ingabe ukufunda indaba kubonakala kuhamba kancane kunokuba kulindelekile ngezingane ezingontanga yazo?

Ingabe zinenkinga yokukopisha okulotshwe ebhodini esikoleni?

Lapho zifunda ngokuzwakalayo, ingabe zeqa amagama noma imisho ngokuphelele, noma ingabe zifunda umusho ofanayo kabili? Ingabe ziyakuzonda ukufunda ngokuzwakalayo?

Ingabe zisakuthola kunzima ukukhumbula izibalo zokuphindaphinda?

Ingabe azikwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlangothi, ziphambanisa esobunxele nesokudla?

[Umthombo]

Ingabe zintula ukuzethemba nokuzihlonipha?

—I-Awareness Information, eyanyatheliswa i-British Dyslexia Association, kanye ne-Dyslexia, eyakhishwa i-Broadcasting Support Services, Channel 4 Television, eLondon, eNgilandi.

[Isithombe ekhasini 12]

Ukuze ugxilise ingqondo, beka into yokubekisa ngaphansi komusho okufanele ufundwe