Izimpi Zenkolo EFrance
NGESONTO ngo-March 1, 1562, umbusi waseGuise nomfowabo uCharles, ukhadinali waseLorraine—abaholi ababili bobuKatolika eFrance—babegibele amahhashi nonogada babo abahlomile belibangise eVassy, idolobhana elisempumalanga yeParis. Banquma ukuma esontweni laseVassy ukuze baye eMiseni.
Ngokungazelele bezwa umsindo wokucula. Kwakucula amaProthestani angamakhulukhulu ayehlangene enqolobaneni ukuze akhuleke. Lamasosha angena ngendlov’iyangena. Phakathi nesiphithiphithi esalandela, kwachashwana ngenhlamba futhi kwajikijelwana ngamatshe. Lamasosha aqala ukudubula, abulala inqwaba yamaProthestani futhi alimaza amanye ayikhulu.
Yiziphi izenzakalo ezaholela kulesi sibhicongo? Asabela kanjani amaProthestani?
Isizinda Esingokomlando
Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-16, iFrance yayichuma futhi inabantu abaningi. Lokhu kuchuma kwezomnotho nokwanda kwenani labantu kwakuhambisana nemizamo yokwakha ubuzalwane obungokomoya bobuKatolika. Abantu babefuna isonto elingacebile kodwa elingcwele kakhulu. Amanye amalungu abefundisi kanye nabashisekeli bezithakazelo zabantu babefuna izinguquko ezingokwenkolo ukuze balwe nokuxhashazwa ababhishobhi abaphakeme nokungafaneleki kwabefundisi besigaba esiphansi. Omunye umfundisi owalwela ukulungiswa kwesimiso senkolo kwakungumbhishobhi ongumKatolika uGuillaume Briçonnet.
Kusifunda-bhishobhi sakhe saseMeaux, uBriçonnet wakhuthaza wonke umuntu ukuba afunde imiBhalo. Waze ngisho waxhasa ngezimali ukuhunyushelwa esiFulentshini kwenguqulo entsha yemiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki. Ngokushesha iSorbonne University of Theology eParis, enakekela izimfundiso zamaKatolika, yamthukuthelela, yaphazamisa imizamo yakhe. Kodwa lombhishobhi wayevikelwe uFrancis I, inkosi yaseFrance kusuka ngo-1515 kuya ku-1547. Ngaleso sikhathi, lenkosi yayisekela izinguquko.
Nokho, uFrancis I wayekubekezelela ukugxekwa kwesonto kuphela nje uma kungasongeli ukuhleleka komphakathi nobunye besizwe. Ngo-1534, izihlubuki zamaProthestani zachoma izingqwembe ezazilahla iMisa lamaKatolika njengokukhulekela izithombe, zaze zachoma ngisho noqwembe emnyango wekamelo lokulala lenkosi. Ngenxa yalokho, uFrancis I washaya ingwijikhwebu wenza umkhankaso ononya wokucindezela.
Ukucindezela Okunesihluku
Ngokushesha amaProthestani ayeseshiswa esigxotsheni. Abashisekeli abaningi bezithakazelo zabantu, abantu abazwelana nabo kanye nabalandeli bobuProthestani obusafufusa babaleka ezweni. Iziphathimandla zaqala ukucusumbula izincwadi nokulawula othisha, abakhiqizi bezincwadi nabanyathelisi bazo.
AmaWaldenses aphikiswa kakhulu umthetho. Ayeyidlanzana labantu abathanda iBhayibheli ababehlala emadolobhaneni abampofu eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe. Amanye ayeshiswa esigxotsheni, angamakhulukhulu abulawa, futhi amadolobhana awo angaba ngu-20 achithwa.—Bheka ibhokisi ekhasini 6.
Uqaphela isidingo sezinguquko esontweni, umkhandlu wababhishobhi bamaKatolika wahlangana ngo-December 1545, eTrent, e-Italy. Lapho lomkhandlu uphetha ngo-1563, ngokwe-Cambridge Modern History, “umphumela wawo . . . kwakuwukuqinisa labo ababezimisele ukuqeda ubuProthestani.”
Isandulela Sempi
Ekhathele ukulindela izinguquko, amalungu amaningi ayezabalazela izinguquko eSontweni LamaKatolika aba ngasohlangothini lwamaProthestani. Cishe ngo-1560, ababusi abaningi baseFrance nabalandeli babo bajoyina amaHuguenot, njengoba amaProthestani ayesebizwa kanjalo. AmaHuguenot aqala ukukhuluma ngokwengeziwe. Ngezinye izikhathi imihlangano yawo yasobala yayibangela ukucunuka nokuphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1558, izinkulungwane zawo zahlangana eParis izinsuku ezine zilandelana zihuba amahubo.
Konke lokhu kwathukuthelisa kokubili ababusi abanamandla beSonto LamaKatolika noquqaba lwamaKatolika. Ishoshozelwa uKhadinal’uCharles waseLorraine, iNkos’uHenry II, eyabusa ngemva kukayise uFrancis I, yamemezela i-Edict of Écouen, ngo-June 1559. Injongo yayo esobala kwakuwukuqeda “isiyaluyalu esibi samaLuthela.” Lokhu kwaholela emkhankasweni owesabekayo wokumelana namaHuguenot eParis.
UHenry II wakhothama emasontweni ambalwa kamuva ebulawa amanxeba ayewathole emncintiswaneni othile wezemidlalo. Indodana yakhe, iNkos’uFrancis II, ikhuthazwe umkhaya wakwaGuise, yavuselela lesi simemezelo sakomkhulu sokuba kubulawe amaProthestani aphikelelayo. Ngonyaka olandelayo uFrancis II wakhothama, futhi unina, uCatherine de Médicis, wabusa esikhundleni sikamfowabo oneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, uCharles IX. Inkambiso kaCatherine yokubuyisana abazange bayithande abakwaGuise, ababezimisele ukuqeda ubuProthestani.
Ngo-1561, uCatherine wahlela ingqungquthela ePoissy, ngaseParis, lapho kwahlangana khona izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zamaKatolika nezamaProthestani. Esimemezelweni sakomkhulu esakhishwa ngo-January 1562, uCatherine wanikeza amaProthestani inkululeko yokuhlangana ukuze akhuleke ngaphandle kwamadolobha. AmaKatolika athukuthela agana unwabu! Lokhu kwaba isandulela salokho okwenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva—isibhicongo samaProthestani enqolobaneni yedolobha laseVassy, njengoba kuchaziwe ekuqaleni.
Izimpi Zokuqala Ezintathu
Ukubulawa kwabantu eVassy kwabangela impi yokuqala ochungechungeni lwezimpi zenkolo ezingu-8 ezabangela ukubulalana okwesabekayo eFrance kusuka ngo-1562 kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1590. Nakuba kwakuhileleke nezindaba zezombangazwe nezenhlalo, lokhu kuchithwa kwegazi ngokuyinhloko kwakubangelwa inkolo.
Ngemva kweMpi YaseDreux ngo-December 1562, okwafa kuyo abantu abangu-6000, leyompi yokuqala yenkolo yaphela. IsiVumelwano Sokuthula Sase-Amboise, esasayinwa ngo-March 1563, sanikeza izikhulu zamaHuguenot inkululeko elinganiselwe yokukhulekela ezindaweni ezithile.
I-New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Impi yesibili yabangelwa ukwesaba kwamaHuguenot uzungu lwamaKatolika emhlabeni wonke.” Ngaleso sikhathi, izimantshi ezingamaKatolika zazivame ukulengisa izakhamuzi ngenxa nje yokuba amaHuguenot. Ngo-1567, umzamo wamaHuguenot wokugumbuqela iNkos’uCharles IX nonina, uCatherine, wabangela ukuqubuka kwempi yesibili.
Ngemva kokukhuluma ngempi okwachitheka kuyo igazi ngendlela ehlasimulisa umzimba eSt.-Denis, ngaphandle kwaseParis, izazi-mlando uWill no-Ariel Durant zabhala: “Abantu baseFrance baphinda bazibuza ukuthi yinkolo enjani lena eholela abantu ekubulaleni okunje.” Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngo-March 1568, isiVumelwano Sokuthula SaseLongjumeau sanikeza amaHuguenot inkululeko ayeyijabulela ngaphambili ngaphansi kwesiVumelwano Sokuthula Sase-Amboise.
Nokho, amaKatolika ayethukuthele futhi enqaba ukwenza ngokuvumelana nalesi sivumelwano sokuthula. Ngakho, ngo-September 1568, kwabheduka impi yesithathu yenkolo. Isivumelwano sokuthula esalandela sanikeza amaHuguenot inkululeko eyengeziwe. Anikezwa amadolobha avikelekile, kuhlanganise nechweba laseLa Rochelle. Futhi, umbusi odumile ongumProthestani, u-Admiral de Coligny, wamiswa emkhandlwini wenkosi. AmaKatolika aphinda athukuthela agana unwabu.
Isibhicongo SoSuku “LukaSanta” UBartholomew
Cishe ngemva konyaka, ngo-August 22, 1572, uColigny wasinda ngokulambisa ozungwini lokumbulala eParis evela eLouvre Palace eya kwakhe. Ethukuthele, amaProthestani asongela ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala zokuziphindiselela uma kungenziwa ubulungisa ngokushesha. Emhlanganweni oyinguyazana, iNkos’ uCharles IX eyayisencane, unina uCatherine de Médicis, nabanye ababusi abaningana banquma ukumgudluza uColigny. Ukuze bagweme noma yikuphi ukuziphindiselela, bayala ukuba abulawe wonke amaProthestani ayezé eParis emshadweni kaHenry waseNavarre ongumProthestani nendodakazi kaCatherine uMargaret waseValois.
Ngobusuku bango-August 24, kwakhala izinsimbi zesonto laseSaint-Germain-l’Auxerrois, ngaphesheya kwaseLouvre, zizwakalisa uphawu lokuqala kwesibhicongo. Umbusi waseGuise namabutho akhe waphuthuma esakhiweni uColigny ayelele kuso. UColigny wabulawelwa lapho wayesephonswa ngefasitela, futhi isidumbu sakhe sacwiywa. Umbusi ongumKatolika wasakaza lelizwi: “Babulaleni bonke. Umyalo wenkosi.”
Kusuka ngo-August 24 kuya ku-29, imigwaqo yaseParis yagcwala izenzakalo ezihlasimulisa umzimba. Abanye bathi umfula iSeine wawugeleza igazi lezinkulungwane zamaHuguenot ayebulewe. Nakwamanye amadolobhana kwachitheka igazi. Ukulinganisela kuthi abantu abafa babesuka ku-10 000 kuya ku-100 000; nokho, okuningi kuyavumelana ngesibalo esingu-30 000.
“Elinye iphuzu, elibi njengesibhicongo ngokwaso,” kubika isazi-mlando esithile, “kwakuwukwenama okwaba khona.” Lapho ezwa ngalokhu kubulawa kwabantu, uPapa Gregory XIII wayala ukuba kube nomkhosi wokubonga futhi wahalalisela uCatherine de Médicis. Wayala nokuthi kugxivizwe indondo ekhethekile ukuze kugujwe ukubulawa kwamaHuguenot futhi wagunyaza nokwenziwa komfanekiso walesi sibhicongo, onalamazwi: “UPapa uyakuvumela ukubulawa kukaColigny.”
Kubikwa ukuthi ngemva kwalesi sibhicongo, uCharles IX wayeba nemibono yezisulu zakhe futhi wayekhala kumhlengikazi wakhe: “Yeka iseluleko esibi engiye ngasilalela! O Nkulunkulu wami, ngixolele!” Wafa ngo-1574 eneminyaka engu-23 ubudala futhi walandelwa umfowabo uHenry III ekubuseni.
Izimpi Zenkolo Zaqhubeka
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaKatolika ayeshoshozelwa abaholi bawo ukuba alwe namaHuguenot. EToulouse, abefundisi bamaKatolika bayala abalandeli babo: “Babulaleni bonke, qothani imbokodo nesisekelo; singoyihlo. Sizonivikela.” Ngokucindezela okunobudlova, inkosi, izigele, ababusi nokaputeni babeka isibonelo, futhi abantu abangamaKatolika basilandela.
Nokho, amaHuguenot abuyisa izinduku. Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili ngemva kwesibhicongo soSuku “LukaSanta” uBartholomew, aqala impi yesine yenkolo. Lapho inani lawo lalingaphezu kwelamaKatolika khona, ayebhubhisa izithombe, iziphambano nama-altare emasontweni amaKatolika, ebulala ngisho nokubulala. “UNkulunkulu ufuna kungasali dolobhana noma abantu,” kusho uJohn Calvin, umholi wobuProthestani eFrance, encwajaneni yakhe ethi Declaration to Maintain the True Faith.
Kwalandela ezinye izimpi ezine zenkolo. Eyesihlanu yaphela ngo-1576 lapho iNkos’uHenry III isayina isivumelwano sokuthula esanikeza amaHuguenot inkululeko egcwele yokukhulekela noma yikuphi eFrance. Idolobha laseParis eligcwele amaKatolika ekugcineni lavukela futhi laxosha uHenry III, owayebhekwa njengowaxolela ngokweqile amaHuguenot. AmaKatolika amisa iqembu lombuso eliphikisayo, iNhlangano Engcwele yamaKatolika, eyayiholwa uHenry waseGuise.
Ekugcineni, empini yesi-8, noma iMpi YoHenry Abathathu, uHenry III (ongumKatolika) wahlangana nowayezomlandela ekubuseni, uHenry waseNavarre (ongumProthestani), balwa noHenry waseGuise (ongumKatolika). UHenry III wakwazi ukubulala uHenry waseGuise, kodwa ngo-August 1589, uHenry III naye wabulawa yindela yesigaba sikaDominic. Ngakho, uHenry waseNavarre, owayelondolozwe iminyaka engu-17 ngaphambili phakathi nesibhicongo soSuku “LukaSanta” uBartholomew, waba iNkos’uHenry IV.
Njengoba uHenry IV ayeyiHuguenot, abaseParis benqaba ukumthobela. INhlangano Engcwele yamaKatolika yavivisa amabutho ayezomelana naye kulo lonke izwe. UHenry wanqoba ezimpini ezimbalwa, kodwa lapho kufika ibutho lempi laseSpain lizosekela amaKatolika, ekugcineni wanquma ukubulahla ubuProthestani futhi wamukela ukholo lobuKatolika. Njengoba agcotshwa njengenkosi ngo-February 27, 1594, uHenry waya eParis, lapho abantu, abase bekhathele izimpi, bamhalalisela khona njengenkosi.
Zaphela kanjalo-ke iziMpi Zenkolo ZaseFrance ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 yokubulalana kwamaKatolika namaProthestani. Ngo-April 13, 1598, uHenry IV wakhipha i-Edict of Nantes eyingqopha-mlando, eyayigunyaza inkululeko kanembeza neyokukhulekela kwamaProthestani. Ngokukapapa, lesi simemezelo sakomkhulu “sasiyinto embi kunazo zonke ezingacatshangwa ngoba sasinikeza wonke umuntu inkululeko kanembeza, okwakuyinto embi kunazo zonke emhlabeni.”
Kulo lonke elaseFrance, amaKatolika aba nomuzwa wokuthi lesi simemezelo sakomkhulu sasiwukungathembeki kukaHenry esithembisweni sokusekela isivumo sawo sokholo. Leli sonto alizange liphumule kwaze kwaba cishe ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka kamuva, lapho uLouis XIV echitha i-Edict of Nantes, okwaqalisa ukushushiswa okushube ngisho nakakhulu kwamaHuguenot.
Izithelo Zalezi Zimpi
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, ukuchuma kweFrance kwase kunyamalele. Ingxenye yombuso yayigumbuqelwe, yaphangwa, yahlengwa, noma yenziwa incithakalo. Amasosha acindezela abantu ngokweqile, okwaholela ekuvukeleni kwabantu bezigaba eziphansi. Abantu abangamaProthestani, beqothulwe izigwebo zokufa, izibhicongo, ukudingiswa nokulahla ukholo lwabo, bangena ekhulwini le-17 beyidlanzana.
Ngokusobala, amaKatolika ayezinqobile iziMpi Zenkolo zaseFrance. Kodwa ingabe uNkulunkulu wakubusisa ukunqoba kwawo? Ngokusobala akazange. Bekhathele yikho konke lokhu kubulalana egameni likaNkulunkulu, abantu abaningi baseFrance baphelelwa isithakazelo enkolweni. Babengabanduleli balokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi ukuthambekela kokumelana namaKristu kwekhulu le-18.
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 9]
“UNkulunkulu ufuna kungasali dolobhana noma abantu.” Kusho umholi wobuProthestani eFrance
[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 6]
AmaWaldenses Ama Eqinile Kwaba Namuphi Umphumela?
UPIERRE VALDES, noma uPeter Waldo, wayengumhwebi ocebile waseFrance ekhulwini le-12. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho iSonto LamaRoma Katolika lingabafundisi ngamabomu abantu iBhayibheli, uWaldo waxhasa ngokwezimali ukuhunyushelwa kwamaVangeli nezinye izincwadi zeBhayibheli olimini oluvamile lwabantu baseningizimu-mpumalanga yeFrance. Khona-ke washiya ibhizinisi lakhe wazinikela ekushumayeleni iVangeli. Ngokushesha abaningi bamjoyina, futhi ngo-1184 uPapa Lucius III wamxosha nabangane bakhe ebandleni.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lamaqembu abashumayeli ababethanda iBhayibheli aziwa ngokuthi amaWaldenses. Ayesekela ukubuyela ezinkolelweni nasemikhubeni yamaKristu okuqala. Ayilahla imikhuba nezinkolelo ezingokwesiko zamaKatolika, kuhlanganise nokuthengiswa kwentethelelo yezono, ukuthandazelwa kwabafileyo, isihlanzo, ukukhulekelwa kukaMariya, ukuthandazela “osanta,” ukubhapathizwa kwezinsana, ukuhlonishwa kwesiphambano nokuguquka kwesinkwa sibe umzimba kaJesu. Ngenxa yalokho, amaWaldenses ayevame ukuhlushwa kakhulu iSonto LamaKatolika. Isazi-mlando uWill Durant sichaza isimo lapho iNkos’uFrancis I yamisa umkhankaso wokulwa nabangewona amaKatolika:
“Ukhadinali de Tournon, egomela ngokuthi amaWaldenses ayenza uzungu lokugumbuqela uhulumeni, washoshozela iNkosi eyayigula futhi eyayinokungabaza ukuba isayine umyalo (ngo-January 1, 1545) wokuthi wonke amaWaldenses ayetholwe enecala lokuhlubuka kufanele abulawe. . . . Phakathi nesonto (ngo-April 12-18) amadolobhana amaningana ashiswa aba umlotha; kwelinye lawo kwabulawa abesilisa, abesifazane nabantwana abangu-800; ezinyangeni ezimbili kwabulawa angu-3000, kwabhujiswa amadolobhana angamashumi amabili nambili, abesilisa abangu-700 bathunyelwa empini. Abesifazane abangu-25 ababenovalo, ababalekela emhumeni, babulawa ngokuhilwa ngomlilo owawubaswe emlonyeni wawo.”
Ngokuphathelene nezenzakalo ezinjalo ezingokomlando, uDurant wathi: “Lolu shushiso lwaluwukwehluleka okukhulu kombuso kaFrancis.” Kodwa waba yini umphumela kulabo ababona ukuqina kwamaWaldenses phakathi nokushushiswa okwakugunyazwe inkosi? UDurant wabhala: “Isibindi salaba bafel’ukholo senza inkambo yabo yaba nesithunzi nobuhle; izinkulungwane zezibukeli kumelwe ukuthi zahlabeka umxhwele futhi zaphazamiseka, okwakungathi ngaphandle kwalokhu kubulawa okusabekayo, zingalushintshi neze ukholo lwazo oluzuzwe njengefa.”
[Isithombe ekhasini 5]
Isibhicongo saseVassy sabangela izimpi zenkolo
[Umthombo]
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
IsiBhicongo SoSuku “LukaSanta” uBartholomew, lapho amaKatolika abulala izinkulungwane zamaProthestani
[Umthombo]
Photo Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne
[Isithombe ekhasini 8]
AmaProthestani abhubhisa impahla yesonto futhi abulala amaKatolika (ngenhla nangezansi)
[Imithombo]
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris