Ukubalekela KwamaHuguenot Endaweni Ayezokhululeka Kuyo

“[Amazwi] eNkosi neNdlovukazi, . . . Simemezela, Ukuthi wonke amaProthestani aseFrance azofuna ukuKhoseliswa, futhi azihlelele Izinto Zokuza kulo Mbuso Wethu, ngeke nje kuphela athole iSivikelo Sasebukhosini . . . Kodwa Sizokwenza Wonke Umzamo ngazo zonke Izindlela esingenza ngazo ukuze Siwasekele, Siwaxhase futhi Siwasize . . . ukuze ahlale ngokunethezeka futhi kube lula ngawo ukuba kule Ndawo.”

SIFUNDEKA kanjalo isimemezelo sango-1689 sikaWilliam noMary, inkosi nendlovukazi yaseNgilandi. Kodwa kungani amaProthestani aseFrance, noma amaHuguenot, njengoba aziwa kanjalo, kwadingeka afune indawo yokukhosela nesivikelo endaweni engaphandle kweFrance? Kungani ukubaleka kwawo esuka eFrance eminyakeni engaba ngu-300 edlule kufanele kusithakazelise namuhla?

IYurophu yangekhulu lesi-16 leminyaka yayikhungethwe impi nezingxabano ezihilela inkolo. IFrance, neZimpi zayo Zenkolo (zango-1562-1598) ezaziphakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani, ayizange isinde kulesi siyaluyalu. Nokho, ngo-1598, inkosi yaseFrance uHenry IV yasayina isimemezelo sokubekezelelwa kwenkolo, i-Edict of Nantes, esasinika amaHuguenot angamaProthestani inkululeko ethile engokwenkolo. Lokhu kuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwezinkolo ezimbili kwakuyingqayizivele eYurophu. Kwaqeda okwesikhashana iziyaluyalu ezingokwenkolo ezase zonakalise iFrance yangekhulu le-16 leminyaka iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30.

Nakuba yayenzelwe ukuba ibe “eqhubekayo nengenakuchithwa,” ngo-1685 le-Edict of Nantes yachithwa kwamiswa i-Edict of Fontainebleau. Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uVoltaire kamuva sachaza lokhu kuchithwa kwalesi simemezelo ngokuthi “enye yezinhlekelele ezinkulu zaseFrance.” Ngesikhashana nje, kwabangela ukuba amaHuguenot angaba ngu-200 000 abalekele kwamanye amazwe. Nokho, imiphumela yakho yadlulela ngalé kwalokho. Kodwa kungani leso simemezelo sangaphambili esasisekela ukubekezelelwa kwenkolo sachithwa?

Saphikiswa Zisuka Nje

Nakuba i-Edict of Nantes yasebenza ngokomthetho iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-90, esinye isazi-mlando sithi “yase ifa [kakade] lapho ibulawa ngo-1685.” Ngempela, lesi simemezelo sasingakhelwanga ezisekelweni eziqinile. Zisuka nje, saba nesandla kulokhu okuye kwachazwa ngokuthi “impi yomshoshaphansi” eyayiphakathi kwabefundisi bamaKatolika nalokho ababekubiza ngokuthi i-“R.P.R.” (Lokho Okuthiwa Inkolo Eyakhiwe Kabusha) Kusukela ekukhishweni kwayo ngo-1598 kuze kube cishe ngo-1630, ukuphikiswa kwe-Edict of Nantes kwakuphakama ezinkulumweni-mpikiswano zasobala ezaziphakathi kwamaProthestani namaKatolika nasezincwadini ezinyatheliswayo zezazi zesonto. Nokho, ukungabekezelelwa kwenkolo kwakunezici eziningi.

Ngemva kokulwa namaProthestani kusukela ngo-1621 kuya ku-1629, uhulumeni waseFrance wazama ukuwaphoqelela ukuba abe amaKatolika ngochungechunge lwezindlela ezicindezelayo. Lokhu kuhlukunyezwa kwaqina ngaphansi kukaLouis XIV, “iNkosi Yelanga.” Isimiso sakhe soshushiso saholela ekuchithweni kwe-Edict of Nantes.

Ukuqiniswa Kwemithetho

Njengengxenye yokuqiniswa kwemithetho, amalungelo amaProthestani asuswa kancane kancane. Phakathi kuka-1657 no-1685, kwakhishwa izinqumo ezingaba ngu-300, ngokuvamile ezazisikiselwa abefundisi, ngokumelene namaHuguenot. Lezo zinqumo zazihlasela zonke izici zokuphila kwawo. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakunohlu olude lwemisebenzi, njengeyezokwelapha, ezomthetho ngisho neyokuba umbelethisi, amaHuguenot ayenqatshelwe ukuyenza. Ngokuphathelene nokuba umbelethisi, esinye isazi-mlando sathi: “Kwakungenzeka kanjani ukuba umuntu abeke ukuphila kwakhe [ezandleni] zesihlubuki esinomgomo wokonakalisa isimiso esikhona?”

Ingcindezelo yaqiniswa ngokwengeziwe ngo-1677. Noma imuphi umHuguenot owayetholakala ezama ukuguqula umKatolika kwakufanele ahlawuliswe amaphawundi aseFrance ayinkulungwane. Imali kahulumeni yezintela ezimba eqolo yayisetshenziselwa ukuthonya amaHuguenot ukuba aguquke. Ngo-1675 abefundisi bamaKatolika banika iNkos’uLouis XIV amaphawundi aseFrance ayizigidi ezingu-4,5, bethi: “Manje kumelwe ubonise ukwazisa kwakho ngokusebenzisa igunya lakho ekukuqedeni ngokuphelele ukuhlubuka.” Le ndlela “yokuthenga” abantu ukuba baguquke yaphumela ekuguquleleni abangaba ngu-10 000 ebuKatolikeni phakathi neminyaka emithathu.

Ngo-1663 ukuguqukela enkolweni yobuProtestani kwenqatshelwa ngokomthetho. Kwabekwa nemingcele ngokuphathelene nendawo amaHuguenot ayengahlala kuyo. Isibonelo sezindlela ezimbi kakhulu ezazisetshenziswa yileso sokuvumela ukuba izingane ezineminyaka engu-7 ubudala zibe amaKatolika ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali bazo. Abazali abangamaProthestani babebophekile ukuba bakhokhele imfundo yezingane zabo ezaziyithola kumaJesuit noma kwamanye amaKatolika afundisayo.

Esinye isikhali sokucindezela amaHuguenot kwakuyi-Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement (Inhlangano Yesakramente Elingcwele) ewumshoshaphansi. Lena kwakuyinhlangano yamaKatolika isazi-mlando uJanine Garrisson esithi ‘yayiyinhlangano enkulu’ ehlanganisa lonke elaseFrance. Njengoba yayingena ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu zomphakathi, yayingantuli mali nakwaziswa ngokuphathelene nezitha zayo. UGarrisson uchaza ukuthi yayisebenzisa izindlela eziningi: “Kusukela ekucindezeleni kuya ekuphazamiseni, ekukhohliseni kuya ekusoleni, le Nhlangano yayisebenzisa zonke izindlela ukuze intengantengise umphakathi wamaProthestani.” Noma kunjalo, amaHuguenot amaningi aqhubeka ehlala eFrance phakathi naleyo nkathi yoshushiso. Isazi-mlando uGarrisson siyaphawula: “Kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amaProthestani engazange aphume ngobuningi kulo Mbuso njengoba ayeqhubeka ephathwa ngenzondo.” Nokho, ekugcineni kwadingeka abalekele endaweni ayezokhululeka kuyo.

Kwaqala Phansi

IPeace of Nymegen (1678) neTruce of Ratisbon (1684), zenza iNkos’uLouis XIV yakhululeka ezimpini zangaphandle. Ngaphesheya kwe-English Channel, umKatolika othile waba inkosi ngo-February 1685. ULouis XIV wayengasisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo lesi simo esisha. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, abefundisi bamaKatolika eFrance babekhiphe iZiphakamiso Ezine ZeGallican, ezazilinganisela amandla kapapa. UPapa Innocent XI wabe “esebheka iSonto LaseFrance cishe njengeliqembukile.” Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuchitha i-Edict of Nantes, uLouis XIV wayengavuselela idumela lakhe elase lingcolisiwe futhi abuyisele ubuhlobo obuvamile nopapa.

Sakhanya bhá isimiso senkosi ngokuqondene namaProthestani. Indlela ethambile (yokuthonya neyokumiswa kwemithetho) ngokusobala yayingasebenzanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-dragonnadea ayebonakala ephumelela. Ngakho ngo-1685, uLouis XIV wasayina i-Edict of Fontainebleau, echitha i-Edict of Nantes. Ukushushiswa ngonya okwakuhlobene nalokhu kuchithwa kwesimemezelo kwenza amaHuguenot aba sesimweni esibi nakakhulu kunangaphambi kwe-Edict of Nantes. Ayesezokwenzenjani?

Acashe, Alwe Noma Abaleke?

Amanye amaHuguenot akhetha ukukhulekela ngasese. Njengoba izindawo zawo zokuhlangana zase zonakalisiwe nokuhlangana obala kwenqatshelwe, akhetha ukusebenzisa ‘iSonto Lasehlane,’ noma ukukhulekela ngomshoshaphansi. Lokhu akwenza naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abantu ababeqhuba imihlangano enjalo babezifaka engozini yokugwetshwa intambo, ngokomthetho owawumiswe ngo-July 1686. Amanye amaHuguenot ayilahla inkolo yawo, ecabanga ukuthi ayengakwazi ukubuyela kuyo kamuva. Abantu abanjalo abaguqukile baqhuba ubuKatolika bobuzenzisi obalandelwa izizukulwane zakamuva.

Uhulumeni wazama ukuqinisekisa lokho kuguquka. Ukuze bathole umsebenzi, ababesanda kuguquka kwakudingeka baveze isitifiketi sokuthi bangamaKatolika esisayinwe umpristi wesonto, owayephawula izinga lokuba khona esontweni. Uma izingane zingabhapathiziwe futhi zakhuliswa zingamaKatolika, zazingathathwa kubazali bazo. Izikole kwakufanele zikhuthaze imfundiso yobuKatolika. Kwakwenziwa imizamo yokunyathelisa izincwadi zenkolo ezisekela ubuKatolika ukuze kuzuze “abantu beNcwadi [iBhayibheli],” njengoba amaProthestani ayebizwa kanjalo. Uhulumeni wanyathelisa izincwadi ezingaphezu kwesigidi futhi wazithumela ezindaweni ezazinenani elikhulu labaguqukile. Lezi zindlela zaziqine kangangokuthi uma othile ogulayo enqaba ukwenzelwa isakramente lamaKatolika lokuphulukisa, abese esinda ngemva kwalokho, wayegqunywa ejele noma ayiswe emkhunjini wempi ukuphila kwakhe konke. Futhi lapho efa kamuva, isidumbu sakhe sasimane silahlwe nje njengezibi, futhi kuthathwe yonke impahla yakhe ngenkani.

Amanye amaHuguenot aphendukela ekuzabalazeni ngezikhali. Esifundeni saseCévennes, esasaziwa ngokushisekela kwaso inkolo, ibutho lempi lamaHuguenot okuthiwa amaCamisard lavukela ngo-1702. Esabela ekuqamekeleni nasekuhlaseleni kwasebusuku kwamaCamisard, amabutho kahulumeni ashisa amadolobhana. Nakuba amaHuguenot aqhubeka isikhathi esithile ehlasela ngezikhathi ezithile, ngo-1710 ibutho elinamandla leNkos’uLouis lase liwaqothulile amaCamisard.

Okunye amaHuguenot akwenza kwakuwukuba abaleke eFrance. Lokhu kubaleka kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi ukuhlakazeka kwangempela kwabantu bephuma ezweni labo. AmaHuguenot amaningi ayengenalutho lapho ebaleka ngoba umbuso wawuthathe impahla yawo futhi iSonto LamaKatolika lathola ingxenye yaleyo ngcebo. Ngakho kwakungelula ukubaleka. Uhulumeni waseFrance wasabela ngokushesha kulokho okwakwenzeka, waqapha izindlela eziphumayo, wasesha nemikhumbi. Abaphangi bemikhumbi babephanga imikhumbi ephuma eFrance, ngoba babethola imivuzo ngokuthumba ababaleki. AmaHuguenot ayetholakala ebaleka ayebhekana nesijeziso esinzima. Okwakwenza izinto zibe nzima nakakhulu ukuthi izinhloli ezazisebenza emphakathini zazizama ukuthola amagama alabo ababeceba ukubaleka nezindlela ababezozisebenzisa. Kwadlanga ukuvinjwa kwezincwadi, ukushintshwa kwalokho okubhaliwe nokukhwabanisa.

Ukukhosela Okwamukelekayo

Ukubaleka kwamaHuguenot eFrance, nokwamukelwa kwawo kwamanye amazwe kwakwaziwa ngokuthi ukuKhosela. AmaHuguenot abalekela eHolland, eSwitzerland, eJalimane naseNgilandi. Kamuva amanye aya eScandinavia, eMelika, e-Ireland, eWest Indies, eNingizimu Afrika naseRussia.

Amazwe amaningana aseYurophu akhipha izimemezelo ezazikhuthaza ukuba amaHuguenot athuthele kulawo mazwe. Phakathi kwezinto ayehehwa ngazo kwakuwukuthola ilungelo lesihle lokuba isakhamuzi, ukungazikhokhi izintela nokuba ilungu lenhlangano yezohwebo mahhala. Ngokwesazi-mlando u-Elisabeth Labrousse, amaHuguenot ngokuvamile “kwakuyizinsizwa . . . ezinesibindi, ezingesabi ukwenza izinto nezinesimilo ngendlela ekhethekile.” Ngakho iFrance, ekudlondlobaleni kwayo, yalahlekelwa izisebenzi ezinekhono emisebenzini eminingana. Yebo, “impahla, ingcebo nobuchwepheshe” kwaya kwamanye amazwe. Izici ezingokwenkolo nezingokombangazwe nazo zaba nesandla ekukhoseliseni amaHuguenot. Kodwa yaba yini imiphumela ngemva kwesikhathi eside ebalekile?

Ukuchithwa kwe-Edict of Nantes nokushushiswa okwakuhambisana nako kwabangela ukusabela okungekuhle komhlaba wonke. UWilliam wase-Orange wakwazi ukusizakala ngesimo sokumelana neFrance ukuze abe umbusi waseNetherlands. Ngosizo lwezikhulu ezingamaHuguenot, waba futhi inkosi yaseGreat Britain, ethatha isikhundla sikaJames II owayengumKatolika. Isazi-mlando uPhilippe Joutard sichaza ukuthi “isimiso sikaLouis XIV [sokumelana] namaProthestani sasingenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokuketulwa kukaJames II ebukhosini nokwakhiwa kwenhlangano yase-Augsburg. . . . [Lezi] zenzakalo zaphawula ushintsho emlandweni waseYurophu, olwaholela ekubeni ithonya lamaFulentshi lithathelwe indawo elamaNgisi.”

AmaHuguenot aba nengxenye ebalulekile empucukweni yaseYurophu. Asebenzisa inkululeko ayesanda kuyithola ekunyatheliseni izincwadi ezasiza ekwakheni ifilosofi yokuKhanyiselwa nemibono yokubekezelela abanye. Ngokwesibonelo, umProthestani waseFrance wahumusha izincwadi zesazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi uJohn Locke, ezazisakaza umbono wamalungelo angokwemvelo. Abanye abalobi abangamaProthestani bagcizelela ukubaluleka kwenkululeko kanembeza. Kwavela umbono wokuthi ukulalela ababusi kulinganiselwe futhi kwakungase kushaywe indiva uma ababusi bephula isivumelwano esikhona phakathi kwabo nabantu. Ngakho, isazi-mlando uCharles Read, sichaza ukuthi ukuchithwa kwe-Edict of Nantes “kwakungesinye sezici ezisobala ezabangela iNguquko YaseFrance.”

Yiziphi Izifundo Ezifundwayo?

Ecabangela imiphumela yoshushiso ekhinyabeza intuthuko nokulahlekelwa kombuso abantu abaningi kakhulu abawusizo, uMarquis de Vauban, umeluleki weNkos’uLouis XIV kwezempi, wanxusa inkosi ukuba ibuyisele i-Edict of Nantes, ethi: “Ukuguqulwa kwezinhliziyo kungokukaNkulunkulu kuphela.” Ngakho kungani uMbuso waseFrance ungazange ufunde kulokho bese uhoxisa isinqumo sawo? Ngokuqinisekile esinye isici esasibangela lokho kwakuwukwesaba kwenkosi ukwenza buthaka umbuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakubonakala kuzuzisa ukuvumelana nakho konke ukuvuselelwa kobuKatolika nokungabekezelelwa kwenkolo eFrance yangekhulu lesi-17 leminyaka.

Izenzakalo ezihlobene nokuchithwa kwalesi simemezelo ziye zabangela abanye ukuba babuze, “Umphakathi ungavumela futhi ubekezelele ukungefani okungakanani?” Ngempela, njengoba izazi-mlando ziye zaphawula, akunakwenzeka ukucabangela indaba yamaHuguenot ngaphandle kokucabanga “ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla nokonakaliswa kwawo.” Emiphakathini yanamuhla eya ngokuya iba nezinhlanga nezinkolo ezihlukahlukene, ukubalekela kwamaHuguenot endaweni ayezokhululeka kuyo kuyisikhumbuzo esibuhlungu salokho okwenzekayo lapho ezombangazwe ezithonywa isonto zicabangela izithakazelo zazo kuqala kunalokho okungazuzisa kangcono abantu.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 28]

Ubu-dragonnade

Ukuguqulwa Ngokwesatshiswa

Abanye babheka ama-dragoon ‘njengezithunywa zevangeli ezinhle kakhulu.’ Nokho, ayenza amaHuguenot esabe, futhi kwezinye izimo wonke amadolobhana ayeguqukela ebuKatolikeni lapho ezwa ngokufika kwawo. Kodwa ayengobani lawa ma-dragoon?

Ama-dragoon kwakungamasosha ahlome ngokuphelele ayehlala emizini yamaHuguenot ukuze esabise labo abahlala kuleyo mizi. Ukusetsenziswa kwama-dragoon ngale ndlela kwakwaziwa ngokuthi ubu-dragonnade. Ukuze kwandiswe umthwalo othweswa leyo mikhaya, emzini kwakuthunyelwa amasosha amaningi kunalawo umkhaya ongawanakekela. Ama-dragoon ayegunyazwe ukuba ayiphathe ngonya imikhaya, ayenze ukuba ingalali futhi onakalise impahla. Uma abantu bakulowo muzi beyilahla inkolo yobuProthestani, ama-dragoon ayehamba.

Ubu-dragonnade basetshenziselwa ukuguqula abantu ngo-1681 ePoitou, eNtshonalanga France, indawo eyayinamaHuguenot amaningi. Ngezinyanga ezimbalwa nje, kwaguqulwa asukela ku-30 000 kuya ku-35 000. Kwasetshenziswa indlela efanayo ngo-1685 nakwezinye izindawo zamaHuguenot. Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa, kwatholakala abasukela ku-300 000 kuya ku-400 000 abalahla inkolo yabo. Ngokwesazi-mlando uJean Quéniart, ukuphumelela kwama-dragonnade “kwenza ukuChithwa [kwe-Edict of Nantes yokubekezelelwa kwenkolo] kube okungenakuguqulwa, ngoba manje kwakubonakala ukuthi kungenzeka.”

[Umthombo]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

[Isithombe ekhasini 25]

Lesi simemezelo sango-1689 senza amaProthestani aseFrance ayefuna ukukhululeka ekucindezelweni ngokwenkolo athola indawo yokukhosela

[Umthombo]

By permission of The Huguenot Library, Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London

[Isithombe ekhasini 26]

Ukuchithwa kwe-Edict of Nantes, ngo-1685 (Kuboniswe ikhasi lokuqala lesime-mezelo sokuchithwa kwayo)

[Umthombo]

Documents conservés au Centre Historique des Archives nationales à Paris

[Isithombe ekhasini 26]

Konakaliswa amathempeli amaningi amaProthestani

[Umthombo]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris