Umsindo—Isicefe Sanamuhla
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EBRITHANI
“Ungenye yezingcindezi ezinkulu ekuphileni.”
—UMakis Tsapogas, umeluleki we-World Health Organization.
“Isiphazamiso saseMelika esande nezwe.”
—I-Boston Sunday Globe, e-U.S.A.
“Isiphazamiso esikhulu kunazo zonke esikhathini sethu.”
—I-Daily Express, London, eNgilandi.
AWUNAKUWUBONA, uwuhogele, uwunambithe, noma uwuthinte. UMSINDO, uhlupho lwasemadolobheni anamuhla, manje usuphazamisa nezindawo zasemaphandleni.
Isazi semvelo saseMelika esachitha iminyaka engaba ngu-16 siqopha imisindo yemvelo siye sathola ukuthi umsebenzi waso uya uba nzima. Ngo-1984 sahlola izindawo ezingu-21 esifundazweni saseWashington, e-U.S.A., ezazingenamsindo imizuzu engu-15 noma ngaphezulu. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, kwase kusele ezintathu kuphela.
Kubantu abaningi abakhile emhlabeni, ukuthola izindawo ezintathu ezingenamsindo kuyinselele. EJapane, umbiko wezwe lonke ka-1991 wabonisa ukuthi umsindo wabangela izikhalazo eziningi kunanoma isiphi esinye isiphazamiso. Ngempela, i-Times yaseLondon iwuchaza kahle umsindo ngokuthi “uhlupho olukhulu kakhulu lokuphila kwanamuhla.” Umsindo usuyinsakavukela, kusukela ekukhonkotheni kwenja okubeleselayo kuya emsakazweni oklabalasayo kamakhelwane noma ukubelesela kwenhlaba-mkhosi noma umsakazo wemoto. Nokho, isiphazamiso esiwumsindo asisisha. Kade saba khona.
Akuyona Inkinga Entsha
Ukuze anqande ukuminyana kwezinqola emgwaqweni, uJulius Caesar wenqabela izinqola ezinamasondo enkabeni yeRoma ngesikhathi sasemini. Kodwa-ke okwaba isiphazamiso kuye nakwamanye amaRoma ukuthi lomthetho wawenza kube nomsindo omkhulu ebusuku, “njengoba izinqola ezinamasondo epulangwe noma ensimbi zazihamba emgwaqweni owawugandaywe ngamatshe.” (The City in History, kaLewis Mumford) Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyikhulu kamuva, umlobi wezinkondlo uJuvenal wakhononda ngokuthi umsindo wawenza ukuba amaRoma aqwashe njalo.
Ngekhulu le-16, inhloko-dolobha yaseNgilandi, iLondon, yase iyidolobha eliphithizelayo. Umlobi wethi Elizabethan England, u-Alison Plowden, uyabhala: “Into yokuqala okumelwe ukuba izivakashi eziningi zaziyiqaphela kwakuwumsindo: ukukhenceza nokukhala kwezando emashabhu amaningi, ukuduma nokunswininiza kwamasondo ezinqola, ukubhonga kwezinkomo eziyiswa emakethe, ukumemeza kwabathengisi basemgwaqweni bekhangisa ngempahla yabo.”
Ekhulwini le-18 kwaba nenguquko kwezezimboni. Manje imiphumela yomsindo wemishini waba sobala njengoba izisebenzi zasemafektri zazivaleka izindlebe. Kodwa ngisho nezakhamuzi zasedolobheni ezazingahlali eduze kwamafektri zazikhononda ngokuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo. Isazi-mlando uThomas Carlyle sabalekela “egumbini elingangeni msindo” ophahleni lwendlu yaso eLondon ukuze sigweme ukukhala kwamaqhude, upiyano lomakhelwane nezimoto ezihamba emgwaqweni oseduze. I-Times iyabika: “Kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya.” Ngani? “Sabe sesisanganiswa imisindo emisha ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezindweba zemikhumbi nezikaloliwe”!
Isiphazamiso Sanamuhla Esithé Chithi Saka
Namuhla abamelene nomsindo bagxile ezikhumulweni zezindiza njengoba izinkampani zezindiza zimelene ngokuqinile nemizamo yokushaywa komthetho omelene nomsindo. Lapho isikhumulo sezindiza saseManchester eNgilandi sihlawulisa izinkampani isikhathi ngasinye lapho kusuka i-Concorde ebanga umsindo, ingabe lokhu kwaphumelela? Cha. Omunye ukaputeni we-Concorde wavuma ukuthi lendiza inomsindo kodwa wathi uma ingasuka ingenawo uphethiloli omningi ngenjongo yokunciphisa umsindo, ngeke ifike eToronto noma eNew York ingazange ime.
Ukunqanda umsindo wezimoto emgwaqweni nakho kuyinkinga ngendlela efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi lesi siphazamiso sikhathaza amaphesenti angu-64 omphakathi. Futhi siyinkinga ekhulayo, okubikwa ukuthi iphindwe izikhathi eziyinkulungwane kunangaphambi kokuba umphakathi ube nezimoto. Umbiko ovela eGreece ubonisa ukuthi “i-Athens ingelinye lamadolobha anomsindo kakhulu eYurophu futhi umsindo mkhulu kangangokuba ulimaza impilo yabase-Athens.” Ngokufanayo, i-Environmental Agency yaseJapane iphawula ukuthi kunomkhuba owandayo womsindo wezimoto futhi ithi lokhu kubangelwa ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwabantu abasebenzisa izimoto. Lapho imoto ihamba kancane, injini yayo ibanga umsindo kakhulu, kodwa lapho ihamba ngesivinini esingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-60 ngehora, amathayi yiwona abanga umsindo omkhulu.
Imbangela enkulu yokukhononda eBrithani umsindo wasemakhaya. Ngo-1996, i-Chartered Institute of Environmental Health yaseBrithani yaphawula ukuthi izikhalazo ngomakhelwane abanomsindo zanda ngamaphesenti ayishumi. Umkhulumeli walenhlangano waphawula: “Kunzima ukukuchaza. Esinye isici singase sibe ukuthi izingcindezi zabantu abasebenzayo zibenza bafune ukuthula okwengeziwe lapho besekhaya.” Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezikhalazo ezabikwa eBrithani ngo-1994 zazihilela umculo odlalwa ebusuku nezinjini zezimoto ezibanga umsindo, izinhlaba-mkhosi nama-hooter. Kodwa kuthiwani ngamaphesenti alinganiselwa kwangu-70 ezisulu zokuphazanyiswa umsindo ezingakhonondi ngenxa yokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kwababanga umsindo? Ngempela inkulu lenkinga.
Ngenxa yokwanda kwalesi sicefe somsindo, izinhlangano ezihlose ukuvikela indawo ezungezile zifuna kushaywe imithetho yokunqanda umsindo. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imiphakathi e-United States inemithetho yendawo yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokulungisa igceke esebenza ngogesi. EBrithani, uMthetho Womsindo omusha umiselwe omakhelwane abanomsindo futhi ugunyaza ukuhlawuliswa kwabo ngaso leso sikhathi ngokweqa umthetho phakathi kuka-11:00 ebusuku no-7:00 ekuseni. Iziphathimandla zendawo zinanegunya lokuthatha imisakazo ebanga umsindo. Nokho, umsindo usabelesela.
Njengoba isiphazamiso esiwumsindo siyinkinga ekhulayo ngempela, ungase uzibuze ukuthi yini wena ongayenza njengesisulu. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungakugwema kanjani ukubanga umsindo? Ingabe kuyoke kube khona ukuthula okuhlala njalo? Funda izihloko ezilandelayo ukuze uthole izimpendulo.