Ukubuka Okwezwe
Kungcono Kakhulu Kunokungenela Komuntu
Iminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokuba isiphepho siwise izihlahla eziyizigidi ezingu-15 eNgilandi ngo-1987, kwatholwa ukuthi izindawo ezinamahlathi angazange aphazanyiswe ukungenela komuntu aye aphinde akhula kakhulu, kubika i-Daily Telegraph. Lapho kwakuwe khona izihlahla, ukukhanya okukhulu kwakufinyelela enhlabathini. Lokhu kwenza ukuba amahlumela nezihlahla ezincane kukhule kube amamitha ayisithupha, futhi izilokazane, izinyoni nezitshalo nakho kuye kwanda. Izihlahla eziningi ze-oki neze-yew ezaziwile azizange zibole njengoba kwakulindelwe, futhi inani lezingodo zazo, manje esezilungele ukusetshenziswa, seliphindwe kathathu. Isazi sokulondolozwa kwemvelo uPeter Raine sithi: “[Abantu] ababenezisusa ezinhle zokuhlanza le ndawo benza umonakalo omkhulu ngaphezu kwalowo owenziwa isiphepho ngokwaso. Izihlahla eziningi ezatshalwa ngaleyo kwindla zatshalwa kabi ngokubhuduzela, futhi zafa.”
Umsebenzi, Ukucindezeleka Nesifo Senhliziyo
Ukucindezeleka kwengqondo emsebenzini kuyingozi yesibili enkulu ebangela izinkinga zenhliziyo nezokujikeleza kwegazi, kanti ukubhema kuyimbangela yokuqala, kubika i-Frankfurter Rundschau. Ufushanisa ukuhlola okwenziwa yi-Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health eBerlin, eJalimane, lo mbiko uthi: “Abasengozini enkulu yizisebenzi ezinenkululeko elinganiselwe yokwenza izinqumo futhi ezenza umsebenzi ofanayo cishe njalo. Uma kungenzeka zicindezeleke ngesikhathi sazo esikhululekile, ngokwesibonelo ngenxa yokuthi zakha indlu yazo noma zinakekela isihlobo esigulayo, khona-ke ingozi yesifo senhliziyo ikhula ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezithi azibe yisishiyagalolunye.” Omunye uchwepheshe ukhuthaza ukuba izisebenzi zinikezwe inkululeko enkudlwana yokwenza izinqumo. “Ingxoxo eyodwa kuphela ngenyanga nazo zonke izisebenzi zomnyango ingazithuthukisa izimo.”
‘Into Yokuhamba Ephumelela Kakhulu Emhlabeni’
Uma uhamba ibanga elingaphansi kwamakhilomitha angu-8 endaweni eyidolobha, ibhayisikili lingashesha ngaphezu kwemoto, kubika i-Island yaseColombo, eSri Lanka. Iqembu lomhlaba wonke lokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile okuthiwa yi-Friends of the Earth libiza ibhayisikili ngokuthi “into yokuhamba ephumelela kakhulu eMhlabeni.” Umbiko uthi babonisa ukuthi ibhayisikili lingahamba amakhilomitha angu-2400 ngaphandle kokungcolisa indawo ngamandla atholakala ngokudla okulingana namalitha angu-4,5 kaphethiloli. Unezela nokuthi ukusebenzisa ibhayisikili kuthuthukisa impilo.
Iziqhwaga Ziyanda
Ukuhlola okwakuqondiswa yi-La Sapienza University yaseRome kubonisa ukuthi abafundi abaningi babhekana nokuhlushwa iziqhwaga okunhlobonhlobo okuhlanganisa ukuthukwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuntshontshelwa izinto ezincane, ukushaywa nokusongelwa. Lezi zenzo zaphawuleka ikakhulukazi eRome, lapho abafana namantombazane abangamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-50 beye babhekana nezikhathi zokuhlushwa iziqhwaga esikhathini esiyizinyanga ezintathu. “Engxoxweni yokuthulula izifuba,” kuchaza umcwaningi u-Anna Costanza Baldry wachaza ukuthi, “amantombazane amaningi alandisa ngezigigaba ezimbi kakhulu zokunukubezwa angazange azibike, ngenxa yokwesaba . . . nokucabanga ukuthi eminye imikhuba iyinto evamile,” kusho iphephandaba lesiNtaliyane i-Repubblica.
Akuzona izingane kuphela ezibhekana nokuhlushwa iziqhwaga. I-Irish Times ibika ukuthi abantu abadala abaningi bahlushwa iziqhwaga emsebenzini, ikakhulukazi ababaphethe. Ithi: “Ukukhahla ngamazwi, ukugxeka umsebenzi wabantu kanye nokusakazwa kwamahebezi ngabo kuyizindlela ezithandwa iziqhwaga zasemsebenzini. Ukwehlisa nokubekelwa imigomo yomsebenzi engaphezu kwamandla nakho kuyizinto ezivamile.” Ukuhlushwa iziqhwaga kuhlobene nemiphumela engokwengqondo ehlanganisa “ukukhathazeka, ukusheshe uthukuthele, ukucindezeleka, ukungabethembi abanye, ukungazethembi, ukuzenyeza kanye nokuba unyube,” kusho i-Times. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu lokhu kuhlushwa iziqhwaga kungaholela “ekwehlulekeni komzimba noma ngisho nasekuzibulaleni.”
Ukubeletha Ngokuhlinzwa Noma Ngendlela Evamile?
Odokotela nomama baseBrazil ngokuvamile bakhetha ukubeletha ngokuhlinzwa kunokungokwemvelo. Udokotela uthola ukuthi “angabelethisa abantu abaningi, athole imali eningi ngomsebenzi wakhe, futhi akudingeki asebenze nangezimpelasonto,” kubika umagazini i-Veja. Omama “bakhetha ukungabelethi ngendlela evamile, ukuze bagweme ubuhlungu (nokho, kubuhlungu kakhulu ukululama ekubeletheni ngokuhlinzwa), futhi bakholelwa ukuthi le ndlela ingalondoloza ukubukeka komzimba (okungelona iqiniso).” Ezibhedlela zikahulumeni, ingane eyodwa kwezintathu ezizalwayo izalwa ngokuhlinzwa, kanti kwezinye izibhedlela ezingezona ezikahulumeni, isilinganiso size sifinyelele kumaphesenti angu-80. “Ukubelethisa sekuyibhizinisi,” kusho uDkt. João Luiz Carvalho Pinto e Silva, oyisikhulu sesayensi yokubelethisa e-University of Campinas. “Abantu ngokuvamile bayakhohlwa ukuthi ukubeletha ngokuhlinzwa kuwukuhlinza, okungafani nokuzala ngendlela evamile. Umuntu wopha kakhulu, isikhathi sokulaliswa siba sijana, futhi kunamathuba amakhulu okungenwa izifo.” I-Veja ithi, ngokwalo dokotela, “ukubeletha ngokuhlinzwa kufanele kwenziwe ezimweni ezintathu kuphela: lapho ukuphila kwesiguli noma kwengane kusengozini, lapho kungekho zimpawu zemihelo noma lapho isimo sishintsha siba sibi ngokungazelele.”
Ukushisekela Inkolo EGreece Kuyancipha
Iphephandaba lase-Athens i-Nea muva nje likhiphe imiphumela yokuhlola okwenziwa ngokuphathelene nenkolo eGreece okufana nalokho elalikwenze ngo-1963. Imiphumela ibonisa ukwehla kokushisekela inkolo kulelo lizwe. Esizukulwaneni esidlule, amaphesenti angu-66 athi ayeya esontweni okungenani kabili noma kathathu ngenyanga, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-30 atholwe ekuhloleni kwamuva. Izingxenye ezingaphezu kwezimbili kwezintathu zabantu abadala abangu-965 abahlolwa edolobheni lase-Athens zathi isonto liwusiza “kancane” noma “aliwusizi nhlobo umphakathi,” kubika umnyango wezindaba i-Reuters. Ebhala kuyi-Nea, umcwaningi ohlonishwayo ongumGreki u-Elias Nikolakopoulos wakhuluma “ngokulahla inkolo kancane kancane komphakathi wamaGreki,” ephawula ukuthi manje “seliyaxwaywa futhi alisathandwa” isonto eGreece.
Yondla Utamatisi Ngemfucumfucu Yakho Yezincwadi
Yini iposi elingayenza ngamathani angu-500 emfucumfucu yezincwadi ezingadiliviwe, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zokukhangisa nezinye zezimemezelo? Iposi laseDallas-Fort Worth, eTexas seliqalile ukuthumela eziningi zalezi zincwadi ukuze kwenziwe ngazo umquba. Lo mquba usetshenziselwa ukutshala utamatisi nama-marigold, kubika i-New York Times, futhi imiphumela iyathembisa. Ama-bacterium enza le mfucumfucu yezincwadi eziyizicucu ibe umquba ondliwa ngobhiya omdala nonamanedi, okuyizinsalela ezilahlwayo zabenzi beziphuzo. Ubhiya nonamanedi kunoshukela, kwenza lama bacterium ande. UJoel Simpson, oyisekela likamongameli wenkampani yomquba eyenza lokhu kuhlola, uthi: “Zona kanye lezo zinto ezisikhuluphalisayo yizona ezenza lawo ma-bacterium akhuluphale futhi ajabule.”
Usizo Kulabo Abanezinkinga Zesikhumba
“Abantu abaningi abahlushwa izinkinga zesikhumba abayi ukuyofuna ukwelashwa ngoba banamahloni futhi kungaphela iminyaka ‘befela ngaphakathi,’” kubika i-Irish Times. Egcizelela usizi lwabo, uDkt. Gillian Murphy uthi: “Ngineziguli ezine-psoriasis, ezinesikhumba esixebuka ngokoqobo lapho zikhumula izingubo, futhi zizizwa zingcolile futhi zinamahloni kangangokuba azihlali ehhotela noma ziye endaweni yokulungisa izinwele.” UBill Cunliffe, onguprofesa wezifo zesikhumba eLeeds University, uyenezela: “Izinduna zithinta abantu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi zingcolile futhi ziyathathelwana. Uma [kuna]bantu ababili abeze engxoxweni yokufuna umsebenzi abanamakhono afanayo, lowo ongenazo izinduna uyena ozowuthola.” UCunliffe uthi uye welapha iziguli ezazikhungathekiswe izinduna kangangokuba zake zazama nokuzibulala. Odokotela eNgqungqutheleni yamuva ye-European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology eDublin, e-Ireland, bagcizelela isidingo sokukufuna ngokushesha ukwelashwa. Omunye udokotela wathi: “Kuyinkinga enzima kwabanye abantu, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi zikhona izindlela eziphumelelayo zokwelapha.”
Ukukhuluma Kwabazali—Kungaphezu Nje Komsindo Ololozelayo?
Ezinye izazi zesayensi zithi abazali abateketisa izingane zabo kungenzeka bazinika okungaphezu nje kothando lomzwelo. UPatricia Kuhl, wase-University of Washington, kanye nasebenza nabo bahlola indlela yokukhuluma nezinsana yezilimi ezintathu ezihlukahlukene—isiRashiya, isiSwidi nesiNgisi. Kubonakala sengathi indlela yokukhuluma yabazali egcizelelayo ayenzi nje ukuba ingane inake kodwa futhi iyisisekelo sengane sokufunda lolo limi. Umagazini i-Science uthi, “lapho sezinezinyanga eziyisithupha, izingane zifunda ukuhlela imisindo yonkamisa, ziqaphele izindlela ezihlukanisayo ezisho okuthile olimini lwazo, njengomehluko phakathi kuka-‘e’ no-‘a,’ kuyilapho zingakunaki ukuhlukahluka okungasho lutho.”