Udenga—Imfiva Oyithola Ngokulunywa

Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! EPhilippines

KUNGANAKIWE, umiyane uhlala esandleni sentombazanyana esingembethe. Lesi sinambuzane ngokushesha sichumbuza isikhumba sayo bese simunca igazi. Ngemva kwesikhashana, umama uthi nhlá endodakazini yakhe abone umiyane. Uwushaya ngokushesha ngento yokushaya izinambuzane futhi uyabaleka. Ingabe kuphela kanjalo? Mhlawumbe akunjalo. Kungenzeka umiyane usuhambile, kodwa ukuhlasela kwawo igazi lengane okuthathe isikhashana kushiye izidalwa ezingafuneki ezingabangela isifo.

Engakapheli amasonto amabili ingane isiyaqhuqha amakhaza, iphathwa ikhanda, kuba buhlungu eceleni kwamehlo, kuqaqambe amalungu futhi iphathwe imfiva. Njengoba loku kugula kuqina, iba nomqubuko ongamashashazi abomvu futhi iphelelwe amandla. Ingenwe udenga, imfiva oyithola ngokulunywa umiyane.

Nokho, ikakhulukazi uma ingane yake yaba negciwane lodenga, ingase ingenwe uhlobo olubi kakhulu lwalesi sifo, imfiva yodenga olubangela ukopha (DHF [dengue hemorrhagic fever]). Yona ivuzisa imithanjana yegazi, ibangele ukuba isikhumba sophe. Singase sophele ngaphakathi. Uma isiguli singelashwa ngokufanele, izinqubo ezibalulekile emzimbeni waso zingase zicindezeleke kakhulu futhi igazi lingabe lisakwazi ukujikeleza, okungabangela ukufa ngokushesha.

Luyini ngempela udenga? Lungakuphatha yini nawe? Ungazivikela kanjani wena nomkhaya wakho? Ake siluhlolisise.

Luyini Udenga?

Udenga, olubuye lubizwe nangokuthi i-breakbone fever, lumane lungezinye zezifo eziningi ezingatholakala ngokulunywa umiyane. Into okuyiyona ebangela lesi sifo igciwane. Umiyane onegciwane (okungukuthi, umiyane olume umuntu osuke esenegciwane) uthwala igciwane ngezindlala zawo zamathe. Lapho uluma omunye umuntu ukuze uthole igazi, udlulisela leli gciwane kulowo muntu.

Kunezinhlobo ezine zegciwane lodenga. Ukungenwa uhlobo olulodwa akukugomi ukuba ungabe usazithola lezi ezinye izinhlobo ezintathu. Ngemva kokungenwa igciwane elilodwa, uma isisulu silunywa umiyane othwele olunye uhlobo, umphumela kungaba i-DHF.

“Izingxenye Ezimbili Kwezinhlanu Zabantu Emhlabeni” Zisengozini

Ngokwe-World Health Organization (WHO), udenga lusongela abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2500, “izingxenye ezimbili kwezinhlanu zabantu abasemhlabeni.” I-Asiaweek yabika: “Amazwe ashisayo nafudufudumele angaphezu kwekhulu aye abika ukuqubuka kodenga, futhi lungena amashumi ezigidi zabantu unyaka ngamunye, u-95% walabo olubangenayo yizingane.”

Akucaci ukuthi udenga lwaqala nini ukutholakala ezweni. Kungenzeka ukuthi umbiko ‘ngemfiva yamadolo’ eCairo ngo-1779 wawubhekisela kulo udenga. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi udenga luye lwabikwa emhlabeni wonke. Ikakhulukazi kusukela ngeMpi YeZwe II, udenga luye lwaba negalelo elikhulu empilweni yomuntu, luqala eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Izinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane zaqala ukusabalala, futhi lokhu kwaholela ezinhlotsheni ezibangela ukopha eziyingozi kakhulu. Incwadi eyakhishwa i-WHO ithi: “Ukuqubuka kokuqala ngqá kwemfiva yokopha e-Asia kwatholakala eManila ngo-1954.” Kwase kulandela amanye amazwe, ngokuphawulekayo iThailand, iVietnam, iMalaysia nezindawo ezingomakhelwane. Lokhu kuqubuka okwasheshe kwaqala eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kwabulala abantu abasukela emaphesentini ayishumi kuya kwangamashumi amahlanu, kodwa njengoba kwakufundwa okwengeziwe ngalesi sifo, lawa manani ehla.

Kusukela ngawo-1960, ukuxegisa ezinhlelweni zokulawula omiyane abanegciwane kuye kwanezela ekwandeni ngokushesha kodenga. Njengoba udenga luye lwasakazeka, kuye kwaba njalo nange-DHF. Ngaphambi kuka-1970 ayengu-9 kuphela amazwe ayenalo mqedazwe, kodwa ngo-1995 leli nani lakhula lafinyelela ku-41. I-WHO ilinganisela ukuthi unyaka ngamunye, bangu-500 000 abaphathwa i-DHF okudingeka balaliswe esibhedlela.

Nakuba lesi sifo singandile kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwasezindaweni ezishisayo, kwezinye izimo labo abaya ezindaweni lapho kunamathuba okusithola siye sabangena base bebuyela naso emakhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, ngasekupheleni kuka-1996, i-New York Times yakhuluma ngabaphethwe udenga e-United States—eMassachusetts, eNew York, e-Oregon naseTexas.

Izingozi Ezithile Ze-DHF

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-DHF iwuhlobo lodenga olubulalayo. Enye yezingozi ze-DHF ukuthi abantu bayakhohliseka bacabange ukuthi ayiyimbi kangako. Abanye bayiphambanisa nomkhuhlane. Nokho, ukuzindela kungase kwenze ukuba isifo siqhubekele esimweni esibi kakhulu lapho inani lezinhlayiya zegazi lehla ngokushesha, kuqale ukopha (ngaphakathi noma kophe izinsini, ikhala noma isikhumba), bese umfutho wegazi wehla kakhulu. Isiguli singase siwe. Ngesikhathi umkhaya uqaphela ukuthi isimo sibi, izinqubo zomzimba ezibalulekile sezicindezelekile kakade. Bamphuthumisa esibhedlela. Odokotela bafike bathole ukuthi kakade igazi alisakwazi ukujikeleza. Ngenxa yesimo esibucayi, ku-odwa ipayipi elibuyisela uketshezi elingena emithanjeni.

Ukuvikela Umkhaya Wakho

Yini engenziwa ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yalesi sifo? Uma umkhaya uhlala lapho kwande khona udenga futhi kunelungu lomkhaya elinemfiva engapheli ngosuku, umkhaya kumelwe usebenzise ukuhlakanipha ubonane nodokotela. Lokhu kubaluleke nakakhulu uma lowo ogulayo enezinye izimpawu zodenga, njengokuqubuka noma ubuhlungu bezicubu zomzimba namalunga noma eceleni kwamehlo.

Udokotela angase ahlole igazi. Udenga olungabangeli ukopha lungase ludinge ukwelashwa okulula nje kuphela. Kodwa uma ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-DHF, ngokunokwenzeka udokotela angase akunike okokulawula uketshezi ngokucophelela. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise izinhlanganisela eziphuzwayo ezibuyisela uketshezi emzimbeni, njengalezo ezisetshenziselwa isifo sohudo, noma, ezimweni ezibucayi kakhulu, kungase kubuyiselwe uketshezi ngokulufaka ngepayipi elingena emithanjeni eline-Ringer’s solution, i-saline solution, noma okunye. Uma elapha izimo ezithinta ukuphazamiseka kwezinqubo ezibalulekile emzimbeni, udokotela angase akunikeze imithi ethile engasiza ekukhuphuleni umfutho wegazi futhi ibuyisele izinga lezinhlayiya zegazi.

Uma opha kakhulu, odokotela bangase basikisele ukuba ampontshelwe igazi. Abanye bangase bakusikisele ngokushesha ngaphandle kokucabangela ezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa. Nokho, ngalé kokuthi kuphambene nomthetho kaNkulunkulu, ngokuvamile akudingeki. (IzEnzo 15:29) Okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi okubaluleke kakhulu ekwelapheni lesi sifo ukulawula ngokucophelela ukujikeleza koketshezi lapho sisaqala nje. Ukubambisana kwesiguli nodokotela kule ndaba kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuphikisana ngokumpontshelwa igazi. Konke lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha lapho umuntu esola i-DHF.—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Ziyini Izimpawu?”

Izinyathelo Zokuluvimbela

Enye yezinto eziyinhloko ezithwala igciwane lodenga umiyane i-Aedes aegypti. Lolu hlobo lwandile ezindaweni ezishisayo nezifudufudumele emhlabeni wonke. (Bheka ibalazwe elihambisana nalesi sihloko.) Omiyane ama-Aedes aegypti bayachuma ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu. Ukulawula omiyane enye yezihluthulelo zokulawula lesi sifo.

Ukulawula omiyane emhlabeni wonke akulula. Nokho, zikhona izinto ongazenza ekhaya lakho ezingasiza ekunciphiseni ingozi. Umiyane wensikazi uzalela amaqanda emanzini. Isibungu singakhula kunoma iyiphi into ezogcina amanzi isikhathi esingangesonto noma lapho nje, njengamathayi angasanakiwe, amathini angenalutho, amabhodlela, noma amagobolondo kakhukhunathi avulekile. Ukulahla izinto ezinjalo kuyoqeda izindawo zokuzalela omiyane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutuswa ukuba uwabhekise phansi amabhakede noma izitsha. Ukukhipha amanzi amile emiseleni nakho kuyosiza. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ekuqaleni konyaka wesikole ka-1997/98, umnyango wezempilo ePhilippines wakhuthaza ukuba kuyekwe ukusetshenziswa kwezitsha zokufaka izimbali emakilasini esikole.

Uma othile ekhaya engenwa udenga, thatha izinyathelo ezizovimbela ukuba alunywe abanye omiyane abangase bathwale leli gciwane baliyise kwabanye abantu. Isakhiwo esinompheme okahle noma esinesimiso sokulawula izinga lokushisa nokubanda singaba isivikelo.

Kuthiwani ngokugoma? Okwamanje umjovo ofanelekile wokugoma awukatholakali. Kusacwaningwa ukuze wenziwe, okwenza kube nzima yiqiniso lokuthi ukuvikeleka okuphelele kuyodinga ukugomela zonke izinhlobo ezine zodenga. Empeleni umjovo ogomela uhlobo olulodwa kuphela ungase wenyuse ingozi yokungenwa i-DHF. Abacwaningi banethemba lokuthi umjovo wokugoma ophumelelayo ungase utholakale eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyishumi.

Abanye abacwaningi bebezama enye indlela. Ngokushintsha izakhi zofuzo, banethemba lokuthi bangavimbela igciwane lodenga ukuba lande lapho lisematheni omiyane. Uma lokhu kusebenza njengoba kuhleliwe, labo miyane abashintshwe izakhi zofuzo bayodlulisela enzalweni yabo ikhono lokukwazi ukumelana nodenga. Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko ethile, kusazobonakala ukuthi lokhu kuyophumelela kangakanani.

Okwamanje, ukuqeda ngokuphelele udenga akubonakali kungenzeka. Kodwa ukuthatha izinyathelo ezingokoqobo zokuluvimbela kungakusiza wena kanye nabathandekayo bakho ukuba nigweme izinkinga ezibulalayo ezibangwa udenga—imfiva oyithola ngokulunywa.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 22]

Ziyini Izimpawu?

Izimpawu zakho kokubili udenga kanye nemfiva yodenga olubangela ukopha (DHF [dengue hemorrhagic fever])

• Ukuvele ube nemfiva

• Ukuphathwa ikhanda elinzimaa

• Ubuhlungu bamehlo

• Ubuhlungu bamalungu nezicubu zomzimba

• Ukuvuvukala kwama-lymph node

• Ukuqubuka

• Ukuphelelwa amandla

Izimpawu ze-DHF ngqó

• Ukuvele uwe

• Ukopha kwesikhumba

• Ukopha okuvamile

• Isikhumba esibandayo nesinamfukayo

• Ukungahlaliseki

• Ukucindezeleka kwezinqubo zomzimba ezibalulekile nokushaya kancane kwenhliziyo (dengue shock syndrome)

Ungazindeli ukuya kudokotela uma izimpawu zibonakala. Izingane zisengozini nakakhulu

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 23]

Izixwayiso Kwabavakashayo

Ngezikhathi ezithile, abavakashela ezindaweni ezishisayo bangenwa udenga, kodwa imfiva yodenga olubangela ukopha iyivelakancane ngempela ngoba lolu hlobo olubi kakhulu luvame ukutholakala ngemva kokuphathwa udenga okwesibili. Nakhu okunye ukusikisela okuwusizo kulabo abavakashayo:

• Gqoka amahembe anemikhono emide namabhulukwe amade

• Sebenzisa into exosha omiyane

• Ungahlali ezindaweni ezinabantu abaminyene

• Hlala ezindaweni ongakwazi ukuvala kuzo amafasitela ukuze omiyane bangangeni

• Uma ungenwa imfiva ngemva kokubuyela ekhaya, tshela udokotela ukuthi kade uvakashelephi

[Ibalazwe/Isithombe ekhasini 23]

Izindawo ezisanda kuhlaselwa udenga

Izindawo ezisengozini yobhadane lodenga

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997

Izindawo lapho kutholakala khona i-“Aedes aegypti,” umiyane othwala udenga

[Umthombo]

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997

© Dr. Leonard E. Munstermann/Fran Heyl Associates, NYC

[Izithombe ekhasini 24]

Izindawo okungenzeka bazalele kuzo (1) amathayi angasanakiwe, (2) imisele yamanzi emvula, (3) izitsha ezifaka izimbali, (4) amabhakede noma ezinye izitsha, (5) amathini angasenalutho, (6) imigqomo

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 21]

© Dr. Leonard E. Munstermann/Fran Heyl Associates, NYC