Isiqhingana Siphenduka Isikhumulo Sezindiza Esimatasa

Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! EHong Kong

“KUMELWE ukuba siwisa izinti zethelevishini ezisophahleni!” kubabaza omunye umgibeli owayethukile lapho elunguza ngefasitela lendiza njengoba yayisizohlala eKai Tak International Airport eHong Kong. Phansi, owesifazane owayeneka izingubo ocingweni olusophahleni lwendlu yakhe eKowloon City eseduzane wethuka, ezwa umsindo ovala izindlebe njengoba indiza yayiduma ngaphezu kwakhe.

“Inkinga yizintaba,” kusho uJohn, umshayeli wendiza owayeseshayele ngobuciko izikhathi eziningi kuleyo ndawo eyingozi. “Uma sehla ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, sijika kanzima ngaphambi nje kokuba sithi cababa phansi. Izintaba nazo zibangela umoya ophazamisayo oyingozi esiwubiza ngokuthi i-wind shear.”

Abagibeli nabashayeli bendiza abanovalo, ikakhulukazi abantu baseKowloon City, babelubheke ngabomvu usuku indiza eyayiyogcina ngalo ukuhlala esikhumulweni sezindiza saseKai Tak. Futhi lwafika olungaliyo, ngoba ngo-July 1998, iHong Kong yaqala ukusebenzisa isikhumulo sezindiza esisha.

Isikhumulo Sezindiza Esiqhingini

Ngawo-1980, isikhumulo sezindiza iKai Tak sase sigcwala sichichime. Njengoba yayingekho indlela yokuba sandiswe, kwafunwa isiza sokwakha isikhumulo sezindiza esisha. Kodwa eHong Kong yayingekho indawo enkulu eyithafa okwakungakhiwa kuyo isikhumulo sezindiza. Ngaphandle kwalokho, abantu babengafune sikhumulo sezindiza esinomsindo lapha. Lalizoba yini ikhambi? IChek Lap Kok, isiqhingana esisendaweni ekude yeLantau, eyisiqhingi esikhulu kodwa okwakungakakhiwa lutho kuso. Kwakuwukufezeka kwephupho lonjiniyela abaklama izakhiwo zomphakathi.

Ukuze kwakhiwe isikhumulo sezindiza kwakudingeka kuhlelenjwe lesi siqhingana nesinye isiqhingi esincanyana esingumakhelwane waso futhi kutholakale indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-9 nengxenye ukusuka olwandle. Ukuze kuxhunyaniswe lesi sikhumulo sezindiza nedolobha laseHong Kong, kwakhiwa ujantshi nomgwaqo onqamulelayo ongamakhilomitha angu-34, kokubili kunqamula phezu kweziqhingi nemisele, kushosholoze kuye edolobheni iKowloon, kunqamule neVictoria Harbor. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi kufanele kwakhiwe amabhuloho nemihubhe. Lokhu kwaba umsebenzi wokwakha omkhulu kunayo yonke eyake yaba khona.

Amabhuloho Avelele Ahlanganisa Iziqhingi

Izinkulungwane zabantu ziya eNew Territories yaseHong Kong ukuze ziyobona osekuwuphawu lwezwe oludumile, iLantau Link, ehlanganisa iLantau Island nezwe. Inebhuloho elihlanganiswe ngamakhebuli aqinile, elixhumanisa iLantau Island neMa Wan Island encane, ibhuloho eliphakeme elinqamula phezu kweMa Wan, nebhuloho elinezinsika ngasemaphethelweni elibanjwe amakhebuli aqhelelene ngamamitha angu-1377, elixhuma iMa Wan Island nesiqhingi sesithathu, iTsing Yi. Lawa mabhuloho anemigwaqo engaphansi nengaphezulu, aphakathi kwamabhuloho alolu hlobo amade kunawo wonke emhlabeni, ahamba izimoto phezulu kanye nezitimela nemizila emibili yezimoto ngaphansi.

Amakhebuli asekela leli bhuloho elinezinsika ngasemaphethelweni abukeka engaqinile uma ukude. Uze uzibuze ukuthi onjiniyela babalisisa kahle yini noma ukuthi kazi ibhuloho alizuvuma yini phansi emanzini. Nokho uma usulibhekisisa uthola ukuthi amakhebuli aqinile. Amakhebuli awugqinsi olungamamitha angu-1,1 anezingcingo ezingamakhilomitha angu-160 000 ubude, ezanele ukuzongolozela umhlaba izikhathi ezine. Amakhebuli kudingeka aqine kangako ngoba kumelwe asekele izingxenye ezingu-95 zomgwaqo webhuloho ezakhelwe eceleni ezingamathani angu-500. Lapho la makhebuli eseqediwe, lezi zingxenye zathwalwa ngezikebhe zayiswa esizeni zabe seziphakanyiswa ukusuka emanzini.

Izakhamuzi eziseduze zajatshuliswa ukubuka izinsika ezisekela ibhuloho ngasemaphethelweni zikhuphuka. Izinsika zaphakanyiswa ngaphandle kwesikafula ngokuvamile esisetshenziswayo lapho kwakhiwa. Abakhi basebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-slipform. Ngale nqubo amafulemu okuthelwa kuwo ukhonkolo aphakanyiswa ngesineke ngaphandle kokuba kudingeke ukuba ahlukaniswe abuye axhunywe njalo. Njengoba kwakusetshenziswa le ndlela entsha, abakhi bamisa insika yebhuloho engamamitha angu-190 ngezinyanga ezintathu kuphela.

IHong Kong isendaweni yezivunguvungu. Izivunguvungu ziyolithinta kanjani ibhuloho? Ngo-1940 iTacoma Narrows Bridge yokuqala, eWashington, e-U.S.A., yabhidlika lapho umoya owawuvunguza ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-68 ngehora ulishwila sengathi lalenziwe ngoqalo. Kusukela lapho ukuklanywa kwamabhuloho kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu. La mabhuloho amasha aye aklanywa futhi ahlolwa ukuze akwazi ukumelana nesivunguvungu esivunguza ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-300 ngehora.

Ukusuka Esikhumulweni Sezindiza Uye Edolobheni Ngemizuzu Engu-23!

Kuyanqamulela ukuya esiQhingini saseHong Kong ngokwaso uma usuka esikhumulweni sezindiza esisha kunokusuka esikhumulweni sezindiza esiseKai Tak, ngisho noma kukude ngaphezu kokuphindwe kane. Ngani? Kunezitimela ezigijima ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-135 ngehora ziqonde esikhungweni sezamabhizinisi eHong Kong, esibizwa kufanele ngokuthi iCentral. Okokuqala zibonakala kahle izintaba zaseLantau eziwugwadule. Khona-ke, lapho isitimela sesidlule iziqhingi ezimbili ezweni, sishosholoza sidlule ethekwini lemikhumbi ethwala izimpahla laseKwai Chung elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Uma siqhubeka amakhilomitha amahlanu sifika eMong Kok, indawo ehlala abantu abangu-170 000. Sibe sesiqhubekela esikhungweni sabantu ababuka amazwe, iTsim Sha Tsui, bese siguduza emhubheni ongaphansi kwetheku, size siyofika eCentral emizuzwini engu-23 nje kuphela ngemva kokusuka esikhumulweni sezindiza!

Isikhumulo Sezindiza Sesikhathi Esizayo

Ngo-December 1992, iChek Lap Kok yayiyisiqhingi esinamadwala esingamahektare angu-302. Ngo-June 1995, yayisihlelenjwe yaba yithafa elingamahektare angu-1248 lesikhumulo sezindiza esisha futhi indawo eyizwe yaseHong Kong yayicishe ibe nkulu ngephesenti elilodwa kuphela. Ngesikhathi isiqhingi sokuqala sisahlelenjwa ngamathani angu-44 000 eziqhumane, iviyo elikhulu lemikhumbi yokugubha laletha inhlabathi esizeni eyayimbiwe phansi olwandle. Ngesikhathi kwakhiw’umshubo, kwakuvalwa indawo engaphezu kwamahektare amabili ngosuku. Ngokwesilinganiso, kwakulethwa amathani ayishumi empahla yokwakha umzuzwana ngamunye kwaze kwaphela izinyanga ezingu-31. Ngokushesha nje lapho izinkampani ezazakha iphansi ziqeda zihamba, abanye baqala umsebenzi wokwakha isikhumulo sezindiza ngokwaso.

USteve, owayehilelekile emsebenzini wokwakha, uveza ezinye izici eziphawulekayo: “Izindiza ezinkulu zanamuhla zingawulimaza umgwaqo wendiza owakhiwe kabi. Ngakho-ke kwasetshenziswa imishini emikhulu yokugandaya ukuba kugxishwe inhlabathi ngaphambi kokuba kuthelwe itiyela ngaphezulu. Ngesikhathi le mishini isiwuqedile umgwaqo wokuqala nezindawo eziqinile zokupaka izindiza, kulinganiselwa ukuthi yase ihlanganise ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-192 000, elilingana nokuzungeza umhlaba izikhathi ezinhlanu.

“Inkampani yethu yayenze isivumelwano sokwakha isikhungo esiyinhloko; sakha futhi samisa izinsimbi zophahla ezase zihlanganisiwe. Zazinesisindo esingamathani angu-150 iyinye. Sasebenzisa umshini wokuqukula izinto ezisindayo ukuze siziphakamisele ezinqoleni ezinamasondo amaningi ezazizithuthela esikhungweni esiyinhloko ngejubane elingamakhilomitha amabili ngehora.”

Lesi sikhungo asisona isakhiwo sikakhonkolo esinjengebhokisi. Kunalokho kwakugcizelelwa ukuba kwakhiwe indawo ekhanyayo nengena umoya eyayizojatshulelwa izisebenzi zasesikhumulweni sezindiza nabagibeli. Ngaphandle kwalokho, isikhumulo sezindiza sasiklanyelwe ukuyisa abagibeli lapho beya khona ngaphandle kokubabambezela. Abagibeli bangabe sebehleli endizeni emizuzwini engu-30 ngemva kokuba befikile lapho kuhlolwa khona amathikithi. Ukuze kungabi nesiminyaminya, kunesitimela esingenamshayeli esithutha abagibeli kusuka komunye umkhawulo wesikhungo kuya komunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokuhamba ezihanjiswa umshini ezingamakhilomitha angu-2,8 zenza kube lula kakhulu ngabagibeli abakhathele.

USteve uyaqhubeka: “Yeka ukuthi kuhluke kanjani kunaseKai Tak, eyayinabagibeli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-27 ngo-1995! Lesi sikhumulo sezindiza esisha singakwazi ukwamukela abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-35 nezimpahla ezingamathani ayizigidi ezintathu ngonyaka. Ekugcineni siyokwazi ukunakekela abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-87 nezimpahla ezingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-9!”

IHong Kong itshale izimali ezishisiwe kulo msebenzi wokwakha—cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-99 000, noma cishe amaRandi angu-15700 kumuntu ngamunye oyisakhamuzi saseHong Kong ezakhamuzini eziyizigidi ezingu-6,3. Kuthenjwa ukuthi isikhumulo sezindiza saseChek Lap Kok siyoyisiza iHong Kong ukuba ilondoloze ukuchuma kwayo kwamanje. Njengoba lokho kusazobonakala, iyodwa into okungaqinisekwa ngayo: Ukuthi cababa ngendiza eHong Kong kuyohlale kuyinto ekhumbulekayo.

[Ibalazwe ekhasini 12]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Umgwaqo Onqamulelayo I-Airport Railway

ISikhumulo Sezindiza SaseChek Lap Kok

Lantau Island

Umgwaqo Onqamulelayo OseNyakatho YeLantau

ILantau Link

IBhuloho IKap Shui Mun

IBhuloho ITsing Ma

Umgwaqo Onqamulelayo OseNtshonalanga YeKowloon

Kowloon

Isikhumulo Sezindiza SaseKai Tak

Hong Kong Island

[Isithombe ekhasini 13]

Ukwakha iBhuloho iTsing Ma

[Isithombe ekhasini 13]

New Airport Projects Co-ordination Office