Amalungelo Abantu Nokuphulwa Kwawo Namuhla
ABASHISEKELI bamalungelo abantu benze isimanga muva nje. Okokuqala, bahlanganise izinhlangano ezingaphezu kuka-1000 emazweni angu-60 babumba inhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi i-International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). Babe sebekhankasela isivumelwano somhlaba wonke esinqabela lezi ziqhumane. Ngemva kwalokho, i-ICBL kanye nomqondisi wayo ozikhandlayo, umshisekeli wamalungelo abantu waseMelika uJody Williams, bawina i-Nobel Peace Prize ka-1997.
Nokho, izenzo ezinjalo zihambisana namaqiniso abuhlungu. Njengoba i-Human Rights Watch World Report 1998 iphawula, amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke “asengaphansi kokuhlaselwa okukhulu.” Futhi akunakusolwa kuphela imibuso yomashiqela okuthiwa ayibalulekile. Lo mbiko uthi: “Imibuso emikhulu yabonisa ukuthambekela okukhulu kokungawashayi mkhuba amalungelo abantu uma ephazamisa izithakazelo zayo zezomnotho noma zezempi—okuyinkathazo evame eYurophu nase-United States.”
Abantu abayizigidi emhlabeni wonke bakuthola kunzima ukushalazela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Nsuku zonke basabhekana nokucwaswa, ubumpofu, indlala, ukushushiswa, ukudlwengulwa, ukuxhashazwa kwabantwana, ubugqila nokufa ngesihluku. Kulezi zisulu, izimo ezinhle zethemba ezichazwe ezincwadini eziningi zezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu azisho lutho. Eqinisweni, kubantu abaningi emhlabeni, ngisho namalungelo ayisisekelo aseziphakamisweni ezingu-30 ze-Universal Declaration of Human Rights ayizithembiso ezingafezeki. Ngokwesibonelo, ake ucabangele indlela amanye amalungelo aphakeme achazwe kulesi Simemezelo asebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Bonke Abantu Bayalingana?
Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi benesithunzi namalungelo alinganayo.—ISiphakamiso 1.
Amagama okuqala alotshwa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 1 se-Universal Declaration ayethi: ‘Bonke abantu [men] . . . bayalingana.’ Nokho, ukuze aqikelele ukuthi le nkulumo ayiqondwa njengesho ukuthi abesifazane babekelwa eceleni, amalungu esifazane ekhomishane ama kwelokuthi le nkulumo kufanele ishintshwe. Anqoba, futhi esikhundleni samagama athi ‘bonke abantu [men] . . . bayalingana,’ kwasetshenziswa amagama athi ‘bonke abantu [human beings] . . . bayalingana.’ (Omalukeke sizenzele.) Kodwa ingabe ukushintsha amagama alesi siphakamiso kwasishintsha isimo sabesifazane?
Ngo-December 10, 1997, uSuku Lwamalungelo Abantu, umkaMongameli wase-United States, uHillary Clinton, watshela i-UN ukuthi izwe lisaqhubeka “liphatha abesifazane njengokungathi bayizakhamuzi eziphansi.” Wanikeza izibonelo ezithile: Kubantu abampofu emhlabeni, abangamaphesenti angu-70 abesifazane. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezingane eziyizigidi ezingu-130 emhlabeni ezingafundi esikoleni amantombazane. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabantu abayizigidi ezingu-96 abangafundile emhlabeni abantu besifazane. Futhi abesifazane bayahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yobudlova basekhaya nobobulili, lobo uNkk. Clinton anezela ukuthi “buwukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu okungabikwa nokusakazeke kakhulu emhlabeni.”
Abanye besifazane baba yizisulu zobudlova ngisho nalapho bengakazalwa. Ikakhulukazi emazweni athile ase-Asia, abanye omama bakhipha izisu zamadodakazi angakazalwa ngoba befuna amadodana hhayi amadodakazi. Kwezinye izindawo ukuthandwa kwamadodana kuye kwenza ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezinquma ubulili bomntwana kwaba ibhizinisi elikhulu. Omunye umthola-mpilo ohlola ubulili babantwana wakhangisa ngezinkonzo zawo ngokusikisela ukuthi kungcono ukukhokha u-R228 manje ukuze ubulale umbungu wesifazane kunokukhipha u-R22 800 kamuva ukhokhela izimpahla zabasemzini ezikhishwa indodakazi. Izikhangiso ezinjalo ziyaphumelela. Ekuhloleni okwenziwa kwesinye isibhedlela esikhulu e-Asia kwatholakala ukuthi kwakubulawa imibungu engamaphesenti angu-95,5 okutholakala ukuthi kwakungeyabesifazane. Ukuthandwa kwamadodana kukhona nakwamanye amazwe omhlaba. Lapho owayeyingqwele yesibhakela e-United States ebuzwa ukuthi unabantwana abangaki, waphendula: “Indodana eyodwa namaphutha ayisikhombisa.” Incwadi ye-UN i-Women and Violence iphawula ukuthi “ukushintsha umbono abantu abanawo ngabesifazane kuyothatha isikhathi eside—abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kuyokwenzeka okungenani ngemva kwesizukulwane, noma mhlawumbe ngalé kwalokho.”
Izingane Ezingakujabuleli Ukuba Yizingane
Akukho muntu oyokwenziwa isigqila; ubugqila nokuhweba ngezigqila kunqatshelwe ngazo zonke izindlela.—ISiphakamiso 4.
Ezincwadini, ubugqila buqediwe. Ohulumeni baye basayina izivumelwano eziningi ezivimbela ubugqila ngokomthetho. Nokho, ngokwe-Anti-Slavery Society yaseBrithani, eyaziwa njengenhlangano endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni elwela amalungelo abantu, “namuhla kunezigqila eziningi kunanini ngaphambili.” Ubugqila banamuhla buhlanganisa ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukugqilazwa kwezingane ngomsebenzi kuthiwa kungolunye uhlobo lobugqila banamuhla.
UDerivan, umfana waseNingizimu Melika, uyisibonelo esidabukisayo salokhu. ‘Izandla zakhe seziphushukile ngenxa yokukha amacembe amaholo esitshalo i-sisal, esisetshenziselwa ukwenza omatilasi. Umsebenzi wakhe ukuthatha la macembe eshedeni awayise emshinini owagayayo ebangeni elingamafidi angu-300 [amamitha angu-90]. Ngemva kokusebenza amahora angu-12 ngosuku, usuke esethuthe ithani lonke lamacembe. UDerivan waqala ukusebenza lapho eneminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Namuhla uneminyaka engu-11 ubudala.’—World Press Review.
I-International Labour Office ilinganisela ukuthi izingane eziyizigidi ezingu-250 ezineminyaka ephakathi kweyisihlanu nengu-14 ziyasebenza namuhla—ziyibutho lezisebenzi ezisakhula eziyinani elilingana nengqikithi yabantu baseBrazil nabaseMexico! Eziningi zalezi zingane ezingakujabuleli ukuba yizingane zisebenza ezimayini, zidonsa imigqomo egcwele amalahle; zidavuza odakeni ziyovuna izilimo; noma zisebenza emshinini zenza omata. Ngisho nojahidada—abaneminyaka emithathu, emine nemihlanu ubudala—bahlanganiswa babe amaqembu ukuze bayotshala, bahlakule, futhi bavune emasimini kusukela ekuseni lize liyoshona. Umninipulazi othile ezweni lase-Asia uthi: “Izingane zishibhile kunogandaganda futhi zihlakaniphile kunezinkabi.”
Ukukhetha Nokushintsha Komuntu Inkolo Yakhe
Bonke abantu banelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, kanembeza neyenkolo; leli lungelo lihlanganisa nenkululeko yomuntu yokushintsha inkolo yakhe.—ISiphakamiso 18.
Ngo-October 16, 1997, iSishaya-mthetho se-UN sathola “umbiko wesikhashana ophathelene nokuqedwa kwalo lonke ubandlululo olungokwenkolo.” Lo mbiko, owawuhlelwe iNtatheli Ekhethekile ye-Commission on Human Rights, u-Abdelfattah Amor, ukhuluma ngokuphulwa okuqhubekayo kweSiphakamiso 18. Ukhuluma ngamazwe ahlukahlukene, lo mbiko ucaphuna izenzakalo eziningi ‘zokuhlukunyezwa, ukusongelwa, ukuphathwa kabi, ukuboshwa nokubulawa.’
Ngokufanayo, i-1997 Human Rights Reports, ehlanganiswe yi-U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ibonisa ukuthi ngisho namazwe anomlando omude wokubusa ngentando yeningi “afuna ukucindezela inkululeko yeqembu elihlukile lezinkolo ezincane, azibiza zonke ngokuthi ‘amahlelo.’” Izenzo ezinjalo zibangela ukukhathazeka. UWilly Fautré, ongumongameli wenhlangano ezinze eBrussels ebizwa ngokuthi i-Human Rights Without Frontiers, uyaphawula: “Inkululeko engokwenkolo ingolunye lwezimpawu ezingcono kakhulu ezibonisa isimo senkululeko yabantu kunoma imuphi umphakathi.”
Ukubulawa Yiqolo Kanti Nemali Incane
Wonke umuntu osebenzayo unelungelo lokuthola iholo elifanele neligculisayo elimenza yena nomkhaya wakhe baphile benesithunzi esifanele abantu.—ISiphakamiso 23.
Abavuni bomoba eCaribbean bangase bahole u-R18 ngosuku, kodwa izindleko zentela namathuluzi zibenza babe nesikweleti zisuka nje kubanikazi bezimoba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abatholi ukheshe kodwa banikezwa amaphepha okuthenga (ama-voucher). Futhi njengoba isitolo senkampani kamoba kuwukuphela kwesitolo laba bavuni abangaya kuso, bayaphoqeleka ukuba bathenge utelu, ilayisi nobhontshisi kuleso sitolo. Nokho, njengentela yokwamukela iphepha lokuthenga lesisebenzi, isitolo sibamba amaphesenti ayishumi kuya kwangu-20 enani lephepha lokuthenga. Ekhuluma ohlelweni lomsakazo lwe-UN, uBill O’Neill, iphini lomqondisi we-Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, wathi: “Lapho kuphela isikhathi sokuvuna, basuke sebengenamali ngemva kokusebenza kanzima amasonto amaningi, ngisho nezinyanga eziningi. Basuke bengalondoloze lutho, futhi sebedonse kanzima kuleyo nkathi.”
Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Kwabo Bonke?
Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokujabulela izinga lokuphila elifanele impilo nenhlalakahle yakhe neyomkhaya wakhe, kuhlanganise nokudla, izingubo zokugqoka, indlu nokunakekelwa kwempilo.—ISiphakamiso 25.
‘URicardo noJustina bangabalimi abampofu baseLatin America abaqhele ngamamayela angu-50 [80 km] edolobheni elingumakhelwane. Lapho indodakazi yabo encane uGemma, igula, bayiyisa emthola-mpilo oseduze ozimele, kodwa izisebenzi zabaxosha ngoba kwakusobala ukuthi uRicardo wayengenamali yokukhokha. Ngakusasa, uJustina waboleka imali komakhelwane ukuze akhokhele izinto zokuhamba futhi wathatha uhambo olude lokuya edolobheni. Ekugcineni lapho uJustina nomntanakhe befika esibhedlela sikahulumeni esincane kuleli dolobha, uJustina watshelwa ukuthi yayingekho indawo yokulala futhi kwakufanele abuye ngakusasa. Njengoba ayengenazihlobo kuleli dolobha futhi engenamali yokuqasha indawo yokulala, walala etafuleni emakethe yomphakathi. UJustina wagona umntanakhe emduduza futhi emvikela, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Ebusuku ngalolo suku uGemma osemncane washona.’—Human Rights and Social Work.
Emhlabeni wonke, umuntu oyedwa kwabane uciciyela ngemali engamaRandi ayisithupha ngosuku. Abantu abanjalo babhekene nenkinga embi kakhulu njengoRicardo noJustina: Izikhungo zokunakekelwa kwempilo ezizimele zikhona kodwa ziyabiza, kanti izikhungo zomphakathi zokunakekela impilo okungahlangatshezwana nezindleko zazo zona azikho. Ngokudabukisayo, nakuba abantu abampofu emhlabeni abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane benalo ‘ilungelo lokunakekelwa kwempilo,’ abakutholi ukunakekelwa kwempilo.
Uhlu lwezenzo ezisabisayo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu alupheli. Izimo ezinjengalezo ezibikwe ngenhla zingamakhulu ezigidi. Naphezu kwemizamo emikhulu yezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu nokuzinikela kwezinkulungwane zabashisekeli bamalungelo abantu, abadela ukuphila kwabo ukuze bathuthukise ukuphila kwamadoda, abesifazane nezingane emhlabeni wonke, ukuthi bonke abantu bayoke bawathole yini amalungelo abo, kuseyiphupho. Ingabe kuyoke kwenzeke? Ngokuqinisekile, kodwa kufanele kwenzeke izinguquko ezimbalwa kuqala. Isihloko esilandelayo sizocabangela ezimbili.
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 8]
Courtesy MgM Stiftung Menschen gegen Minen (www.mgm.org)
[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 9]
UN PHOTO 148051/J. P. Laffont—SYGMA
WHO photo/PAHO by J. Vizcarra