Ama-cameo Ase-Italy—Imiklamo Yobuciko Emincane
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! E-ITALY
Size eTorre del Greco, eThekwini laseNaples, ukuzobona ukukhiqizwa kweminye yemiklamo yobuciko eyenziwe ngesandla etholakala kule ngxenye ye-Italy. Sikhuluma ngama-cameo—izinto zokuhloba eziyigugu eziqoshwe emagobolondweni ezilwane zasolwadle. Sihlela ukuvakashela elinye lamashabhu amaningi ama-cameo kuleli dolobha, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba siqale, mhlawumbe ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngama-cameo nangomlando wawo omude.
AMA-CAMEO ngamatshe ayigugu, amatshe aqinile, noma amagobolondo aqoshiwe. I-agate, i-onyx, i-sardonyx nama-conch athile ayafaneleka kakhulu ukwenza lo msebenzi, njengoba imibala yawo ehlukahlukene iwenza abe mahle. Isu elisetshenziswayo kuthiwa lifana nelokuqopha izithombe kodwa ezincane.
Ama-cameo amaningi enziwe ngamatshe aqinile noma ayigugu asukela ezikhathini zamaPheresiya nezamaGreki namaRoma, okufakazela ukuthi ayeyintandokazi ezikhathini zasendulo. Ama-cameo amagobolondo awamuva nje. Amaparele acwebezelayo asegobolondweni ayesetshenziswa eFrance, eJalimane naseFlanders phakathi nekhulu le-14 nele-15. Izinto zobuciko zamagobolondo kubonakala sengathi zazaziswa kakhulu ezigodlweni zaseFrance ezicebile neziphucuzekile. Ukuhamba kuyofunwa izinto okwakwenziwa ngaleyo minyaka kwabangela ukuthutheleka kwezinto eziyivelakancane nezingavamile eYurophu—amagobolondo amakhulu ezimfudu, amazinyo e-narwhal, itshe eliyigugu eliluhlaza, eliphuzi namagobolondo ezilwane zasolwandle ayinqaba. Lokhu kwavusa isithakazelo sesayensi yezinto zemvelo futhi kwashukumisa ikhono lokubona ngeso lengqondo lezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla, abenzi bezinto zokuhloba eziyigugu nabaqophi. Ngokunokwenzeka phakathi nekhulu le-16, ama-conch ohlobo lweCassidae neCypraeidae atholakala ekufanelekela kakhulu ukuqopha ama-cameo.
Ngenkathi eyayibizwa ngokuthi eyobuciko kwavuselelwa isithakazelo ebucikweni basendulo, futhi phakathi nekhulu le-18, ama-cameo amagobolondo achuma naphezu kokuba abanye babengawafuni bethi awanalo iqophelo eliphakeme ngenxa yokuthi igobolondo linenani elincane kunamatshe ayigugu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi inani lezikhungo ezikhiqiza ama-cameo liye lehla. Lobu buciko manje busasele emadolobheni amabili—e-Idar-Oberstein, eJalimane, eyenza kakhulu ama-agate enziwa ngomshini, naseTorre del Greco, e-Italy, lapho ama-cameo amagobolondo esenziwa khona ngesandla.
Manje njengoba sesinolwazi oluthile ngomsuka wawo, ake sihambe siyobona ukuthi ama-cameo amagobolondo anamuhla enziwa kanjani.
Eshabhu Lama-cameo
Ishabhu esizovakashela kulo lisemgwaqweni omncane enkabeni yeTorre del Greco. Ibhentshi lengcweti ligcwele amathuluzi nama-cameo asemaqophelweni ahlukahlukene okwenziwa. Sibamba ongezansi uma sibona indlela enhle ngayo le ayiqedelayo—isimo sasemaphandleni esiyinkimbinkimbi esinezici eziningana.
Amagobolondo okwenziwa ngawo ama-cameo avela eBahamas kanye nakwezinye izindawo zaseCaribbean nasemanzini asogwini lweMpumalanga Afrika. Izinhlobo ezihlukene zamagobolondo zikhiqiza ama-cameo anemibala ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, lawo aqoshwe nge-Cassis madagascariensis (ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi igobolondo i-sardonyx) anomklamo omhlophe phezulu onsundu ngaphansi; lawo aqoshwe nge-Cypraecassis rufa (igobolondo i-carnelian) anemibala ekhanyayo nensundu ngokubomvu. Ayigugu kakhulu yilawo anemibala ehlukene kakhulu.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukusika indebe—ingxenye yegobolondo ezosetshenziswa—ngensingo epholiswe ngamanzi. Indlela azoma ngayo ama-cameo azokhiqizwa, ngokuvamile amise okweqanda noma ayindilinga, ibhalwa ngaphakathi kwendebe, ebe isisikwa yenziwe cishe izingcezu ezincane ezinezinhlangothi eziningana. Ngokuvamile kungenziwa i-cameo eyodwa enkulu namabili amancane kuphela egobolondweni elivamile. Kudingeka iso eliqeqeshiwe ukuze libone ukuthi igobolondo elithile lingakhipha okungakanani, okungukuthi, kufanele lisikwe ngayiphi indlela. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kunamaqhubu amathathu egobolondweni, kungase kuvuleke amathuba okuba kukhishwe izithombe ezintathu. Uma selusikiwe, ucezu ngalunye lulolongwa ngendlela efunekayo ngesondo lokukhuhla. Lube selunanyathiselwa othini lokhuni olufushane, ukuze kube lula ukulubamba, bese luncwelwa kahle ngaphandle luze lube ugqinsi olufanele. Manje ingcweti ivumela ukuma kwegobolondo kube yikho okunquma ukuthi izoqopha into enjani. Idweba ngokushesha ngepensela ngaphandle bese iqala ukuqopha.
Umshini kagesi wokuhhudla—umshini wokubhola onesigudlo—usetshenziselwa ukususa okungafuneki. Uma umklamo sewenziwe, uqala ukuwuqopha ngesandla ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene nabukhali kakhulu okuthiwa ama-burin. Umklamo kufanele uqale ekujuleni lapho igobolondo lishintsha khona umbala usuka kokhanyayo uya konsundu. Ngokusika ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene, ingcweti enekhono ingenza izembozo ezibonisa ngale. Ekugcineni isithombe esihle esiyinkimbinkimbi esinsundu ngaphansi sesiphelile!
Ziningi izinto ezingase zenziwe. Mhlawumbe uke wasibona isithombe sentokazi enesizotha—esiyintandokazi. Izithombe ezincane noma izimbali zisetshenziswa njengezindandatho noma amacici. Ama-cameo amakhulu, angaba amamilimitha angu-75, asetshenziselwa ukwenza izifaso noma imihlobiso elengayo futhi angaklama izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi—izithombe zezwe nendawo yasemaphandleni noma izinto zasendulo. Enkulu kunawo wonke, engamamilimitha angu-200, ingase ifakwe efulemini noma ibekwe phezu kwezinto zokubeka imihlobiso. Inani lawo alincikile ekutheni makhulu kangakanani noma kusetshenziswe ziphi izinto kuphela kodwa nasebucikweni nasekucopheleleni lapho enziwa. Amanye awumsebenzi wobuciko ngempela.
Ngenxa yokuthi ingcweti iqondiswa futhi kufanele isebenzise ukushintshashintsha kwezinto esebenza ngazo ukuze ikhiqize isithombe esiphelele, ngeke kuze kwenzeke ukuwenza ngomshini ama-cameo amagobolondo, futhi alikho eliyoke lifane nsé nelinye. Ngempela ayimihlobiso evelele nejabulisayo—imiklamo emincane yobuciko bangempela.
[Izithombe ekhasini 16]
UKWENZA I-“CAMEO”
Amagobolondo okwenziwa ngawo ama-“cameo”
Kusikwa indebe ukuze kwenziwe ama-“cameo”
Indlela ezokuma ngayo i-“cameo” ibhalwa endebeni
Indebe iyasikwa ibe cishe ubukhulu obufunekayo
Ngemva kokulolonga indebe, ingcweti imatasa ebhentshini layo
[Isithombe ekhasini 17]
I-Gemma Augustea, eyenziwa phakathi kuka-10 C.E. no-20 C.E. Inobukhulu obungamasentimitha angu-19 ububanzi nangu-23 ubude
[Umthombo]
Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY