Ingabe Abashisekeli Bezinguquko Banalo Ikhambi?
UKUKHWABANISA kwezentengiselwano, ukusetshenziswa komthetho ngokukhetha, ukungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalo, izinga eliphansi lokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo esezingeni eliphansi, ukukhohliswa egameni lenkolo, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo—lezi zinto zishiya iningi lethu lidumazekile. Yizo futhi lezi zinto ezishukumisa abashisekeli bezinguquko ukuba bathathe isinyathelo.
Abashisekeli bezinguquko batholakala cishe kuyo yonke imiphakathi, lapho bekhuthaza khona ushintsho ngendlela ehlelekile nehambisana nomthetho. Ngokuvamile, abazona izidlamlilo noma abavukeli, njengoba abashisekeli bezinguquko abaningi behambisana nomthetho futhi bebugwema ubudlova. Abambalwa kulaba bashisekeli bezinguquko banezikhundla ezihlonishwayo emphakathini futhi bathatha isinyathelo kuqala ekuletheni ushintsho. Abanye bathonya futhi bagqugquzele labo abanegunya ukuba bathathe isinyathelo esithile.
Abashisekeli bezinguquko bazama ukwenza umphakathi uhlaziye indlela osingatha ngayo izinto. Abasukeleki nje babhikishe; banamasu okuthi izinto zingathuthukiswa kanjani. Ukuze baqokomise izikhalo zabo, bangase banxuse umphakathi, babhikishe emigwaqweni, noma bafune ukuba udaba lwabo luvezwe emithonjeni yezindaba. Into embi kakhulu engehlela umshisekeli wezinguquko ukuba umphakathi ungamshayi mkhuba.
Abashisekeli Bezinguquko Emlandweni
Kuwo wonke umlando bekulokhu kuba nezinkathi zezinguquko. IBhayibheli lisitshela ukuthi eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 000 edlule, isikhulumi esithile sasobala sancoma uFeliksi, umbusi wesifundazwe samaRoma saseJudiya, ngala mazwi: “Kwenzeka izinguquko kulesi sizwe ngenxa yokucabanga kwakho kusengaphambili.” (IzEnzo 24:2) Eminyakeni engaba ngu-500 ngaphambi kukaFeliksi, ilungu lesishaya-mthetho elingumGreki uSolon lagqugquzela izinguquko zokuthuthukisa ukuphila kwabampofu. I-Encyclopædia Britannica ichaza ukuthi uSolon “waziqeda izimo ezimbi ezazibangelwa ubumpofu” e-Athene lasendulo.
Umlando wenkolo uqukethe abashisekeli abaningi bezinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, uMartin Luther wazama ukuguqula iSonto LamaRoma Katolika, futhi isinyathelo sakhe saba nengxenye ekwakhekeni kobuProthestani.
Izinga Lezinguquko
Abashisekeli bezinguquko bangase bazame ukushintsha nezinto ezivamile ezingasho lutho. Abanye bakhuthaza ngokuyinhloko indlela yokuphila ehlukile. Yilokho okwenziwa inhlangano i-Lebensreform (ukuguqula indlela yokuphila) eJalimane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngenxa yokwanda okukhulu kwezezimboni emphakathini, abantu abaningi babenomuzwa wokuthi ukuphila kwase kubuswa kakhulu yimishini futhi kuyisicefe. Abashisekeli bezinguquko bakhuthaza ukuba kubuyelwe ekuphileni ngendlela engokwemvelo. Bakhuthaza ukuvivinya umzimba, ukukhuthalela ukwenza imisebenzi eyenziwa ngaphandle, ukusebenzisa amakhambi emvelo, nokudla imifino.
Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko badalula ukungabi nabulungisa bese becindezela uhulumeni ukuba alungise isimo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, amaqembu abashisekeli bokuvikelwa kwemvelo aye amelana nokusetshenziswa kabi nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Amanye alawo maqembu aye akhula aba yizinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Abashisekeli benza okungaphezu nje kokubhikishela izinto eziyingozi emvelweni. Banikeza nokusikisela kokuthi isimo singalungiswa kanjani. Phakathi kokunye, baye basiza ekushintsheni umthetho-sisekelo mayelana nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu enobuthi olwandle kanye nokuzingelwa kwemikhomo.
Ngawo-1960, uMkhandlu Wesibili WeVatican waqala izinguquko eSontweni LamaRoma Katolika. Ngawo-1990 kwavela nabanye abashisekeli bezinguquko phakathi kwabantu abavamile eSontweni LamaKatolika. Ngokwesibonelo, basikisela ukuba kube noshintsho endabeni yokungashadi. Abashisekeli bezinguquko eSontweni LaseSheshi bagqugquzela ushintsho oluvumela ukugcotshwa kwabesifazane njengabefundisi.
Azithandwa Yibo Bonke
Izinguquko ezithile ziye zaba nemiphumela emihle kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, eBhayibhelini kunezibonelo eziningi zabaholi bezizwe nabanye abaletha izinguquko ezinhle. Imizamo yabo yaletha ukuvuselelwa ngokomoya, izinguquko emphakathini, nokwamukelwa nguNkulunkulu. (2 AmaKhosi 22:3-20; 2 IziKronike 33:14-17; Nehemiya, izahluko 8 no-9) Ezikhathini zamuva nje, ukugcizelelwa kakhulu kwenkululeko eyisisekelo, amalungelo ezakhamuzi nawomuntu siqu kuye kwafeza lukhulu ekuvikeleni imiphakathi emincane ecindezelwe nabantu abashushiswayo.
Nokho, lapho izinguquko seziqalile, zivame ukuba nemiphumela engalindelekile. UJohn W. Gardner, isikhulu sikahulumeni sekhulu lama-20, wathi: “Kungenye yezindida ezinkulu emlandweni ukuthi abashisekeli bezinguquko bavame ukuba nombono oyiphutha ngemiphumela yezinguquko abazifunayo.” Cabangela izibonelo ezithile.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, i-European Community yaqala izinguquko zezolimo ezazihloselwe ukuthuthukisa izindawo ezinohlaza nezinkangala okwakungamili lutho kuzo. Izimiso ezintsha zezolimo zenza kwatholakala indawo elinywayo engaphezu kwamahektare angu-300 000 eJalimane nase-Italy eyayekwa yaba indawo yohlaza. Nakuba izinhloso zazizinhle, kwakunezingozi ezazingabonwanga kusengaphambili. I-United Nations Environment Programme yathi: “Nakuba ekuqaleni lokhu kwamukelwa njengethuba lokuthuthukisa ukubaluleka kwalezi zindawo emvelweni, ‘ukuba nezindawo ezingalinywa’ nako kungaba nemiphumela engathandeki—kwenze abantu bayeke ukulima okuvamile basebenzise izindlela ezingafanele zokunakekela noma zokutshala amahlathi.”
Ngokuphathelene nemizamo yokusiza abampofu, i-International Fund for Agricultural Development yathi: “Yonke imizamo yokusiza abampofu ngokushintsha izinhlangano ibhekene nenkinga enkulu. Ngokuvamile izinhlangano zakhiwa futhi ziqondiswe ngokwenzuzo yabantu abanegunya. . . . ‘Abantu abanegunya’ bathambekele ekuphatheni izinhlangano zendawo ngendlela ezuzisa bona.”
Esinye isibonelo yizinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abesifazane, ezashintsha ukuphila kwabesifazane emazweni aseNtshonalanga ngokubatholela izinto ezinjengamalungelo okuvota namathuba angcono emfundo ephakeme nemisebenzi. Kodwa ngisho nabasekeli abathile benkululeko yabesifazane bayavuma ukuthi ukulwela amalungelo abesifazane kwaxazulula izinkinga ezithile kodwa kwabhebhethekisa ezinye. Umlobi uSusan Van Scoyoc wabuza: “Ingabe siye sakuthuthukisa ngempela ukuphila kwabesifazane, noma ingabe ngokulindela ukuba abesifazane babe namalungelo alingana nawabesilisa emsebenzini ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ukuphila kwabo kwasekhaya, siye sababangela usizi olukhulu ngokwengeziwe?”
Izinguquko Ezingasizi
Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko baye basolwa ngokuthi baphishekela izinguquko ukuze nje bashintshe izinto kungadingekile. Echaza lokho akubiza ngokuthi izinguquko ezingasizi, uFrederick Hess, oye wacwaninga ngezinguquko kwezezikole, wathi: “Into eyenza imizamo yokuletha izinguquko ezinkulu ibe nemiphumela emibi uhlobo lomkhankaso wezinguquko ngokwawo. Esikhundleni sokuxazulula izinkinga, lezi zinguquko ziye zaba yiziphazamiso ezihehayo empeleni eziye zabhebhethekisa” izinkinga obekufanele zizixazulule. Uyaqhubeka: “Ngenxa yokuthi indikimba ngayinye yabaphathi ithambekele ekusunguleni izinguquko ezintsha, yonke le nqubo iqala phansi njalo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa.”
Izinguquko zingase futhi zigcine sezikhuthaze umgomo ohlukile, ngezinye izikhathi oyingozi. Inhlangano i-Lebensreform eJalimane yaba nengxenye ekuqaleni imfundiso yama-eugenics, izifundo zendlela yokuthuthukisa uhlanga lwesintu ngokukhetha abazali abazozala izingane ezivelele. Nokho, abashisekeli abeqisayo balusebenzisa kabi lolu lwazi ukuze basekele amaNazi emzabalazweni wawo wokwakha uhlanga oluyingqayizivele.
Ngisho nabasekeli abashisekela izinguquko ngezinye izikhathi bayadumala ngemiphumela. UNobhala-Jikelele we-UN uKofi Annan wakhononda: “Ngicabanga ukuthi okukhungathekisa kakhulu ukuthi sonke siyazi ukuthi konakelephi nokuthi yini okufanele siyenze, kodwa ngokuvamile siyehluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo. Ngezinye izikhathi umnyango kanobhala-jikelele unikezwa iziyalo zokuba wenze okuthile ngesimo, kodwa azikho izimali zokufeza lezo zinqumo. Ngezinye izikhathi, lapho kwenzeka izinto ezishaqisayo futhi sifuna ukushukumisa unembeza wamazwe omhlaba, akekho ofuna ukuthatha isinyathelo ngenxa yesimo esibi ahlangabezana naso esikhathini esidlule.”
Abashisekeli bezinguquko abanakulindela ukuba bathandwe, ngoba ngokuqokomisa izinhloso zabo, benza ukuphila kwabanye kungajabulisi. “Umshisekeli wezinguquko ubelokhu eyiva enyameni,” kusho uJürgen Reulecke, uprofesa womlando wanamuhla futhi oyisazi sabashisekeli bezinguquko owacashunwa ephephandabeni i-Zeit. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba abashisekeli abaningi bezinguquko benamathela emthethweni futhi begwema ubudlova, abanye baphelelwa yisineke uma intuthuko ingasheshi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, inhlangano elwela izinguquko ingase iveze izidlamlilo eziphula umthetho.
Ingabe izinguquko ezisabalele eminyakeni yamuva nje ziye zenza abantu baneliswa ekuphileni? Akubonakali kunjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane, izinhlolo-vo zibonisa ukuthi kule minyaka engu-35 edlule, izinga lokwaneliseka ngokuphila cishe alishintshanga. Kuthiwani ngenkolo? Ingabe izinguquko zezenkolo ziye zadonsa abakhulekeli abengeziwe? Ingabe abakhulekeli baneliseke kangcono ngenkolo? Cha, njengoba kufakazelwa yiqiniso lokuthi amazwe aseNtshonalanga asephishekela iminako yezwe ngokwengeziwe futhi abantu abasakhangwa yinkolo engokwesiko.
Ingabe UJesu Kristu Wayengumshisekeli Wezinguquko?
Abanye bangase bathi uJesu Kristu wayengumshisekeli wezinguquko. Ingabe lokho kuyiqiniso? Lo mbuzo ubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuba inceku kaNkulunkulu yeqiniso, ngoba lokho kuhilela ukuba umlandeli wezinyathelo zikaKristu.—1 Petru 2:21.
Akungabazeki ukuthi uJesu wayenekhono lokuletha izinguquko. Njengomuntu ophelele, wayengashisa izikhotha ngezinguquko ezibabazekayo nezinqubo ezintsha. Nokho, uKristu akazange aqale umkhankaso wokuqeda izikhulu ezikhohlakele noma osomabhizinisi abangathembekile emhlabeni. Akazange ahole imibhikisho yasemgwaqweni elwa nokungabi nabulungisa, nakuba yena ngokwakhe ayezoba yisisulu esingenacala sokusontwa okukhulu kobulungisa. Ngezinye izikhathi, uJesu ‘wayengenandawo yokubeka ikhanda.’ Noma kunjalo, akazange aqale iqembu labakhonondi ukuze aqokomise izidingo zabangenamakhaya. Lapho abanye beveza ukukhathazeka kwabo ngemali, wachaza: “Abampofu ninabo ngaso sonke isikhathi.” UJesu wahlala engathathi hlangothi ezingxabanweni zezwe.—Mathewu 8:20; 20:28; 26:11; Luka 12:13, 14; Johane 6:14, 15; 18:36.
Yiqiniso, izinkinga ezinjengobumpofu, ukukhohlakala nokungabi nabulungisa zazimthinta uKristu ngokomzwelo. Eqinisweni, iBhayibheli libonisa ukuthi sasimdabukisa kakhulu isimo sesintu esilusizi. (Marku 1:40, 41; 6:33, 34; 8:1, 2; Luka 7:13) Kodwa wabathembisa ikhambi eliyingqayizivele. Ikhambi uKristu abathembisa lona akuzona izinguquko nje ezincane, kodwa wabathembisa ushintsho oluphelele endleleni izindaba zesintu ezinakekelwa ngayo. Lolu shintsho luyolethwa uMbuso wasezulwini owasungulwa uMdali wesintu, uJehova uNkulunkulu, futhi oyophathwa uJesu Kristu njengeNkosi. Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni esilandelayo.
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 6]
“Kungenye yezindida ezinkulu emlandweni ukuthi abashisekeli bezinguquko bavame ukuba nombono oyiphutha ngemiphumela yezinguquko abazifunayo.”—UJohn W. Gardner
[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 8]
“Ngafaka Ukuphila Kwami Engozini Ukuze Ngivikele Imvelo”
UHans wayeyitilosi iminyaka engu-48, kuhlanganise neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-35 engukaputeni womkhumbi. Lapho esezothatha umhlalaphansi, wayesengukaputeni womkhumbi owawusetshenziswa yinhlangano evikela imvelo. Uyachaza:
“Ngangilokhu ngikholelwa ukuthi abantu kufanele bahloniphe imvelo futhi bayiphathe ngendlela efanele. Ngakho lapho nginikezwa ithuba lokuba ukaputeni womkhumbi weqembu elivikela imvelo, ngavumela phezulu. Umsebenzi wethu kwakuwukudalula izinto ezisongela imvelo. Lapho nje sesihlele umkhankaso wasolwandle, sasihilela abemithombo yezindaba ukuze sidonse amehlo omphakathi. Sasiya olwandle futhi sizame ukunqanda ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi nezinto ezinobuthi. Komunye umkhankaso, sazama ukuvimbela ukubulawa kwezimvu zamanzi namazinyane azo.
“Lo msebenzi wawudinga isibindi. Ngafaka ukuphila kwami engozini ukuze ngivikele imvelo. Komunye umbhikisho, ngazibophela ngozankosi ehangeni lomkhumbi ngagcina sengicwile ngashona nalo phansi ekujuleni kolwandle. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngangisesikebheni senjoloba esasihamba eceleni komkhumbi omkhulu. Othile wajikijela umgqomo omkhulu wensimbi osindayo esikebheni sethu, okwasenza sagingqika. Ngalimala kabi kakhulu.”
Ekugcineni uHans waqaphela ukuthi nakuba izinhloso zale nhlangano zazizinhle, wayefaka ukuphila kwakhe engozini kuyilapho emancane amathuba okuletha izinguquko ezihlala njalo emvelweni. (UmShumayeli 1:9) Ngemva nje kokushiya le nhlangano yokuvikela imvelo, watadisha iBhayibheli noFakazi BakaJehova futhi waba uFakazi obhapathiziwe. Namuhla uyisikhonzi sesikhathi esigcwele. “IBhayibheli langisiza ukuba ngiqaphele ukuthi okuwukuphela kwethemba elingokoqobo lokunakekela imvelo liyotholakala ngoMbuso kaNkulunkulu ngoMesiya.”
[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 9]
Wayelwela Izinguquko
USara (akulona igama lakhe langempela) wazalelwa e-Asia maphakathi nawo-1960. Wayesevile eminyakeni eyishumi nambili lapho izinguquko ezenzeka ezweni lakubo zibangela ukuba kumiswe umbuso omusha, owathembisa ukuletha izinguquko zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Ekuqaleni, izakhamuzi zezwe lakubo zalujabulela lolu shintsho, kodwa kungakapheli ngisho nonyaka, lo hulumeni omusha waqala ukushushisa ababephikisana nawo, njengoba kwakwenze uhulumeni omdala. Abantu abaningi badumala, ngakho uSara wahileleka emzamweni owawuhleliwe wokuphikisana nalo hulumeni omusha. Uyachaza:
“Iqembu lethu elaliphikisa laliba nemihlangano, futhi sasibhikisha obala. Ngangisenhloko-dolobha nginamathisela amaphepha ezindongeni ngisakaza namapheshana lapho ngiboshwa amabutho empi. Ekugcineni, angidedela. Abanye eqenjini lethu kwabahambela kabi. Abesifazane ababili ababengabangane bami baboshwa babulawa. Ukuphila kwami kwakusengozini, ngakho ubaba wangikhuthaza ukuba ngeqe.”
Lapho efika eYurophu, uSara watadisha iBhayibheli futhi wabhapathizwa njengomunye woFakazi BakaJehova. Namuhla uyisikhonzi sesikhathi esigcwele. Lapho ebheka okwenzeka, uSara uthi:
“Ngangilangazela ubulungisa nekhambi lezinkinga zethu zenhlalo. Ngaqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni omusha wezwe lakithi ekuqaleni wawunezinhloso ezifanayo kodwa weqisa kakhulu kangangokuthi walahlekelwa yimigomo yawo wabe usuqala ukucindezela umphakathi. Ngaqaphela futhi ukuthi iqembu lababhikishi engangizibandakanye nalo lalingenawo amakhambi ezinkinga zezwe lakithi. (IHubo 146:3, 4) Manje ngiyaqaphela ukuthi ikhambi lazo zonke izinkinga zesintu uMbuso kaNkulunkulu ngoMesiya.”
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
“Ngicabanga ukuthi okukhungathekisa kakhulu ukuthi sonke siyazi ukuthi konakelephi nokuthi yini okufanele siyenze, kodwa ngokuvamile siyehluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo.”—UNobhala-Jikelele we-UN uKofi Annan
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
UDonga LwaseBerlin lwawa ngo-1989
[Isithombe ekhasini 8]
Ingabe izinguquko zezenkolo ziye zadonsa abakhulekeli abengeziwe?
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 5]
Top right: U.S. Information Agency photo
[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 7]
Kofi Annan: UN/DPI photo by Evan Schneider (Feb97); background: WHO/OXFAM