Ukungabi Nakhaya Kubangelwa Yini? — Watchtower UMTAPO OKUYI-INTHANETHI

Ukungabi Nakhaya Kubangelwa Yini?

“EMHLABENI WONKE kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu abangenamakhaya,” kubika inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene. Uma leli nani linembile, lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-60 noma ngaphezulu akanayo indawo efanele yokuhlala! Noma kunjalo, kunzima ukuthola ukuthi ingakanani ngempela le nkinga. Kungani?

Incazelo yokungabi nakhaya iyahlukahluka kuye ngezindawo. Izinqubo nemigomo yalabo abacwaninga ngale nkinga kuthonya indlela abakuchaza ngayo. Incazelo yabo ithinta izibalo abazishicilelayo. Ngakho kunzima, futhi kucishe kube okungenakwenzeka, ukuthola ukuthi inkulu kangakanani le nkinga.

Incwadi ethi Strategies to Combat Homelessness, eyakhishwa yi-United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, ichaza ukungabi nakhaya njengesimo “sokungabi nezindlu ezisezingeni elamukelekayo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa zonke izimo ezingaphansi kwezinga elingase libhekwe njengelifanele” umphakathi okuhlala kuwo abantu abangenamakhaya. Abanye bangahlala emigwaqweni noma ezakhiweni eziwohlokayo noma ezishiyiwe, kuyilapho abanye bengase bahlale emahositela. Nokho abanye bathola indawo yokuhlala yesikhashana kubangane. Noma ngabe yikuphi, ukuhlola okufanayo kuthi: “Ukungabi nakhaya komuntu othile kuveza isimo sokuthi ‘kunokuthile okufanele kwenzelwe’ lowo muntu oyisisulu saleso simo.”

Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ePoland, izwe elinabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-40, kunabantu abangaba ngu-300 000 abangenawo amakhaya. Akekho owaziyo ngempela ukuthi bangaki, ngoba abanayo indawo eqondile eyaziwayo futhi bathutha njalo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi inani labo langempela licishe libe yingxenye yesigidi!

Njengoba ukungabi nakhaya kwande kangaka, kungenzeka othile omaziyo ubhekene nakho. Ukukhala kwabangenamakhaya kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba laba bantu bazithole bengenazo izindlu ezifanelekile? Baphila kanjani? Ubani obasizayo? Futhi libaphatheleni ikusasa?

Ukuphuma Ungena Enkingeni Yokungabi Nakhaya

USabrinaa ungumama ongayedwa ovela emphakathini ompofu eHarlem, ingxenye yeNew York City. Washiya isikole esiphakeme ngemva kwebanga lesi-8. USabrina uhlala nezingane zakhe ezincane ezintathu ezikhungweni zikamasipala zabangenamakhaya. Uhlala efulethini elinekamelo elilodwa nabafana bakhe abathathu—onezinyanga eziyishumi, oneminyaka emithathu, noneminyaka eyishumi. Umasipala ubenzela la malungiselelo abantu abangenayo indawo ephephile yokuhlala.

USabrina wayeka ukuhlala nonina eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Kusukela lapho wahlala nesoka lakhe, wahlala nabangane kanye nezihlobo, lapho izinto sezizimbi wagcina esehlala ezikhungweni zabangenamakhaya. USabrina uthi: “Ngiye ngabamba amatoho, esikhathini esiningi ngiluka izinwele zabantu ukuze ngithole imali, kodwa engxenyeni enkulu yokuphila kwami, bengilokhu ngisizwa abezenhlalakahle.”

Kuyindida ukuthi izinkinga zikaSabrina, njengoba kuboniswa kumagazini i-Parents, zaqala lapho ethola umsebenzi omuhle njengomhlanzi ehhotela. Njengoba ayesebenza lapho, wayehola imali eningi ukuthi angafanelekela ukusizwa abezenhlalakahle kodwa futhi ingenele ukukhokhela zonke izindleko zakhe, ezihlanganisa indlu, ukudla, okokwembatha, izinto zokuhamba kanye nokunakekela izingane. Ngakho, wakuthola kunzima ukukhokhela indawo yokuhlala futhi umninindawo wazama ukumkhipha endlini. Ekugcineni, uSabrina wayeka umsebenzi wakhe wayohlala esikhungweni sesikhashana sabangenamakhaya kwaze kwaba yilapho sekutholakala indawo ahlala kuyo manje.

“Bekulokhu kunzima ezinganeni zami,” kusho uSabrina. “Indodana yami endala isifunde ezikoleni ezintathu ezihlukene. Kufanele ngabe isebangeni lesithathu kulo nyaka, kodwa iye yabuyiselwa ebangeni lesibili . . . Kuye kwadingeka ukuba sishintshashintshe izindawo zokuhlala kakhulu.” USabrina usohlwini lwabalindele izindlu ezixhaswe uhulumeni.

Kwabaningi abangenayo nhlobo indawo yokuhlala, uSabrina ubonakala esenhlanhleni. Nokho, akubona bonke abantu abangenamakhaya ababheka izindawo zabangenamakhaya njengesisombululo. Ngokwe-Polish Community Help Committee, abanye “bayayesaba imithetho ebekelwa labo abahlala ezikhungweni zabangenamakhaya” futhi bayalwenqaba usizo olunikezwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, labo abahlala ezikhungweni zabangenamakhaya kulindelwe ukuba basebenze futhi bangabuthinti utshwala nezidakamizwa. Akubona bonke abazimisele ukulalela lokhu. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abangenamakhaya bangatholakala belele eziteshini zesitimela, ezitebhisini, emagumbini angaphansi kwezakhiwo nasemabhentshini asemapaki, ngaphansi kwamabhuloho nasezindaweni zezimboni, kuye ngokuthi yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Izimo ezifanayo zigcwele umhlaba wonke.

Incwadi ethile ephathelene nalolu daba ibala izimbangela eziningi zokungabi namakhaya ePoland. Zihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, izikweletu nezinkinga zemikhaya. Kunenkinga yezindlu ezinganele zabantu asebekhulile, abakhubazekile nabantu abanesandulela-ngculaza. Abantu abaningi abangenamakhaya banezinkinga zengqondo kanye nezingokomzimba noma zokuba imilutha yezidakamizwa, ikakhulu utshwala. Abesifazane abaningi abangenamakhaya baye bashiya—noma babalekela—abayeni babo, noma baye baxoshwa emizini yabo, noma banomlando wokudayisa ngomzimba. Kubonakala sengathi bonke abantu abangenamakhaya banomlando odabukisayo.

Baphoqwa Yizimo

UStanisława Golinowska, uchwepheshe kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, uthi: “Lapha [ePoland] akekho umuntu ongenakhaya ngenxa nje yokuthi uye wakhetha ukwenza kanjalo. . . . Kunalokho, kungenxa yokwehluleka okuningi ekuphileni, okuye kwaholela ekucindezelekeni nasekuphelelweni isithakazelo sokuphila.” Ukungabi nakhaya kubonakala sengathi kwehlela abantu, okuthi ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, bazizwe bengasakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye baye bakhululwa emajele, kodwa ngokudabukisayo bathola imizi yabo icekelwe phansi. Abanye baye bakhishwa emizini yabo. Abanye baye balahlekelwa imizi yabo ngenxa yezinhlekelele zemvelo.b

Ukucwaninga okuthile kwathola ukuthi cishe ingxenye yabantu abangenamakhaya okwaxoxwa nabo ePoland yake yaba yilungu lomkhaya futhi yahlala nalabo eyayishade nabo, nakuba zazikhona izinkinga zomkhaya. Abaningi baxoshwa emakhaya abo noma bazizwa bephoqelekile ukuba bahambe ngenxa yobunzima obabungabekezeleleki. Amaphesenti angu-14 kuphela ahamba ngokuzikhethela.

Ngemva kokuchitha isikhathi endaweni yokukhosela, abanye bayakwazi ukuzimela futhi bazitholele indawo yabo yokuhlala. Kwabanye, isimo sinzima kakhulu ukusilungisa. Kokunye ngenxa yokugula ngengqondo noma ngokomzimba, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, ukuphelelwa yisifiso sokusebenza, imikhuba emibi yokusebenza, ukungabi nayo imfundo eyisisekelo, noma ngenxa yezinto eziningi ezihlukene, baqhubeka njalo bengenamakhaya. E-United States, amaphesenti angaba ngu-30 abantu abangenamakhaya angena ephuma kulokho inhlangano ethile engenzi nzuzo ekubiza ngokuthi “isimiso sabangenamakhaya”—esihlanganisa izikhungo zabangenamakhaya, izibhedlela, ngokudabukisayo namajele. Labo abathembele ngokwengeziwe kulesi simiso kuthiwa basebenzisa abaphesenti angu-90 emali yesizwe eyabelwe inkinga yokungabi nakhaya.

Ingabe Bangasizwa Abangenamakhaya?

Ezinye izikhungo zabangenamakhaya zinikeza izinkonzo ezithile ezihlelelwe ukusiza abantu bagqabule empilweni yokungabi nakhaya. Umuntu angasizwa ukuba athole usizo lukahulumeni, izimali ezivela kweminye imithombo, usizo lwezomthetho, olokubuyisana nomkhaya wakubo noma ithuba lokufunda amakhono ayisisekelo. ELondon, izikhungo zentsha zinikeza izeluleko ngokuphathelene nohlobo lokudla okunempilo, ukupheka, izindlela zokuphila ezinempilo kanye nezindlela zokuthola umsebenzi. Umgomo wokweluleka uwukuthuthukisa ukuzihlonipha nokukhuthaza kanye nokusiza abantu ukuba bafinyelele inkululeko enkudlwana ukuze bakwazi ukuzitholela amakhaya futhi bawagcine. Amalungiselelo anjengalawa ayakufanelekela ukunconywa.

Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi izikhungo zokukhosela azibanikezi abantu abangenamakhaya usizo abanomuzwa wokuthi baludinga ngempela. UJacek, umuntu ongenakhaya eWarsaw, uchaza ukuthi lezi zikhungo azibahlomiseli abantu ukuba babhekane nokuphila kwangaphandle. Unomuzwa wokuthi ukuba nobudlelwane kanye nokuxoxa kwabangenamakhaya bodwa, kwenza babe “nendlela yokucabanga esontekile.” Uthi: “Lezi zikhungo ezisehlukanisa nokuphila kwabantu ngaphandle, ziba njengekhaya lezingane ezingabantu abadala.” Unomuzwa wokuthi abantu abaningi abahlala khona “banezingqondo ezingasebenzi kahle.”

Ngokocwaningo oluthile ePoland, umzwangedwa uwuhlobo lomzwelo olubuhlungu kunazo zonke abantu abangenamakhaya ababhekana nalo. Ngenxa yezinkinga zezimali nokuba sezingeni eliphansi emphakathini, abantu abangenamakhaya bavame ukuzibona beyizinto ezingenamsebenzi. Abanye baphendukela otshwaleni. UJacek uthi: “Uma singaliboni ithemba lokuthi kungaba khona ushintsho, iningi lethu kancane kancane lilahlekelwa umuzwa wokuthi kukhona okuthile esingakwenza ukuze sithuthukise isimo sethu.” Banamahloni ngendlela ababukeka ngayo, ukuhlupheka nokuhluleka kwabo, kanye neqiniso lokuthi abanamakhaya.

“Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sikhuluma ngabantu abalala emaxhokovaneni eBombay [eMumbai] naseCalcutta noma emigwaqweni eyingozi yaseLondon, noma Izingane Ezilala Emgwaqweni eBrazil,” kusho uFrancis Jegede, osebenza ngezinkinga eziphathelene nobuningi babantu, “isimo sabangenamakhaya sibucayi futhi kuyadabukisa ukucabanga ngaso, ingasaphathwa eyokubhekana naso.” Uqhubeka athi: “Noma ngabe iyini imbangela noma izimbangela zalesi simo, umbuzo umuntu azibuza wona uwukuthi kungani umhlaba, yize unengcebo nokuhlakanipha kanye nobuchwepheshe obungaka, ubonakala ungakwazi ukusingatha inkinga yokungabi namakhaya?”

Kusobala ukuthi bonke abantu abangenamakhaya bayaludinga usizo—hhayi olungokwenyama nje kuphela kodwa oluzothoba izinhliziyo zabo futhi lubakhuthaze. Usizo olunjalo lungabanika amandla okubhekana nawokunqoba izinkinga eziningi abanazo eziholela ekutheni bantule amakhaya. Kodwa bangaluthola kuphi usizo olunjalo abangenamakhaya? Ingabe likhona ithemba lokuthi inhlekelele yokungabi nakhaya iyoke iqedwe?

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

a Amanye amagama akulezi zihloko ashintshiwe.

b Izigidi zabantu emhlabeni ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba zishiye amakhaya azo ngenxa yezinkinga zezombangazwe noma izimpi. Ukuze ufunde ngesimo sabo esibucayi, sicela ubheke izihloko eziwuchungechunge ze-Phaphama! ka-February 8, 2002 ezithi “Ababaleki—Ingabe Bayoke Babe Nemizi Yabo?”

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 6]

Imiphumela Yobumpofu Obedlulele

Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu ahlala emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni aseNdiya. Izibalo zangesikhathi esidlule zembula ukuthi kunabantu abangaba ngu-250 000 abahlala onqenqemeni lomgwaqo eMumbai nje kuphela. Uphahla abanalo nje kuphela, useyili oboshelwe ezigxotsheni nakwezinye izinto ezisemaceleni. Kungani behlala lapha kunasemizini esesimweni esihle esemaphethelweni edolobha? Kungenxa yokuthi basebenza—njengabangabahwebi abancane, badayisa emigwaqweni, badonsa orisho, noma baqoqa izinsimbi ezilahliwe bazidayise—eduze nenkaba yedolobha. “Ayikho into abangayenza,” kusho incwadi ethi Strategies to Combat Homelessness. “Baphoqwa ukuhlupheka ukuba bangasebenzisi imali abangathenga ngayo ukudla ekukhokheleni indawo yokuhlala.”

Amadoda, abesifazane nezingane ababalelwa ku-2 300 bahlala esiteshini sesitimela ePak’ steshi eGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. Balala emapulatifomu esitimela, besebenzisa izidwedwe zezingubo njengemibhede noma balale emaxhokovaneni akhiwe ngamakhadibhodi. Iningi alinayo imisebenzi futhi alikho ithemba lokuyithola. Izinkulungwane ziphila ngendlela efanayo kulo lonke idolobha. Abanawo amanzi, izindlu zangasese nogesi. Ezimweni ezinjengalezi izifo zibhebhetheka ngokushesha.

Sisobala isizathu sokungabi namakhaya kwala maqembu amabili abantu kanye nabaningi abafana nabo—ubumpofu obedlulele.

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 7]

Ukuhluleka Komphakathi Wanamuhla

Incwadi ethi Strategies to Combat Homelessness, ekhishwa i-United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, iveza izici eziningana zokwehluleka kwesimiso samanje sezenhlalo, sezombangazwe nesezomnotho ukunikeza bonke abantu izindawo zokuhlala. Kuhlanganiswa nalezi:

● “Inkinga enkulu ngokuphathelene nokungabi namakhaya isewukuhluleka kohulumeni ukukhipha imali eyanele ukuze kunikezwe abantu ilungelo lokuthola izindlu ezifanele.”

● “Ukuba khona kwemithetho engafanele nezinhlelo ezingasebenzi . . . kungabangela umonakalo ekunikezeni abahluphekayo izindlu.”

● “Ukungabi namakhaya kuwuphawu lokungabiwa ngokulinganayo kwemali yokwakha nezinzuzo emphakathini.”

● “Inkinga yokungabi namakhaya iwumphumela wenqubo eye yanganaka noma yangaliqonda ithonya elibi lokushintsha kwezomnotho, ukungabikho kwezindlu zamanani aphansi, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, nezinye izinkinga zempilo nezengqondo zalabo abangavikelekile kakhulu . . . emphakathini.”

● “Kunesidingo esikhulu sokuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe abasebenzelana nabantu abadinga usizo. Abantu abangenamakhaya, ikakhulu izingane ezilala emgwaqweni, kufanele babhekwe njengabantu abangaba usizo abanamakhono kodwa angasetshenziswa, kunokuba babhekwe njengomthwalo emphakathini.”

[Isithombe]

Umama namadodakazi akhe amabili becela usizo, eMexico

[Umthombo]

[Isithombe ekhasini 6]

Isiteshi sesitimela saguqulwa senziwa ihositela labangenamakhaya ePitoli, eNingizimu Africa

[Umthombo]

[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 4]