Ukufuna KweNkosi Ukuhlakanipha

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! ESPAIN

IKHULU le-13 laliyisikhathi sokungabekezelelani okunonya nobudlova obedlulele. IYurophu yayihileleke kakhulu eziNkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki ezinedumela elibi naseziMpini Zokholo ezibulalayo. Nakuba kunjalo, phakathi naleyo nkathi yokuchitheka kwegazi, inkosi yaseSpain yazama ukugqugquzela abantu bangesikhathi sayo ukuba babonise ukuhluzeka kwengqondo kuleli zwe. Igama layo kwakungu-Alfonso X, yayaziwa nangelithi u-Alfonso Ohlakaniphile.

Kuthiwa le nkosi iyona eyaletha impucuko ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi inkathi yempucuko yangekhulu le-13. Yaletha ulwazi olusha eSpain eyayilucotshelelwe kwamanye amazwe akude. Yayinesithakazelo ikakhulu emkhakheni wezobuciko, wezomlando, wezomthetho nowezesayensi. Lokhu kwaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni impucuko eSpain nakulo lonke elaseYurophu. Nokho, okuphawuleka nakakhulu ukuthi ukunxanela kwayo ulwazi kwayiholela ekubeni ikhuthaze ukufundwa kweZwi likaNkulunkulu, iBhayibheli Elingcwele.

U-Alfonso waba nesandla ekumiseni isikhungo lapho amaJuda, amaSulumane “namaKristu” afundile ayengahlangana khona njengeqembu ukuze asebenze ndawonye. Ukuze iwenze ube lula umsebenzi waleli qembu, le nkosi yamisa futhi yasekela ngokwezimali umtapo wezincwadi owawuphakathi kwemitapo yokuqala yoMbuso emhlabeni.

U-Alfonso ngokwakhe wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekulobeni nasekuhleleni izincwadi ezihlukahlukene eziphathelene nomthetho, isayensi nomlando. Wagqugquzela ukuba kuthuthukiswe indlela yokulotshwa kwezincwadi nezinkondlo, okuyimikhakha ayephuma phambili kuyo, njengoba kuboniswa izosha zakhe ezidumile okuthiwa ama-cantiga.a Lezi zosha zalotshwa ngesiGallego (ulimi lwaseGalicia), esasisetshenziswa ekulobeni izosha ngaleso sikhathi.

Iqembu Labahumushi

U-Alfonso wayesekela iQembu Labahumushi BaseToledo. Incwadi ethi La Escuela de Traductores de Toledo (IQembu Labahumushi BaseToledo) iyachaza: “Umsebenzi wenkosi wawuhlanganisa ukukhetha abahumushi nezincwadi okumelwe zihunyushwe. Yabukeza izincwadi ezase zihunyushiwe, yakhuthaza izinkulumo-mpikiswano phakathi kongqondongqondo futhi yasekela nokuhlelwa kwezincwadi ezintsha.”

Izazi zaseToledo zaqala ngokuhumusha izincwadi eziningi zesi-Arabhu. Izazi zamaSulumane zase zinazo kakade izincwadi ezibalulekile ezazizihumushele olimini lwesi-Arabhu zisusela olimini lwabantu baseGrisi, eNdiya, ePheresiya naseSiriya. Inqolobane yolwazi eyaba umphumela walokhu ibilokhu iwusizo ezazini ezingamaSulumane ekuqhubekiseleni phambili intuthuko yazo emkhakheni wesayensi yezibalo, isayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi yokuma kwezwe nezomlando. Iqembu lezazi zaseToledo nalo laphishekela ukumba kule nqolobane yolwazi. Kanjani? Ngokuhumushela izincwadi ezibalulekile zesi-Arabhu olimini lwesiLatini neSpanishi.

Izindaba eziphathelene nalokho okwakufezwa iqembu lezazi zaseToledo zasakazekela nakwamanye amazwe. Amadoda afundile avela emayunivesithi asenyakatho neYurophu ngokushesha athuthelekela eToledo. Konke lokhu kwafeza ingxenye ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha wezesayensi nowokulotshwa kwezincwadi eNtshonalanga. Empeleni, imiphumela yalo msebenzi omkhulu wokuhumusha yaba nethonya ekuqaleni kweNkathi Yempucuko.

Imizamo yokuzikhandla yabahumushi baseToledo yenza ukuba odokotela bakwazi ukufunda izincwadi zokwelapha zikaGalen, uHippocrates no-Avicenna, futhi incwadi ka-Avicenna ethi Canon of Medicine yaba incwadi eyinhloko okwakufundiswa ngayo emkhakheni wezokwelapha emayunivesithi aseNtshonalanga kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-17. Izazi zokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi zakwazi ukufunda izincwadi zikaPtolemy zakwazi nokuzuza olwazini lwama-Arabhu emkhakheni wezibalo okuthiwa i-trigonometry nowokubala ibanga lokuhamba kwezinkanyezi owasungulwa u-Al-Khwārizmī.b

U-Alfonso wayefuna ukuba labo bahumushi baqondwe abantu abavamile. Lokhu kwenza iSpanishi saba ulimi oluyinhloko lokuxhumana emkhakheni wezesayensi nowokulotshwa kwezincwadi. Lo msebenzi owaqalwa u-Alfonso waba nesandla ekushintsheni umbono ovamile wokuthi isiLatini sasiwulimi lwempucuko.

IBhayibheli Lika-Alfonso

Ulwazi olwatholwa yizazi zaseToledo ngesikhathi zihumusha lezi zincwadi eziningi kangaka kumelwe ukuba lwaba usizo olukhulu lapho u-Alfonso ekhipha umyalo wokuba kuhunyushelwe izingxenye ezithile zeBhayibheli olimini lweSpanishi. Ngokwesazi-mlando saseSpain uJuan de Mariana, inkosi yasekela lo msebenzi wokuhumusha iBhayibheli ngethemba lokuthi ngawo, ulimi lweSpanishi lwaluzothuthukiswa luze lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu. Akungabazeki ukuthi lesi siqalo somsebenzi wokuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli saba nesandla ekuthuthukiseni ulimi lweSpanishi.

Inkosi yayibheka iBhayibheli njengencwadi ebalulekile ekuqondiseni isintu. Esanduleleni sencwadi ethi Crónica de España yabhala: “Uma sicabangela inzuzo yemiBhalo Engcwele, siyabona ukuthi itholakala emiyalweni yayo maqondana nokudalwa komhlaba, ukufika kwezinzalamizi, . . . ukufika okuthenjisiwe kweNkosi yethu uJesu Kristu, ukufa kwayo, ukuvuswa nokunyukela kwayo ezulwini.”

Le nkosi yabuye yengamela umsebenzi onzima futhi othakazelisayo wokulungiselela ukulotshwa kwencwadi ethi General Estoria. Wawuhlanganisa nokuhumushela izingxenye zemiBhalo YesiHebheru olimini lweSpanishi. (Inguqulo yezingxenye zemiBhalo YesiGreki yanezelwa kamuva.) Lo msebenzi ohlaba umxhwele wokuhumusha inguqulo yeBhayibheli, eyayaziwa ngokuthi IBhayibheli Lika-Alfonso (Biblia Alfonsina), kwakuwumsebenzi wokuhumusha omkhulu kunayo yonke eyake yenziwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Kwenziwa amakhophi ayo ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi kwahunyushelwa izingxenye zayo olimini lwesiPutukezi nesiCatalan.

Ifa Elashiywa U-Alfonso

Imibhalo yesandla yangenkathi ephakathi yokuphila kuka-Alfonso yagcina ulwazi lwemiBhalo luphila phakathi nenkathi yobumnyama obungokomoya. Ngenxa yalaba bahumushi, kwavuswa isifiso sokuba neBhayibheli ngolimi lwabomdabu. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka alandela, kwakhiqizwa ezinye izinguqulo zeBhayibheli ngeSpanishi.

Ukusungulwa kwemishini yokunyathelisa nomsebenzi wokuzikhandla wabahumushi beBhayibheli bangekhulu le-16 eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kwaqhubekisela phambili umsebenzi owaqalwa u-Alfonso nabantu bangesikhathi sakhe. Ekugcineni, abantu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, bakwazi ukuba neBhayibheli ngolimi lwabo. Nakuba umbuso ka-Alfonso X wawunezimpi futhi abantu bevukela, ukunxanela kwakhe ulwazi kwasiza ekwenzeni ukuba ukuhlakanipha kukaNkulunkulu kutholakale kabanzi.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 14]

ABAHUMUSHI BOKUQALA BEBHAYIBHELI LESPANISHI

Izinguqulo zika-Alfonso X zazingezona ezokuqala ezahlanganisa izinguqulo zeSpanishi zezingxenye ezithile zemiBhalo. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, uHermannus Alemannus, omunye weqembu labahumushi baseToledo, wahumushela amaHubo olimini lweSpanishi ewasusela ngokuqondile olimini lwesiHebheru. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, kwahunyushwa i-Biblia medieval romanceada Prealfonsina (IBhayibheli LesiRoma Elandulela Elika-Alfonso LangeNkathi Ephakathi). (Bheka isithombe esingakwesokunxele.) Le ncwadi ibhekwa njengeBhayibheli leSpanishi eliphelele elidala kunawo wonke. Akungabazeki ukuthi iyona eyathonya u-Alfonso X ukuba anikele ngemali ukuze asekele umsebenzi wokuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.

Maqondana naleli Bhayibheli Elandulela Elika-Alfonso, isazi uThomas Montgomery sithi: “Umhumushi waleli Bhayibheli wakhipha umsebenzi otusekayo uma kuziwa endabeni yokunemba nokusebenzisa ulimi oluhle. Le nguqulo ilandela umqondo we-Vulgate ngokucophelela ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izisho noma amagama amaningi kakhulu esiLatini. Ulimi olusetshenzisiwe lulula futhi lucacile, njengoba kwakudingeka ngeBhayibheli elalilungiselelwa abantu ababengasazi kahle isiLatini.”

[Umthombo]

Bible: Patrimonio Nacional. Real Biblioteca de El Escorial

[Isithombe ekhasini 12, 13]

Umfanekiso ka-Alfonso X ongasemnyango weSpanish National Library, eMadrid

[Izithombe ekhasini 13]

Inkosi nabahumushi baseToledo (ngenhla); nezingcweti zokubhala ngesandla (ngezansi); iVangeli LikaLuka kuyi-“Biblia Alfonsina” (ngezansi)

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 13]

All photos except statue of Alfonso X: Oronoz