Igama LikaNkulunkulu Nokufuna Kuka-ALfonso de Zamora Umbhalo Onembile

NGONYAKA ka-1492, uFerdinand no-Isabella, inkosi nendlovukazi yaseSpain, bakhipha umthetho othi: “Siyala ukuba wonke amaJuda . . . ekupheleni kuka-July walo nyaka, aphume aphele kuzo zonke izifunda zombuso wethu namadodana namadodakazi awo nezinceku nezincekukazi zawo nabo bonke abangane bawo, abadala nabancane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangakanani futhi bangaphinde balibeke la.”

Lowo mthetho, wenza ukuba yonke imindeni yamaJuda eyayihlala eSpain ikhethe phakathi kokudingiswa noma ukulahla inkolo yayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi urabi ogama lakhe linguJuan de Zamora wabona kungcono ukushintsha inkolo yakhe abe umKatolika futhi aqhubeke ehlala eSpain, izwe okhokho bakhe abase behlale kulo izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Ngenxa yesizinda sakhe sobuJuda, kungenzeka ukuthi uJuan wayisa indodana yakhe u-Alfonso esikoleni esaziwayo sezifundo zesiHebheru eZamora. Kamuva, u-Alfonso wagogoda ezifundweni zesiLatin, isiGreki nesi-Arabhu. Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe, waqala ukufundisa isiHebheru e-University of Salamanca. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukuba kwakhe ingcweti kwezolimi kwamenza waba sesimweni esikahle sokumelela izazi zeBhayibheli kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Ngo-1512, i-University of Alcalá de Henares entsha yakhetha u-Alfonso de Zamora ukuba abe usihlalo wezifundo zesiHebheru. Njengoba uZamora ayengomunye wezazi ezidumile zosuku lwakhe, ukhadinali Jiménez de Cisneros, owasungula leyo yunivesithi, wacela usizo lwakhe ekulungiseleleni inguqulo eyaqopha umlando iComplutensian Polyglot. Leli Bhayibheli eliyimiqulu eyisithupha laliqukethe imiBhalo engcwele ngesiHebheru, isiGreki, isiLatini nezingxenye zesi-Arabhu.a

Siphawula ngokuhunyushwa kwaleli Bhayibheli, isazi seBhayibheli uMariano Revilla Rico sithi: “EmaJudeni amathathu ayeguqukile ahlanganyela kulo msebenzi kakhadinali [uCisneros], owayethandwa kakhulu kwakungu-Alfonso de Zamora, isazi sohlelo lolimi, isazi sefilosofi nochwepheshe weTalmud, singakuphathi ukuba kwakhe isazi sesiLatin, isiGreki, isiHebheru nesi-Arabhu.” Izifundo zikaZamora zamholela ekutheni aphethe ngokuthi ukuhumusha iBhayibheli ngokunembile kudinga ulwazi lwezilimi zokuqala zasendulo. Eqinisweni, wayengomunye wabagqugquzeli abaphambili bangenkathi yokufunda iBhayibheli eyaqala ukuchuma ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 leminyaka.

Noma kunjalo, uZamora wayephila esikhathini lapho ukugqugquzela ukufundwa kweBhayibheli kwakunzima futhi kuyingozi. UkuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwakudlangile futhi iSonto LamaKatolika laliphakamisa iLatin Vulgate njengowukuphela kwenguqulo yeBhayibheli “egunyaziwe.” Nokho, kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi, izazi zamaKatolika zase ziphawulile ukuthi umbhalo wesiLatin we-Vulgate wawunamaphutha. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 leminyaka u-Alfonso de Zamora nabanye baqala umsebenzi wokuwalungisa.

‘Insindiso Yayidinga Ukuhunyushwa’

Phakathi kwezinto uZamora azenza, uhlelo lwesiHebheru olwaziwa kabanzi ngokuthi iTestamente Elidala kanye nenguqulo yalo yesiLatin, kwaba izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu. Kumelwe ukuba wayehlose ukuba le nguqulo isetshenziswe kabanzi emsebenzini owawusamhlalele weComplutensian Polyglot. Omunye wemibhalo yakhe yesandla ugcinwe emtatsheni wezincwadi e-El Escorial, eduze kwaseMadrid, eSpain. Uphawulwe ngokuthi G-I-4, uqukethe incwadi ephelele kaGenesise ngesiHebheru kuhlanganise ne-interlinear, noma inguqulo yezwi nezwi ngesiLatin.

Esanduleleni sayo kunala mazwi: “Insindiso yezizwe ibidinga inguqulo yemiBhalo Engcwele ezohunyushelwa nakwezinye izilimi . . . Siye sacabanga ngayo . . . ibidingeka ngempela inguqulo yeBhayibheli ethembekile yezwi nezwi, eyenziwe ngendlela yokuba igama lesiHebheru ngalinye libe khona nangesiLatin.” U-Alfonso de Zamora wayeneziqu ezazenza afaneleke ukuhumushela le nguqulo entsha olimini lwesiLatin kwazise wayeyisazi sesiHebheru esihlonishwayo.

‘Umoya Wami Awuyitholi Indawo Yokuphumula’

Kunesikhathi phakathi nekhulu le-16 leminyaka lapho iSpain yayiyindawo enhle kakhulu izazi ezinjengoZamora ezazingasebenzela kuyo. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, iSpain yase iyisikhungo samasiko amaJuda. I-Encyclopædia Britannica iyachaza: “Ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaSulumane namaJuda amaningi, iSpain yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayiwukuphela kwezwe elinengxube yezinhlanga nezinkolo entshonalanga Yurophu, futhi lokhu kwaba nomthelela entuthukweni enkulu yabantu bakuleli zwe kwezenkolo, kwezokubhala, kwezobuciko nakwezobuchwepheshe bokwakha ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi.”

Njengoba kwakunamaJuda amaningi eSpain, imibhalo yesandla yeBhayibheli lesiHebheru yayiminingi. Ababhali abangamaJuda ezingxenyeni eziningi zaseSpain basebenza kanzima bekopisha leyo miBhalo yesandla ukuze ifundelwe umphakathi emasinagogeni. Encwadini yakhe ethi The Earliest Editions of the Hebrew Bible, uL. Goldschmidt, uphawula ukuthi “akuyona kuphela imibhalo yeSpanishi nesiPutukezi yezincwadi zeBhayibheli zokuqala ezinhlanu kanye nezinye izincwadi zezazi zezilimi eziningi okwaba nedumela lokunemba eZazini ZamaJuda, kodwa nemibhalo yesandla okwathathwa kuyo lezi zinguqulo.”

Naphezu kokuba iSpain yayiyindawo ekahle yokwenza lo msebenzi, kukhona okwakusina kujeqeza abahumushi beBhayibheli. Ngo-1492, amabutho amaKatolika eNkosi uFerdinand neNdlovukazi u-Isabella awunqoba okokugcina umphakathi wamaMoor owawuseSpain. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ngawo kanye lo nyaka ababusi baleli zwe bakhipha umthetho wokuxosha bonke ababebambelele enkolweni yamaJuda eSpain. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, kwakhishwa umthetho ofanayo wokuxosha amaSulumane. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubuKatolika baba inkolo yoMbuso waseSpain, futhi ezinye izinkolo zazingasavunyelwe.

Lesi simo senkolo esisha sasizokuthinta kanjani ukuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli? Sithola impendulo kulokho okwenzeka ku-Alfonso de Zamora. Nakuba lesi sazi esingumJuda sase siguqukele ebuKatolikeni, umbuso waseSpain awuzange usishalazelele isizinda saso. Abanye abaphikisi bamgxeka ukhadinali Cisneros ngokusebenzisa amaJuda aguqukile ekuhunyushweni kwenguqulo yakhe eyiPolyglot. Lokhu kuhlasela kwamzwisa ubuhlungu obukhulu uZamora. Emazwini akhe asembhalweni wesandla otholakala e-University of Madrid, uZamora uyabalisa: “Mina . . . ngishiyiwe futhi sengizondwa yibo bonke abangane bami—asebephenduke izitha zami—umoya wami awuyitholi indawo yokuphumula futhi angenelisekile.”

Omunye wezitha zakhe ezinkulu kwakunguJuan Tavera, umbhishobhi omkhulu waseToledo, kamuva owathola isikhundla sokuqula amacala ezihlubuki. Kwamdumaza kakhulu uZamora ukuhlaselwa uTavera kangangokuba waze wadlulisela icala kupapa. Ingxenye yencwadi yakhe ayibhalela upapa yayithi: “Siyacela futhi siyancenga ukuba Ongcwele asisize . . . asiphephise esitheni sethu esingumbhishobhi waseToledo, uDon Juan Tavera. Akakhathali, nsuku zonke uyasihlupha . . . Sihlale sikhathazeke kakhulu njengoba esibheka njengezilwane ezizohlatshwa. . . . Uma Ongcwele esilalela lesi sicelo esiqondiswe kuye, ‘uYahweh uyoba isivikelo sakhe futhi uyolonda unyawo lwakhe ukuba lungaqhuzuki.’ (IzA. 3:23)”b

Igama U-Alfonso de Zamora Azenzela Lona

Naphezu kwalokhu kuhlaselwa, umsebenzi kaZamora waqhubeka futhi ukuchuma kwawo kwazuzisa abafundi abaningi beBhayibheli. Nakuba engazange ahumushele imiBhalo ezilimini zomdabu zosuku lwakhe, kodwa wabasiza kakhulu abanye abahumushi. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi yini ayenza, kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi ukuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli ngaso sonke isikhathi kuxhomeke ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zezazi. Okokuqala, kumelwe kube khona izazi ezitadisha amakhophi emibhalo engcwele yezilimi zokuqala—isiHebheru, isi-Arabhu nesiGreki—ukuze kukhiqizwe umbhalo ocacile nonembile walezi zilimi. Khona-ke, umhumushi angabe esesebenzisa lo mbhalo ukuze ahumushele olimini lwakubo.

U-Alfonso de Zamora wayeyisazi esiyinhloko ekulungiseleleni nasekwenzeni imibhalo yesiHebheru icace okwathi ekugcineni yanyatheliswa kuyiComplutensian Polyglot ngo-1522. (Uhlu lwakhe lwamagama esiHebheru nesiLatin nohlelo lolimi lwesiHebheru olwavela kule nguqulo lwabasiza abahumushi.) U-Erasmus, owayesebenza noZamora, wenza umsebenzi ofanayo emiBhalweni YamaKristu YesiGreki, eyaziwa ngokuthi iTestamente Elisha. Lapho le miBhalo yesiHebheru nesiGreki seyenziwe yacaca yabe isitholakala, abanye abahumushi babengase bakwazi ukuqala umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhumushela iBhayibheli ezilimini zabantu. Ngesikhathi uWilliam Tyndale ehumushela iBhayibheli esiNgisini wayengumhumushi wokuqala ukusebenzisa imiBhalo yesiHebheru yeComplutensian Polyglot.

Ukusakazwa kabanzi kweBhayibheli namuhla kubonisa umsebenzi onzima wamadoda afana noZamora, anikela ngokuphila kwawo ukuze akhulise ulwazi lwethu ngemiBhalo. Njengoba uZamora aqaphela, insindiso yabantu ixhomeke ekuqondeni nasekulandeleni iZwi likaNkulunkulu. (Johane 17:3) Lokho kudinga ukuba iBhayibheli lihunyushwe ngezilimi eziqondwa abantu, ngoba kungaleyo ndlela kuphela isigijimi salo singathinta izinhliziyo nezingqondo zezigidi zabantu.

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Ukuhumusha Igama LikaNkulunkulu

Kuthakazelisa ngokukhethekile ukuphawula indlela u-Alfonso de Zamora, indoda efundile enesizinda sesiHebheru, eyahumusha ngayo igama likaNkulunkulu. Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni, umbhalo oseceleni kaGenesise wenguqulo yakhe yesiHebheru nesiLatin unegama likaNkulunkulu elibhalwe ngokuthi “jehovah.”

Ngokusobala, uZamora wakwamukela ukuhunyushwa kwegama likaNkulunkulu ngesiLatin. Phakathi nekhulu le-16 leminyaka, lapho iBhayibheli lihunyushwa ngezilimi eziyinhloko zaseYurophu, lokhu kubizwa kwalo noma indlela efanayo yokulibiza yasetshenziswa abahumushi beBhayibheli abaningi, kuhlanganise uWilliam Tyndale (kweyesiNgisi yango-1530), uSebastian Münster (kweyesiLatin yango-1534), uPierre-Robert Olivétan (kweyesiFulentshi yango-1535) noCasiodoro de Reina (kweyeSpanishi yango-1569).

Nokho, uZamora waba phakathi kwezazi zeBhayibheli zokuqala zangekhulu le-16 leminyaka ezasiza ekwenzeni igama likaNkulunkulu laziwe. Ukungaziwa kwegama likaNkulunkulu kwaqala ngenxa yenkolelo-ze yamaJuda eyayenqabela ukuba libizwe. Ngenxa yaleli thonya lesiko lamaJuda, abahumushi beBhayibheli beLobukholwa—ngokwesibonelo, uJerome, umhumushi weLatin Vulgate—bakhipha igama likaNkulunkulu bafaka elithi “Nkosi” noma “Nkulunkulu” esikhundleni salo.

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Ukubukela eduze itetragrammaton yesiHebheru ehunyushwe uZamora ngokuthi “jehovah”

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umthetho wenkosi nendlovukazi yaseSpain, ngo-1492

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Decree: Courtesy of the Archivo Histórico Provincial, Ávila, Spain

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I-University of ALcalá de Henares

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Umfanekiso osekuqaleni kwenguqulo kaZamora