IToledo Inhlanganisela Ethakazelisayo Yamasiko AngeNkathi Eephakathi
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! ESPAIN
ENKABENI yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia kunegquma legwadle elizungezwe uMfula iTagus ezinhlangothini ezintathu. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka lo mfula uvula amawa avikela izinhlangothi zaleli gquma. Kuleli gquma elivikelekile kwakhiwa iToledo, okuyidolobha ongawabona kahle kulo amasiko nendlela yokuphila yaseSpain.
Namuhla, lapho isivakashi sihamba emigwaqweni emincane emazombezombe yaseToledo yamandulo sibona lokho okwakwenzeka emuva eNkathini Ephakathi. Amasango aleli dolobha, izinqaba namabhuloho alo konke kungokwenkathi ephakathi futhi kunikeza ubufakazi obuthule bangenkathi lapho iToledo yayingelinye lamadolobha abaluleke kakhulu eYurophu.
Nokho, iToledo ayilona idolobha elivamile laseYurophu. Ngisho nesiteshi sikaloliwe sithi asifane nezaseMpumalanga. Uma ubhekisisa izakhiwo zakudala nezinto zobuciko zaseToledo, uyabona ukuthi leli dolobha liye lathonywa amakhono emiphakathi eminingi eye yaphila kule ndawo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Ngesikhathi iToledo isachuma, eminyakeni engaba ngu-700 edlule, leli dolobha lalinenhlanganisela yamasiko angenkathi ephakathi.
Amasiko Ahlukahlukene
Ngaphambi kokuba amaRoma afike eSpain, izizwe zamaCeltic nama-Iberia kakade zase zakhe idolobhana kuleli gquma. AmaRoma aletha kabusha ngokuthi iToletum (lisuselwa kwelithi tollitum, elisho “okuphakeme”) futhi alenza laba ngenye yezinhloko-dolobha zesifunda. Isazi-mlando esingumRoma uLivy sachaza iToledo ngokuthi “idolobha elincane, kodwa eliyinqaba ngenxa yendawo elikuyo.” Lapho amaVisigoth enqoba iSpain ngemva kokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma, akhetha iToledo njengenhloko-dolobha yawo. Kukuleli dolobha lapho ngekhulu lesithupha iNkosi uReccared yenqaba khona ukwakhiwa kwesizwe sama-Arian, isinyathelo esenza elaseSpain laba isizinda sobuKatolika obudla ngoludala, iToledo yaba ikomkhulu lombhishobhi omkhulu.
Lesi simo esingokwenkolo sashintsha lapho iToledo iba yingxenye yesifunda sompristi wamaSulumane. Imigwaqo ewumngcingo yengxenye yedolobha yasendulo yaqala ukuba khona ngale nkathi, eyadonsa kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwele-11. Ukubekezelela kwamaSulumane izinkolo ezihlukahlukene kwavumela ukuba khona kwemiphakathi yamaKristu, amaJuda namaMoor eToledo. Ekugcineni, ngo-1085, iNkosi u-Alfonso VI (inkosi eyayingumKatolika) yanqoba leli dolobha. Nakuba ukubusa kwashintsha, le miphakathi yaqhubeka ikhona ndawonye amakhulu athile eminyaka.
Iningi lezakhiwo ezinkulu zesikhumbuzo eToledo lisukela enkathini ephakathi. Ababusi abangamaKatolika bashintsha leli dolobha laba inhloko-dolobha yabo, izakhamuzi ezingamaJuda zasebenzisa amakhono azo obuciko nezentengiselwano, kanti amaSulumane angongoti anikela ngamakhono awo obuciko bokwakha. Izazi zale mikhakha emithathu ehlukene zasebenza ndawonye eQenjini Labahumushi. Phakathi nekhulu le-12 nele-13, zahumusha izincwadi eziningi zasendulo ngolimi lwesiLatini neSpanishi. Ngenxa yalaba bahumushi, abaseNtshonalanga bakwazi ukuthola ulwazi oluningi lwesayensi lwama-Arabhu.
Ukubekezelelana kwezinkolo kwaphela ngekhulu le-14 lapho izinkulungwane zezakhamuzi ezingamaJuda zibulawa ezimpini zenkolo. Ngesikhathi uColumbus ethola amazwe aseMelika, ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwaseSpain kwase kunenkantolo yamacala eToledo futhi amaJuda namaSulumane kwadingeka akhethe phakathi kokuguqulwa ngenkani nokudingiswa.
Izakhiwo Ezivelele Zasendulo
Namuhla enkabeni yedolobha laseToledo kunamakhulukhulu ezakhiwo zesikhumbuzo. Leyo ngcebo engokomlando yenza ukuba i-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization ibize le ndawo ngokuthi iDolobha Eliyingcebo Yomhlaba. Izakhiwo ezimbili ezivelele zangenkathi ephakathi amabhuloho eMfuleni iTagus, elinye elingena edolobheni ngasempumalanga elinye ngasentshonalanga. Zimbalwa izivakashi ezingaliziba isango elikhulu iPuerta Nueva de Bisagra, okungenwa ngalo edolobheni lasendulo elibiyelwe ngodonga.
Kunezakhiwo ezimbili ezivelele eToledo ezibonakala kahle uma ukude. Ngasempumalanga kunenqaba enkulu eyisikwele okuthiwa i-Alcázar. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka iye yaba ikhaya lombusi wamaRoma, isigodlo sezindela ezingamaVisigoth, inqaba yama-Arabhu nesigodlo samakhosi aseSpain. Manje iwuMnyuziyamu Wezempi nomtapo omkhulu wezincwadi. Kodwa njengoba iToledo yaziwa kakhulu njengedolobha elingokwenkolo, inkaba yedolobha yenganyelwe ithempeli elikhulu lamaGoth.—Bheka ibhokisi ekhasini 17.
Leli thempeli namanye amasonto aseToledo anemifanekiso yomdwebi odumile owazinza eToledo. Waziwa ngokuthi u-El Greco, okusho “umGreki.” Igama lakhe eliphelele kwakunguDoménikos Theotokópoulos. Endaweni ayehlala kuyo esigcemeni esidala samaJuda, manje sekunomnyuziyamu onedlanzana lemifanekiso ayidweba.
Kungenzeka iToledo yinhle kakhulu uma usemagqumeni engamele leli dolobha ngaseningizimu. Nokho, ubuhle beToledo bungabonakala kahle ngokuhambahamba emigwaqweni yayo emincane. Isivakashi singase siduke okwesikhashana, kodwa ngokushesha singazithola sihlabeke umxhwele ngemihubhe emihle, izakhiwo zasendulo, ovulandi abahlotshisiwe nezitolo ezikhangayo zokuthenga izikhumbuzo.
Nakuba kuthi libuke njalo leli dolobha elihle lasendulo, ekugcineni isivakashi kufanele sivalelise eToledo. Indawo engcono kakhulu yokwenza kanjalo ingasosebeni oluseningizimu loMfula iTagus. Njengoba usuku luphela, ilanga seliyozilahla kunina, izakhiwo zesikhumbuzo zaleli dolobha zibonakala ziveza lokho elaliyikho lapho lisachuma.
[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 17]
AMASIKO AMATHATHU ASETOLEDO
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, iToledo yayihlukaniswe ngezigceme ezintathu, okwakuhlala kuzo amaKatolika, amaJuda namaSulumane ayezibusa ngokwemithetho namasiko awo. Ezinye zezindawo zawo zokukhulekela zasendulo seziyizinto eziyinhloko ezikhanga izivakashi.
➤ Ithempeli langekhulu leshumi, manje elaziwa ngokuthi iCristo de la Luz, lakhiwe ngobuciko abakhi abangamaSulumane ababedume ngabo. Lisendaweni okuthiwa iMedina edolobheni, lapho kwakuhlala khona amaSulumane acebile.
➤ Nakuba kamuva ashintshwa aba amasonto amaKatolika, kusenamasinagoge amabili angenkathi ephakathi, abonisa ukuthi kwakunomphakathi omkhulu wamaJuda eToledo, owake wakha ingxenye yesithathu yezakhamuzi zaleli dolobha. Isinagoge iSanta María la Blanca ilona elidala kakhulu, futhi ngaphakathi linezinsika eziningi ezihlotshisiwe, njengethempeli lamaSulumane elingenhla. I-El Tránsito (engakwesokudla), manje isinomnyuziyamu obonisa isiko lamaJuda.
➤ Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli elikhulu lamaGoth eSpain kwaqala ekhulwini le-13, futhi kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 ukuba liqedwe.
[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 18]
IZINKEMBA EZIKHETHEKILE NE-MARZIPAN EMNANDI
Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili abakhandi bensimbi baleli dolobha benza izinkemba, futhi leli dolobha laseToledo laziwa ngensimbi yekhethelo. Kokubili amabutho kaHannibal nawamaRoma ayezisebenzisa lezi zinkemba, ezakhandwa ngaseMfuleni iTagus. Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka, izazi zobuciko ezingamaSulumane zaqala ukusebenzisa indlela yokugweda ukuze zihlobise izinkemba nezambatho zempi ezenziwe eToledo. Inkemba yaseToledo eboniswe kwesobunxele iyisibonelo salokhu. (Bheka isihloko esithi “Imifekethiso Yegolide Ensimbini,” kuyi-Phaphama! yesiNgisi ka-January 22, 2005) Namuhla, izitolo eziningi zezikhumbuzo kuleli dolobha zinenqwaba yezinkemba umuntu angakhetha kuzo, kanye nesambatho sempi esitholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Ngaphandle nje kokuba yizikhumbuzo, umuntu cishe angazibona lezi zinkemba kumabhayisikobho, kodwa hhayi enkundleni yempi.
EToledo kunenye indlela ekhethekile yokwenza i-marzipan, eyaqala emuva enkathini ama-Arabhu anqoba ngayo leli dolobha. Kakade elaseSpain lase linamasimu amakhulu kamalimondi lapho kufika amaSulumane, kodwa ushukela—nawo oyisithako esibalulekile—wawungekho. Phakathi neminyaka engu-50 amaSulumane enqobe leli dolobha, kwaqhibuka amasimu omoba eningizimu yeSpain. Ekhulwini le-11, iToledo yayisidume ngokwenza i-marzipan, futhi ongoti bebelokhu bezifela ngayo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Manje iToledo inezitolo ezidayisa i-marzipan kuphela, evame ukubunjwa ibe imifanekiso emincane. Uyobe ungayibonanga kahle iToledo uma ungayinambithanga leyo mifanekiso emincane econsisa amathe.
IBhuloho LaseSan Martin
[Umthombo]
Agustín Sancho
[Ibalazwe ekhasini 16]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
Toledo
Madrid
(Siyaqhutshwa siqala ekhasini 17)
(Siyaqhutshwa ekhasini 19)