Umlando Wobuhlungu Obukhulu Bokuphathwa Yizinyo

Esigcawini somuzi wasendulo, kuneqili eligqoke kahle eliqhosha ngokuthi likwazi ukukhipha izinyo ngaphandle kobuhlungu. Umngane walo, ozishaya ongafuni, uyasondela, umkhiphi wezinyo enze sengathi uyalikhipha, abese ephakamisa izinyo elinegazi ukuze libonwe yiwo wonke umuntu. Ngokushesha abantu abaphethwe amazinyo bakhuthazwa ukuba bakhokhe ukuze akhishwe. Kukhala izigubhu namacilongo avala umsindo wokumemeza kwabo ukuze abanye bangabaleki. Ngezinye izikhathi, ngemva kwezinsukwana abantu bahlaselwa ukubola kwezinsini okuyingozi, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi iqili lisuke selishaye lachitha.

BAMBALWA abantu abaphethwe amazinyo abaphendukela osizweni lwamaqili anjalo namuhla. Odokotela bamazinyo banamuhla bangabelapha ubuhlungu bezinyo, futhi bangakuvimbela nokuphuma kwawo. Noma kunjalo, abantu abaningi bazizwa benexhala lokuya kudokotela wamazinyo. Ukuhlola ukuthi ekuqaleni odokotela bafunda kanjani ukuqeda ubuhlungu ezigulini kungase kusisize ukuba sikwazise ukwelashwa kwamazinyo kwanamuhla.

Kuthiwa ukubola kwamazinyo kuyisifo sesibili esivame kakhulu kubantu, ngemva komkhuhlane. Akusona nje isifo sanamuhla. Izinkondlo zeNkosi uSolomoni zembula ukuthi kwa-Israyeli wasendulo ukuba nezisini kwakulindelekile kubantu asebekhulile.—UmShumayeli 12:3.

Ayebaphatha Ngisho Nabasebukhosini

Nakuba u-Elizabeth I ayeyindlovukazi yaseNgilandi, akasindanga ebuhlungwini bamazinyo. Isivakashi saseJalimane esabona amazinyo akhe abolile sabika ukuthi “kubonakala sengathi kuwukukhubazeka okuvamile kumaNgisi, ngenxa yokudla kwawo kakhulu ushukela.” Ngo-December 1578, le ndlovukazi yayihlushwa ubuhlungu bezinyo ubusuku nemini. Odokotela bayo basikisela ukuba likhishwe izinyo elibolile, kodwa yenqaba, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwesaba ubuhlungu bokulikhipha. Ukuze ayikhuthaze, uJohn Aylmer, umbhishobhi waseLondon, wakhipha elinye lamazinyo akhe phambi kwayo, mhlawumbe elalibolile—isenzo sobuqhawe, njengoba vele leli khehla lase linamazinyo ambalwa!

Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu abavamile ababedinga ukukhishwa izinyo, babeya kumuntu ogunda izinwele noma umcangcathi wezinsimbi. Kodwa lapho iningi labantu selikwazi ukuthenga ushukela, abantu abaphathwa amazinyo banda—kanjalo nesidingo sabanekhono lokuwakhipha sanda. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye odokotela abavamile nabahlinzayo baqala ukuba nesifiso sokwelapha amazinyo abolile. Kodwa, kwadingeka ukuba bazifundise bona, njengoba abayizingcweti ekuwakhipheni babenomona bengafuni ukufundisa abanye. Zazimbalwa nezincwadi eziphathelene nalokhu.

Eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemva kwenkathi ka-Elizabeth I, uLouis XIV wayeyinkosi yaseFrance. Wahlushwa amazinyo abuhlungu ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe, futhi ngo-1685 wawakhipha wonke amazinyo akhe angenhla ngakwesobunxele. Abanye bathi ukubola kwamazinyo enkosi kuchaza izinqumo zayo eziyinhlekelele zangalowo nyaka, zokusayinda isivumelwano sokuqeda inkululeko yokukhulekela eFrance, okwaba yisenzo esabangela igagasi lokushushiswa kabi kwezinkolo ezincane.

Ukuqala Kwenkathi Yanamuhla Yokwelapha Amazinyo

Ithonya lokuphila ngokunethezeka likaLouis XIV emphakathini waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha wokwelashwa kwamazinyo. Ukuphumelela enkantolo nasemphakathini kwakuncike ekuzilungiseni kahle. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu babefuna amazinyo okufakelwa, bewafakela ukubukeka kunokudla, kwavela iqembu elisha lodokotela abahlinzayo—odokotela bamazinyo ababesebenzela izitatanyiswa. Udokotela wamazinyo ophambili eParis kwakunguPierre Fauchard, owafunda ukuhlinza amazinyo ebuthweni lasemkhunjini laseFrance. Wagxeka abanye odokotela abahlinzayo ababevumela ukuba abagundi bezinwele namaqili bakhiphe amazinyo kubantu futhi waba ngowokuqala ukuzibiza ngodokotela ohlinza amazinyo.

Eqeda umkhuba wokungafuni ukufundisa abanye ngalo mkhakha, ngo-1728, uFauchard wabhala incwadi ayechaza kuyo zonke izinqubo ayezazi. Ngenxa yalokho, wabizwa ngokuthi “uMsunguli Womkhakha Wokwelashwa Kwamazinyo.” Waba ngowokuqala ukuba nesihlalo seziguli kunokuba azihlalise phansi. UFauchard waphinde wenza namathuluzi ayisihlanu okukhipha amazinyo, kodwa wayengagcini nje ngokuwakhipha. Wasungula umshini wokubhoboza amazinyo nezindlela zokuvala amazinyo anezimbobo. Wafunda ukugcwalisa nokufaka amazinyo okwenziwa ezinsinini. Amazinyo akhe okwenziwa, ayenziwe ngezinyo lendlovu, ayenesipilingi esibamba amazinyo angenhla ukuba anganyakazi. UFauchard wenza ukwelapha amazinyo kwaba umsebenzi wokuziphilisa. Ithonya lakhe lasabalalela ngisho nangaphesheya kwe-Atlantic.

Usizi Lukamongameli Wokuqala Wase-United States

Eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemva kukaLouis XIV, uGeorge Washington waphathwa amazinyo eMelika. Wayekhishwa izinyo njalo ngonyaka kusukela lapho eneminyaka engu-22 ubudala. Cabanga ngobuhlungu okumelwe ukuba wayebuzwa lapho ehola iButho Lezwe! Ngesikhathi aba ngaso umongameli wokuqala wase-United States, ngo-1789, wayengasenamazinyo.

UWashington waphinda waba nezinkinga ezingokwengqondo ngenxa yokuphazamiseka akuthola lapho ekhishwa amazinyo nangenxa yamazinyo okufakelwa angameneli kahle. Wayecophelela kakhulu ukuthi ubukeka kanjani njengoba ayelwela ukwakha isithombe esisha sokubukeka kwakhe njengomongameli wesizwe esisha. Ngalezo zinsuku, amazinyo okufakelwa ayengenziwa nhlobo ngamasampula kodwa ayakhiwa ngezinyo lendlovu, ngakho-ke kwakunzima ukuwagcina ebambelele. Amadoda angamaNgisi ayebhekana nenkinga efana nse nekaWashington. Kuthiwa umkhuba wawo wokungahlekahleki waqala ngenxa yesidingo sokugwema ukuhleka kakhulu ukuze kungaveli amazinyo awo okufakelwa.

Inganekwane yokuthi uWashington wayenamazinyo okufakelwa okhuni ayilona iqiniso. Amazinyo akhe okufakelwa ayenziwe ngamazinyo omuntu, izinyo lendlovu nomthofu kodwa hhayi ngokhuni. Kungenzeka ukuthi odokotela bakhe bamazinyo babewathole kubaphangi bamathuna. Abahweba ngamazinyo babelandela namabutho empi futhi bakhiphe amazinyo kwabafile nasebezokufa ngemva kwempi. Ngenxa yalokho amazinyo okufakelwa ayeyimpahla ebizayo yabantu abacebile. Abantu abavamile baqala ukuthola amazinyo okufakelwa ngawo-1850, lapho sekutholakala injoloba eqinile eyaqala ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni izisekelo zala mazinyo. Nakuba odokotela bamazinyo bakaWashington babehamba phambili kulo mkhakha, babengayiqondi ngokugcwele imbangela yobuhlungu bamazinyo.

Iqiniso Ngobuhlungu Bamazinyo

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo abantu babecabanga ukuthi ubuhlungu bamazinyo bubangelwa yizibungu—okuwumbono owaqhubeka ukhona kwaze kwaba ngawo-1700. Ngo-1890, uWilloughby Miller, udokotela wamazinyo ongumMelika owayesebenza eJalimane e-University of Berlin, wayithola imbangela yokubola kwamazinyo, okuyimbangela enkulu yobuhlungu bawo. Uhlobo oluthile lwegciwane elichumayo ikakhulukazi endaweni enoshukela lukhipha i-asidi ehlasela amazinyo. Kodwa-ke kungavinjelwa kanjani ukubola kwamazinyo? Impendulo yatholakala ngengozi.

Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka odokotela bamazinyo baseColorado, e-U.S.A., bezibuza ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi kangaka kuleyo ndawo benamazinyo agqwalile. Ekugcineni, kwatholakala ukuthi i-fluoride eningi kakhulu emanzini yayiyimbangela. Kodwa njengoba babesacwaninga ngaleyo nkinga yendawo, abacwaningi bathola iqiniso elibaluleke emhlabeni wonke mayelana nokuvimbela ubuhlungu bamazinyo: Amazinyo abantu abakhulele ezindaweni lapho kuphuzwa khona amanzi angenayo i-fluoride eyanele ayebola kakhulu. I-fluoride, etholakala ngokwemvelo emithonjeni eminingi yamanzi, iyingxenye yoqweqwe lwezinyo. Lapho abantu abaphuza amanzi angenayo i-fluoride beyinikwa ngezinga elanele, ukubola kwamazinyo kuncipha ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-65.

Yaxazululeka kanjalo-ke inkinga. Abantu abaningi baphathwa amazinyo ngenxa yokuthi abolile. Lokhu kubhebhethekiswa ushukela. I-fluoride iyasiza ekukunqandeni. Kodwa-ke, sekuyaziwa ukuthi i-fluoride ayiyithathi indawo yokuxubha ngendlela efanele nokususa ukungcola okuphakathi kwamazinyo.

Ukufuna Indlela Engebuhlungu Yokwelapha Amazinyo

Ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale imithi yokubulala izinzwa, iziguli zazizwa ubuhlungu obukhulu ngenxa yezinqubo zokwelashwa kwamazinyo. Odokotela babekopolota amazinyo abuhlungu futhi abolile ngezinto ezicijile bese begcwalisa isisini ngensimbi eshisayo. Njengoba babengenayo eminye imithi, babeshisa izinyo elibolile ngokuhlohla insimbi eshisayo ezimpandeni zalo. Ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe amathuluzi akhethekile nemithi yokubulala izinzwa, ukukhipha izinyo nako kwakuyinto ebuhlungu kakhulu. Abantu babebekezelela ukuhlukumezeka ngoba nje ukuhlala nezinyo elibolile kwakukubi kunakho. Nakuba ayesesetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka, amakhambi anjenge-opium, insangu namamandragora ayemane nje adambise ubuhlungu. Ingabe odokotela bamazinyo babeyokwazi ukuhlinza abantu ngaphandle kokubazwisa ubuhlungu?

Amandla okubulala izinzwa e-nitrous oxide, noma i-laughing gas, abonakala ngokushesha ngemva kokuba umthaki wemithi oyiNgisi uJoseph Priestley eyixube okokuqala ngo-1772. Kodwa akukho muntu owayisebenzisela ukubulala izinzwa kwaze kwaba ngo-1844. Ngo-December 10 ngalowo nyaka, uHorace Wells, udokotela wamazinyo waseHartford, eConnecticut, e-U.S.A., waya emhlanganweni lapho abantu babejatshuliswa khona nge-laughing gas. UWells waqaphela ukuthi umuntu owayedakwe yile gesi wayekhuhla umlenze wakhe ebhentshini eliqinile kodwa engabonakali ezwa ubuhlungu. UWells wayeyindoda enozwela futhi kwamphatha kabi kakhulu ukubona ubuhlungu ayebubangele iziguli zakhe. Ngokushesha wacabanga ukusebenzisa le gesi njengomuthi wokubulala izinzwa. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ayinike abanye, wanquma ukuyizama kuye ngokwakhe. Ngakusasa, wahlala phansi esihlalweni sakhe sokuhlinza wahogela le gesi waze waquleka. Uzakwabo wakhipha ibamba lakhe elalimhlupha. Lokhu kwakuyisenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando. Ekugcineni kwase kunendlela yokwelapha amazinyo ngaphandle kobuhlungu!a

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamazinyo usuthuthuke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uyothola ukuthi ukuvakashela udokotela wamazinyo sekuyinto ejabulisa kakhulu.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 28]

Amazinyo okufakelwa enziwe ngezinyo lendlovu kaGeorge Washington, umongameli wokuqala wase-United States

[Umthombo]

Courtesy of The National Museum of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD

[Isithombe ekhasini 29]

Umfanekiso wokuhlinzwa kokuqala kwamazinyo kusetshenziswa i-“nitrous oxide” ekubulaleni izinzwa, ngo-1844

[Umthombo]

Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 27]

Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine