AmaTatar—Umlando Wawo, Ukuphila Kwawo Kwamanje Nekusasa Lawo
KUSUKELA ebuntwaneni ngangilokhu ngiyizwa inkulumo ethi: “Baningi ababukeka njengamaRashiya kanti bangamaTartar [Tatar].” Ngangihlale ngicabanga ukuthi ngingumRashiya, kodwa muva nje izihlobo zami zingitshele ukuthi umkhulu ozala ubaba wayengumTatar.a Lapho le ndaba ngiyitshela abangane bami, abanye bathi nabo badabuka kumaTatar.
Bengikuthanda ukufunda ngabantu abadumile abangamaTatar nangezinto abazifezile kwezobuciko, ezemidlalo nakweminye imikhakha. Ngokwesibonelo, umpetha womdanso we-ballet uRudolf Nureyev, owaba negalelo elinamandla kwezomdanso, wayezalwa emkhayeni wamaTatar eRussia. AmaTatar angaba yizigidi ezingu-7 ahlala emazweni ayeyingxenye yeSoviet Union. Ake ngikulandise ngalokho engikutholile ngamaTatar.
Umlando Wawo
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaTatar elokhu etholakala ezindabeni eziphathelene nabantu baseMongolia nabaseTurkey. Ekhulwini le-13, alwa ezimpini zikaGenghis Khan, umholi waseMongolia.b Umbuso wakhe wawuthatha indawo enkulu, elingana naleyo eyayiyiSoviet Union. Ngo-1236, amabutho akhe angamaqhawe angaba ngu-150 000 alibangisa eYurophu, eqala entshonalanga yezintaba zase-Ural. Lapho, aqala ngokuhlasela amadolobha aseRussia.
Lapho abaseMongolia sebeyinqobile iRussia ngemva nje kwesikhathi esingatheni beqalile ukulwa nayo, bamisa isifundazwe esixubile sabaseMongolia nabaseTurkey, ingxenye yaso esentshonalanga abanye bayibiza ngokuthi yiGolden Horde. Inhloko-dolobha yayo, iSarai Batu, yayisezansi noMfula iVolga. Lesi sifundazwe sasihlanganisa ingxenye yeSiberia nezintaba zayo zase-Ural, kuhlanganise nezintaba zokhahlamba ezikude eCarpathian nezaseCaucasus eziseUkraine naseGeorgia. IHorde yakhokhisa imibuso yaseRussia intela. Ngekhulu le-15, iHorde yahlukana yaba yizifunda ezinjengeCrimea, i-Astrakhan neKazan’.
ITatarstan Nenhloko-dolobha Yayo, IKazan’
Namuhla, iRiphabhuliki yeTatarstan esengxenyeni yempumalanga yeRussia eseYurophu, inabantu abangaba yizigidi ezine abanobuzwe obuhlukahlukene. Le ndawo ingamakhilomitha-skwele angu-68 000 futhi yaziwa ngokuthi ingenye “yezindawo ezithuthukile kwezomnotho eRussia.” ERussia, iTatarstan yiyo ehamba phambili ekukhiqizeni uwoyela negesi. Izimboni zayo zakha izindiza nezimoto kanti futhi le ndawo inezikhumulo eziningana zezindiza.
IKazan’ iyidolobha lesimanje elinabantu abangaba yisigidi elilapho kuhlangana khona umfula iVolga neKazanka. Ingelinye lamadolobha amaningi aseRussia anemizila yezitimela emihle engaphansi komhlaba.c Zonke iziteshi zakhona zinemidwebo efanayo. Eminye eyezinto zesimanje kanti eminye eyezinto zasempumalanga noma zangenkathi ephakathi. Esinye isiteshi saseKazan’ sinodonga oluhlotshiswe ngemidwebo enemibala engu-22 esekelwe ezinganekwaneni zomdabu zamaTatar.
IKazan Federal University yakhiwa umbusi waseRussia u-Alexander I ngo-1804 futhi inomunye wemitapo yezincwadi emikhulu kakhulu eRussia. Iyisikhungo sezemfundo nezamasiko esinethonya elikhulu futhi indala kunawo wonke amaYunivesithi aseTatarstan. Phakathi kwezincwadi zayo eziyizigidi ezinhlanu, kunemibhalo yesandla yasendulo engu-30 000, eminye yayo eyangekhulu le-9 C.E.
Kuyajabulisa ukuhamba emgwaqweni iBauman ophakathi nedolobha. Le ndawo igcwele izitolo nezindawo zokudlela ezinhle. Ngesikhathi sivakashele le ndawo futhi sibuka nedolobha muva nje, mina nomkami sajabulela ukungcebeleka ngesikebhe eMfuleni iVolga.
Enye yezindawo ezivelele eKazan’ inqaba yayo edumile. Le nqaba yasendulo, eyakhiwa ngekhulu le-16, iwukuphela kwenqaba yamaTatar eRussia eye yaqhubeka ikhona kuze kube namuhla. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga zamatshe ezibiyele le nqaba yaseKazan’ kunombhoshongo iSyuyumbeki, izakhiwo zikahulumeni waseTatarstan, ithempeli nesakhiwo sesonto lobu-Orthodox.
Ngo-2000, iNqaba yaseKazan’ yaba iSakhiwo Se-UNESCO Samagugu Omhlaba. Ebusuku, izakhiwo zale nqaba zibukeka zinkulu ngokukhethekile. Imbangela yalokhu izibani ezikhanyisa amanzi asemfuleni.
Abantu Nolimi Lwabo
AmaTatar yiwona amaningi kakhulu kubantu baseRussia abangamaTurkic futhi kuthiwa alinganiselwa ku-5 500 000. Kodwa akwaziwa ngempela ukuthi mangaki kuleli zwe elikhulukazi.
Ulimi lwesiTatar luyingxenye yezilimi zesiTurkic. Ezinye izilimi ezikuleli qembu isi-Azerbaijani, isiBashkir, isiKazakh, isiKirghiz, isiNogai, isiTurkish, isiTurkoman, isiTuvinian, isi-Uzbek nesiYakut. Ezinye kulezi zilimi zihlobene eduze kangangokuthi ngezinga elithile abazikhulumayo bayezwana.
Kuwo wonke umhlaba abantu abakhuluma izilimi zesiTurkic babalelwa ezigidini eziningi. Emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni kulo lonke elaseTatarstan, abantu basebenzisa isiTatar nesiRashiya, njengoba kunjalo nangamaphephandaba, izincwadi, imisakazo namathelevishini. Izindawo zemidlalo yeshashalazi eTatarstan ziba nemidlalo yesiTatar, enomlando wamaTatar, izinganekwane nokuphila nje okuvamile.
Izitolo nezimpawu zemigwaqo eKazan’ nakwamanye amadolobha kubhalwe ngesiRashiya nesiTatar. IsiRashiya sinamagama amaningi anomsuka wesiTatar. ESoviet Union, isiTatar sayekwa ukubhalwa ngezinhlamvu zesi-Arabhu sase sibhalwa ngezesiLatini ngo-1928. Kusukela ngo-1939, isiTatar besilokhu sibhalwa ngezinhlamvu zesiCyrillic ezifanayo nalezo okubhalwa ngazo isiRashiya.
Amasiko Esizwe
Esikhathini esidlule amaTatar ayengabazingeli futhi enemfuyo. Ngisho nanamuhla izinhlobo eziningi zokudla komdabu zidle ngokuba nenyama. Okunye kwako i-belesh, intandokazi emikhayeni eminingi yamaTatar. Ivame ukwenziwa njengophayi, phakathi ifakwe amazambane, inyama, u-anyanisi nezinongo. Ibe isibhakwa cishe amahora amabili. Ngemva kwalokho lo “phayi” ube ususikwa phambi kwabo bonke njengoba ushunqa.
Emaholidini esizwe samaTatar, cishe elidala kunawo wonke nelidumile, iSabantui. Lithathelwe emkhutsheni wobuqaba lapho abantu babethandaza ndawonye banikele nemihlatshelo kunkulunkulu welanga nasemadlozini. Babekholelwa ukuthi leyo mihlatshelo yayiyoqinisekisa ukuthi uzalo lwabo luyaqhubeka, izilwane zabo ziyazala nokuthi izwe labo lizothela.
AmaTatar ayazifela ngamahhashi. Ayingxenye ebalulekile yosiko-mpilo lwawo futhi ahlobene nomlando wawo wokufuduka. IKazan’ inenye yezinkundla zomjaho wamahhashi ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni, enezitebele ezingu-12 nomtholampilo wezilwane. Kukhona ngisho nechibi lokubhukuda amahhashi!
Lokho Ikusasa Elikuphethe
IKoran ithi: “Ngokuqinisekile sabhala encwadini yamaHubo, emva kweTorah: ‘Ngempela izinceku Zami ezilungile ziyodla ifa lomhlaba.’” (Sura 21, Al-Anbiyā [AbaProfethi], ivesi 105). Ngokusobala lokhu kwathathwa emaHutsheni kaDavide alotshwa eBhayibhelini eminyakeni engu-1 500 ngaphambi kokubhalwa kweKuran. IHubo 37:29 lithi: “Abalungile bayokudla ifa lomhlaba, futhi bayohlala kuwo kuze kube phakade.”
Laba bantu abajabulayo nabalungile bayovela kusiphi isizwe nohlanga? Isiprofetho esilotshwe kuyi-Injil (amaVangeli amaKristu aseTestamenteni Elisha) sithi: “Isixuku esikhulu, okungekho muntu owakwazi ukusibala, siphuma kuzo zonke izizwe nezinhlanga nabantu nezilimi.” (IsAmbulo 7:9) Yeka ukuphila okumangalisayo okuyoba khona esikhathini esizayo phakathi kobuzalwane bezizwe ezihlukahlukene nebala okuyogcwalisa umhlaba!d
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a AmaTatar ayiqembu elikhulu lohlanga lwamaTurkic elitholakala eRussia ngokuyinhloko.
b Bheka isihloko esithi “Imihambima Yase-Asia Eyazakhela Umbuso,” esikuyi-Phaphama! ka-May 2008.
c Amanye amadolobha aseRussia anemizila yezitimela ehamba ngaphansi komhlaba ahlanganisa iYekaterinburg, iMoscow, iNizhniy, iNovgorod, iNovosibirsk, iSt. Petersburg neSamara.
d Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nenjongo kaNkulunkulu kutholakala encwajaneni ethi The Guidance of God—Our Way to Paradise, enyatheliswa oFakazi BakaJehova.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 25]
IGAMA LIKANKULUNKULU OLIMINI LWESITATAR
Incwadi ethi Dinnər Tarixb (Izinkolo Zomhlaba) eyabhalwa umlobi ongumTatar uM. Khuzhayev, ithi u-Adamu wadalwa nguYakhve Allah, noma uJehova uNkulunkulu. Kanti nePentateuch yesiTatar, okuyizincwadi ezinhlanu zokuqala emaBhayibhelini anamuhla, inombhalo waphansi kaGenesise 2:4 othi ngegama likaNkulunkulu: “Kungenzeka ukuthi leli gama amaHebheru asendulo ayeliphimisela ngokuthi Yahveh.”
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 26]
OFAKAZI BAKAJEHOVA ETATARSTAN
OFakazi BakaJehova eRussia baqhuba amakilasi okufundisa ulimi lwesiTatar ngoba banesifiso esinamandla sokutshela abantu ngezindaba ezinhle zoMbuso kaNkulunkulu. Owesifazane waseTatarstan wathi: “Ukuthola ulwazi ngoNkulunkulu ngolimi engaluncela kungithinte kakhulu ngaze ngafikelwa izinyembezi.”
Ngo-1973, iqembu elincane loFakazi BakaJehova abangamaTatar laqala ukuba nemihlangano yesifundo seBhayibheli ngolimi lwesiTatar. Ngawo-1990 oFakazi BakaJehova baqala ukunyathelisa izincwadi ezisekelwe eBhayibhelini ngesiTatar.e Kwabe sekuthi ngo-2003, kwamiswa ibandla lokuqala loFakazi BakaJehova lolimi lwesiTatar eNaberezhnye Chelny, iRiphabhuliki yaseTatarstan. Namuhla kunamabandla angu-8 namaqembu angu-20 olimi lwesiTatar eRussia.
Ngo-2008, izihambeli ezivela e-Astrakhan, esifundeni saseVolga, eziNtabeni zase-Ural, eNtshonalanga yeSiberia nasenyakatho ekude zaba khona emhlanganweni wesigodi wolimi lwesiTatar. Manje eTatarstan kunamabandla namaqembu angu-36 esiTatar-, isiRashiya-, noLimi Lwezandla LwaseRussia, okuhlanganyela kuwo abantu abangaphezu kuka-2 300 abafundisa abanye iqiniso ngoNkulunkulu.
[Umbhalo waphansi]
e I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society iye yanyathelisa amaBhayibheli nezincwadi ezisekelwe eBhayibhelini ngezilimi ezingaphezu kuka-560.
[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 27]
UMTHANDI WEMIDLALO UBA NGUMALUSI
UPyotr Markov wazalelwa edolobhaneni laseTatarstan ngo-1948. Kwaphela iminyaka engu-30 aziwa kabanzi endaweni yakubo ngekhono lakhe kwezemidlalo yokuzwana amandla nokuphakamisa izinsimbi. Wake waphakamisa ephindelela insimbi engamakhilogremu angu-32 izikhathi ezingu-130. Manje, njengoba esengomunye woFakazi BakaJehova, usaziwa kakhulu ngokukhuluma nabantu ngoNkulunkulu ngolimi lwesiTatar nolwesiRashiya, ebasiza ukuba babhekane nezinkinga zokuphila.
Ngaleyo ndlela uPyotr ulingisa uMdali okhathalelayo, okuthiwa ngaye ku-Isaya 40:11: “Iyokwelusa umhlambi wayo njengomalusi. Ngengalo yayo iyoqoqela ndawonye amawundlu; iwathwale esifubeni sayo. Izindlezane iyozihola ngokunakekela.”
[Isithombe]
UPyotr manje usengumalusi ongokomoya
[Ibalazwe ekhasini 24]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
IRUSSIA
IZINTABA ZASE-URAL
IMOSCOW
ISt. Petersburg
IRIPHABHULIKI YASETATARSTAN
IKazan’
UMfula iVolga
[Isithombe ekhasini 25]
IKazan’ Kremlin phezu koMfula iKazanka
[Umthombo]
© Michel Setboun/CORBIS
[Isithombe ekhasini 26]
“I-belesh” isidlo esiyintandokazi emikhayeni eminingi yamaTatar