Amanzi ENguquko Ayachitheka

“NGOKUSHESHA ngezwa omunye umsindo, kungathi owokuduma kwezulu, uza ngakithi. Umkhaya wakithi . . . waqala ukumpampatheka ugijimela egqumeni eliseduze. Amanzi anamagwebu asifica. Sabhukuda ngendlela esingakaze sibhukude ngayo ngaphambili. Nakuba sagwinya amanzi amaningi olwandle . . . , saphumelela.”

Wakulanda kanjalo omunye umFilipino okuhlangenwe nakho okwethusayo okwashintsha ukuphila kwakhe. Mhlawumbe awukaze wehlelwe inhlekelele engokwemvelo—yamanzi noma yanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo. Kodwa ukubheka umlando kwembula ukuthi ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu kuye kwashintshwa inhlekelele yohlobo oluthile.

Inkolo iye yabona futhi iziyaluyalu eziningi ezesabekayo, zigumbuqela nsuku zonke abantu abangenakubalwa. Laba baye bahlanganisa amaHindu, amaBuddha, amaMuslim, amaJuda, kanye namaKristu. Ingabe isiphithiphithi esinjalo siye sakuthinta ukuphila kwakho? Cishe kunjalo ngempela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlala kuphi. Ake sibonise lokhu ngokubuyela emuva eminyakeni engama-400 edlule esikhathini sekhulu le-16 leminyaka. Okokuqala nje sibhekisa ukunakekela kwethu eYurophu, ngalesosikhathi eyayinokungezwani okukhulu, njengesivinini somsinga emanzini.

Ukwanda Okuqhubekayo

Emakhulwini eminyaka, kuze kufike kulokho esikubiza ngokuthi iNguquko, iSonto lamaRoma Katolika namakhosi aseYurophu kwakuqophisene, okunye kufuna igunya phezu kokunye naphezu kwabantu. Indikimba yabantu kulelozwekazi yabonisa ukungavumelani nalokho eyayikubona kukubi emasontweni.

Luhlobo luni lobubi eyalubonayo? Ukuhaha, ukuziphatha kabi okusobala, nokugxambukela kwezombangazwe. Abantu abavamile babecasulwa amadoda nabesifazane ngakolunye uhlangothi ababefuna amalungelo akhethekile bethi benzé izifungo zokuthi bampofu futhi bamsulwa kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo badlale ngomthetho ngokuba bakhohlakale futhi baziphathe kabi obala. Izikhulu zaseNgilandi zazithukutheliswe isimo esiyinqaba sesidingo sokuba zithele kupapa ngalesosikhathi owayehlala khona futhi esebenzelana neFrance, eyisitha seNgilandi empini.

Ukonakala phakathi eSontweni lamaKatolika kwavuza njengamanzi. Isazi-mlando uBarbara W. Tuchman ubhala encwadini yakhe iThe March of Folly ukuthi opapa abayisithupha ababesezikhundleni zabo kusukela ngo-1471 kuya phambili “babefumbathisa ngokweqile, benokuziphatha okungacacile, behaha, futhi behileleke kwezombangazwe eziyingozi ngokwethusayo.” UBarbara Tuchman uqhubeka echaza indlela uPapa Sixtus IV, ukuze achumise futhi acebise umkhaya wakhe osempofu namanje, amisa ngayo abashana bakhe nabazukulu abayisihlanu njengezikhulu zesonto, omunye umzukulu njengombhishobhi, futhi washadisa ezinye zezihlobo zakhe eziyisithupha emikhayeni yohlanga lobukhosi. UAlexander VI, lapho eba upapa, wayaziwa ngokuthi wayebe namakhosikazi amaningi nezingane eziyisikhombisa. Ekuzimiseleni kwakhe ukuba akhethwe esikhundleni, wafumbathisa izimbangi zakhe ezimbili eziyinhloko, enye yazo yathola “izigaxa zamatshe ayigugu ezithwelwe iminyuzi emine,” kubhala uBarbara Tuchman. Kamuva wengamela idili leVatican elaba “elaziwayo emilandweni yaminyaka yonke yezithombe nezincwadi ezingcolile.” Khona-ke umsebenzi ofanayo ubonisa indlela ingcweti eyaziwayo yokuqopha amatshe uMichelangelo athunywa ngayo uPapa Julius II ukuba amqophele umfanekiso wakhe. Lapho lengcweti imbuza ukuthi wayengathanda yini ukubona umfanekiso uphethe incwadi, upapa oyisilwi waphendula: “Uqophe uphethe inkemba. Angazi-lutho ngezincwadi mina.”

Umfantu Echibini

Abantu baseYurophu abavamile babesasifisa isiqondiso esingokomoya. Njengoba babebona amaqembu abantu ababesezikhundleni zokuphatha behlanyiswa ukukhathalela izinzuzo zobugovu, laba abathobekile baphendukela emthonjeni ohlukile wegunya, abawubheka njengomkhulu kuneminye—iBhayibheli. Ngokombhali uJoel Hurstfield, iNguquko ‘ngomqondo ojulile yayiyinkathi yenguquko ezikhundleni zokuphatha.’ Bedunyazwe inkohlakalo esesontweni, abashumayeli nabazalwane baqala ukukhuluma obala ngesidingo senguquko. Kodwa akukho lapho amanzi okunganeliseki agcwala khona ngokwethusayo kunaseJalimane.

Ngezikhathi zobuhedeni, izizwe zaseJalimane zazinesiko lokukhokha imali ukuze kuhoxiswe isijeziso samacala. Lapho inkolo yamaRoma ikhula, lelosiko lathola indawo esontweni kuthiwa ukuhoxiswa kwesijeziso sezono. Lokhu kwakuvumela isoni ukuba sithenge kupapa ukuba usizo kwezimfanelo “zosanta” abafile futhi sizisebenzise ngenjongo yokuhoxiswa kwezijeziso zesikhashana ngenxa yezono ezazenziwe. Ngenxa yokucindezeleka ngokwezimali, okwabangelwa izimpi ezazilwiwa neFrance nomsebenzi omningi wokwakha eRoma; uPapa Leo X wagunyaza ukuhoxiswa kwesijeziso sezono ngokukhokhwa kwemali, ethembisa ukwesulwa okuphelele kwezijeziso zesikhashana ngenxa yezono. UMartin Luther othukuthele waveza iziphakamiso zakhe ezaziwayo manje ezingama-95 ngezimfundiso zesonto ezingamanga. Amanzi ayeya enguqukweni, ayeqale njengawomsedlana ezizukulwaneni ezithile ngaphambili, aba isikhukhula njengoba izindimbane zabantu zazisekela.

Ekhulwini le-16 leminyaka, abantu abanjengoLuther waseJalimane, uZwingli noCalvin baseSwitzerland, noKnox waseScotland baba izindawo zokuhlangana zabantu abaningi ababamba ithuba lokuhlanza ubuKristu futhi babuyele ezimisweni nasezindinganisweni zakuqala zeBhayibheli. EJalimane kwaqanjwa igama lokuchaza labo abenqaba ukwamukela imingcele ebekwe yizikhulu zamaRoma Katolika okholweni, futhi abasekela ukwethembeka kuNkulunkulu ngaphezu kwanoma ubani omunye. Kamuva leligama lahlanganisa bonke abasekela iNguquko. Lelogama lalithi “Prothestani.”

UbuProthestani bagcwala kuyo yonke iYurophu ngokushesha okumangalisayo, balungisa kabusha isimo senkolo, bakha imingcele emisha yokukholwa. IJalimane neSwitzerland kwahola, ngokushesha kwalandela iScotland, iSweden, iNorway, neDenmark. Kwakunezinhlangano zenguquko eAustria, eBohemia, ePoland, eTransylvania, eNetherlands, naseFrance.

ENgilandi ukunganeliseki kwase kuneminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu kusobala, kusukela emihleni kaJohn Wycliffe namaLollard. Kodwa lapho ekugcineni kuba noqhekeko eSontweni lamaKatolika, kwakungokwezizathu ezivame ngokwengeziwe. Inkosi yanquma ukuba ingayishintshi inkolo yayo kodwa umkayo. Ngo-1534 uHenry VIII wazibiza ngokuthi uyinhloko yeSonto elisha laseNgilandi. Izisusa zakhe zazihlukile kulezo zabaphikisi bakulelozwekazi, kodwa noma kunjalo izenzo zakhe zavulela amanzi oshintsho olungokwenkolo ukuba agobhozele eBrithani. Kuyo yonke iYurophu, lamanzi ashintsha ngokushesha aba bomvu ngegazi lezinkulungwane ezazidonswa ngenkani ukuze zihlukane zakhe amaqembu amabili angokwenkolo aphikisanayo.

Noma kuphi lapho kwakwenziwa khona inguquko, konke okwakuphathelene namasonto kwakukhanga. Eminyakeni emine kuphela, iNkosi yamaNgisi yathumba izindlu ezingama-560 zamalungu esonto, ezinye ezazingenelwa imali enkulu. Kwamanye amazwe kwakuba namakhosi kuhlanganise nabantu nje ababedla izindawo zamasonto. Ngenkathi iRoma ngokwayo iphangiwe, unya lwaludlangile. UBarbara Tuchman ukuchaza ngalendlela: “Ubudlwangudlwangu nokuba nequngo kwabahlaseli ‘ngabe kwaba kubi kakhulu.” Ukukhala nokububula kwagcwala yonke indawo; iTiber yantanta izidumbu.” Abantukazana, kokubili amaKatolika namaProthestani, babeshushiswa ngonya. EBohemia, amaProthestani ayephangwa, kanti eIreland kwakungamaKatolika. AmaHuguenot aseFrance angamaProthestani ayexoshiwe, njengabebandla laseHabe baseScotland namaPuritan angamaNgisi. Kwabonakala sengathi umdlalo ongenangqondo wokubulalana wawusuqaliwe, futhi inkolo yayiwumshoshozeli oyinhloko. Ingabe ubudlova babungenakuphela?

Isonto lalingazimisele ukufuna ukuthula. Kodwa amakhosi, esekhathele yimpi yangaphakathi, afinyelela izivumelwano ezenza imingcele phakathi kwezinkolo eziphikisanayo yaba ngokomthetho. UkuThula kwaseAugsburg ngo-1555 kanye nokuThula kwaseWestphalia ngo-1648 kwahlanganisa imingcele engokwenkolo neyobuzwe, kwavumela ukuba inkosi yendawo ikhethe ukholo olwaluzolandelwa abantu bayo. Kanjalo iYurophu yaqala inkathi entsha, eyayizohlala iminyaka engama-300. Ithonya eYurophu laze lashintshwa ngokuphelele aMazwe Ayelwa NeJalimane anqobayo ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II.

Ukulangazelela inkululeko engokwenkolo nenguquko kwakwakhe ukucindezeleka ngemuva kwechibi eliwumngcele wesonto. Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka yokuzibamba okungakhathali, ekugcineni amanzi achitheka, egobhozela ezigodini zaseYurophu, eshiya isimo esicekelwe phansi. Lapho esebohlile, ukuqondiswa ezindabeni zokholo emazweni obuProthestani kwase kususiwe kubefundisi futhi kubekwe nje ogwini lwemibuso yezwe. Nokho, iYurophu yayisacwile enkanini engokwenkolo futhi nababaleki babebalekela emazweni ngamazwe. Izwekazi lalingasenakuwagcina amanzi agobhozayo. Ngokushesha aqala ukuchitheka. Ikhulu le-17 leza nomsele wamanzi ayechitheka. Kwakwakhiwa uMhlaba Omusha.

Amanzi Achithekile Ayageleziswa

“Enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokubalekela eMelika okokuqala,” kubhala uA. P. Stokes kwethi Church and State in the United States, “kwakuyisifiso sokukhululeka ngokwenkolo.” Abantu base bekhathele ukuhlushwa. AmaBaptist, amaQuaker, amaRoma Katolika, amaHuguenot, amaPuritan, amaMennonite, nabanye bonke babezimisele ukubekezelela izimo ezinzima zohambo lwakulamanzi babhukude baye endaweni abangayazi. UStokes wacaphuna omunye ethi: “Ngangilangazelela izwe engangingakhululeka kulo ukuba ngikhulekele uNkulunkulu ngendlela iBhayibheli elangifundisa ngayo.” Ubungako bobunzima laba babaleki ababushiya ngemuva bungalinganiswa ngobunzima ababezimisele ukububekezelela. Ngokwesazi-mlando uDavid Hawke kwethi The Colonial Experience, ukusuka okudabukisayo ezweni lakini kwakungenzeka kulandelwe “ukuchitha izinyanga ezimbili, ezintathu, noma ezine ulindele nsuku zonke ukucwila emagagasini nezigcwelegcwele ezinonya zasolwandle.” Ngemva kwalokho, isihambi esishukwe isimo sezulu ‘sasizofikela phakathi kwamaNdiya angamaqaba, angadumile ngokunye ngaphandle konya . . . [futhi sasizohlala] isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwesimo sendlala.”

Abantu ngabanye basebenzela inkululeko, imibuso yalwela umcebo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sasiyini isisusa, abasebezinzile baba senkolweni yabo. IJalimane, iHolland, neBrithani kwenza iNyakatho Melika yaba inqaba yobuProthestani. Ikakhulukazi uhulumeni waseBrithani wawufuna “ukuvimba ubuRoma Katolika . . . ekubeni buthole amandla okubusa eNyakatho Melika.” ICanada yaba ngaphansi kombuso weFrance neBrithani. Umgomo wombuso waseFrance ‘kwakuwukugcina iNew France okholweni lwamaRoma Katolika,’ ivimbela ngisho namaHuguenot ekubeni abalekele eQuebec. IAfrika eseNingizimu kanye nezingxenye zeNtshonalanga Afrika zaba ngaphansi kokubuswa ubuProthestani. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lokhu kubusa kwanda njengoba iAustralia, iNew Zealand, neziqhingi eziningi zasePacific zanezelwa enkolweni yobuProthestani.

ISpain nePortugal amazwe ayeseyifakile kakade imfundiso yobuKatolika eMelika eseNingizimu kanye nePhakathi. Abantu baseFrance nasePortugal bamisa ifulege lamaKatolika eAfrika ePhakathi. ENdiya, iGoa yayingaphansi kombuso wasePortugal, ngakho-ke ubuKatolika bemukelwa lapho.

INhlangano kaJesu (amaJesuit) yahlelwa ekhulwini le-16 leminyaka ukuba iqhube inkambo yamaKatolika. Phakathi nekhulu le-18 leminyaka, kwase kunamaJesuit angaphezu kwezi-22 000 ayesebenza kuwo wonke umhlaba, futhi aze agxilisa ngisho nenkolo yamaKatolika eChina naseJapane.

IPanorama Entsha

Amanzi abhobokile anamandla amakhulu, njengoba ufakazi ocashunwe ekuqaleni kwalesihloko ebonisile. Onakalisa indawo enhle, adala imihosha nemigodi emisha, alimaze izinto ezingawavimba endleleni yawo. Izikhukhula ezinamandla azinamqondisi, azinakulawulwa noma ziqondiswe. Kwakunjalo nje nangezikhukhula zeNguquko.

“Ngakho-ke, lokho okwenzeka . . . kwakungekhona ukunqoba kokholo olusha oluqembukayo,” kusho uG. R. Elton kwethi The Reformation Crisis, “njengokwamukelwa okuvamile nokuza kancane kweLobukholwa elehlukene elalingafunwa-muntu.” ELobukholwa lalehlukene, lishukwe isivunguvungu, litheneke amandla. Ukwethembeka kwaqina ngokwengeziwe emakhosini endawo nasemasontweni amancane esizwe. Ukubusa kweRoma okwase kukudala kwamiswa kwakungasashaywa-mkhuba. Ubuzwe bathola indawo esontweni lobuProthestani elingathuthuki. IBrithani neUnited States, amazwe ayelawulwa ngokunamandla abaholi bezwe bobuProthestani, ndawonye akha umbuso wezwe wesikhombisa womlando weBhayibheli, alawula ekhulwini le-18 leminyaka.

Nokho, iNguquko ayizange ikwenze lokho okwakwethenjwa ukuthi izokufeza. Kwakuyini lokho? Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimfundiso eziyisisekelo zamasonto obuProthestani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amasonto obuzwe noma amanye, zavumelana kakhulu nezaseRoma. Abaguquli bokuqala babekucabangele ukubuyela ezindinganisweni zeBhayibheli, ebuKristwini bangempela. Njengoba ukusekela kwakukhula futhi kuba nomfutho, ukudideka ekuqondisweni kwamane kwathela amanzi abandayo kuleyomicabango.

Amagagasi amanzi eNguquko ashiye imisele ngisho nasekhulwini lethu lama-20 leminyaka. Ingabe ungayisho eminye yayo? Okubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukuthi simi onqenqemeni lwesiyaluyalu sokugcina senkolo somhlaba wonke. Umlando wenkolo usuzofika kulo. Khona-ke ingabe uyosinda ukuze uhlole umkhathizwe omusha? Lemibuzo izophendulwa kumagazini kaNovember.