Igagasi Elikhulu Lenkolo—Amanqamu

AMAKLOBA ayalanguka, amalangabi ayagqamuka, izinhlansi ezinkulu ziqhatshela phezulu ziyokwenza umbala wesibhakabhaka ube bomvu, ube luhlaza njengaso, ube phuzi futhi ube luhlaza njengotshani. Amazambane angahlutshiwe. Igidigidi lensini, ukudazuluka ngenjabulo. Lobo uBusuku Bamakloba Omlilo eNgilandi.

IZISEBENZI zathola izidumbu ezingama-25 ngokungazelele. Izinhlaka zamathambo zazimbelwe ngokunakekela okukhulu, izandla zisongiwe. Kanjalo izazi-mlando zelamela umkhondo oyisimanga ophindela emuva eminyakeni engama-200. EQuebec, eCanada.

Okungenhla kuyizehlakalo ezimbili ezingahlangene ezinomsuka ofanayo—iNguquko.

ISIHLOKO esikumagazini kaOctober 1 sabonisa ukuthi ngekhulu le-16 iYurophu yaba nesiyaluyalu esisabekayo esingokwenkolo. Imiphumela yasakazeka nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Namuhla izici eziningi zokuphila zifana nemisele eyashiywa amanzi eNguquko. Mhlawumbe zize zithonye ngisho nenqubo yakho yansuku zonke. Okubaluleke ngisho nangokwengeziwe ukuthi simi onqenqemeni lwenhlekelele yokugcina yenkolo eyothinta ukuphila kwakho ngokuqondile. Ingabe uyazi ukuthi kunjani?

Thungatha imikhondo yeNguquko emazweni alandelayo:

EJalimane: Abanye bathi ithonya likaLuther empucukweni yamaJalimane lingelingenakulinganiswa nelanoma ubani omunye ezweni labakhuluma isiNgisi. Inguqulo yakhe yemiBhalo iphakathi kwamaBhayibheli esiJalimane amukelwa kabanzi. ULuther wenza okuningi ukuze ahlele isimiso solimi nokubeka uhlelo lobuhlobo bozalo ngesiJalimane. Wenza uHulumeni ukuba abone isidingo sokuba bonke bafunde, ephakamisa isikhundla somsebenzi wokufundisa.

ECanada: Umlando wamazwe abuswa kwamanye amazwe wabona iBrithani neFrance zihileleke emzabalazweni wempi owashiya umyocu wawo ikakhulukazi esifundazweni esisodwa—iQuebec. Njengoba ekuqaleni kwakuhlala abantu abayizifiki abangamaKatolika abavela eFrance, ngo-1763 iQuebec yaba ngaphansi kweBrithani, kanjalo yabuswa ngamaProthestani. Izidumbu okukhulunywe ngazo ekuqaleni kwalesihloko zazimbelwe ngokunyenya eduze nezingange zedolobha ngokushesha ngaphambi kwalokhu. Kungani kwenziwe ngokunyenya? Ngoba zazibonakala zingezamaProthestani, ngalesosikhathi ayenqatshelwe ukungcwaba emathuneni amaKatolika. IQuebec namanje imi njengesiqhingi samaKatolika akhuluma isiFulentshi futhi lokho kubangela izinhlangano zoqhekeko zanamuhla.

EIreland: Njengoba iNguquko yayingayihlabanga umxhwele, isiQhingi sase-Emerald yazigcina ingazihlanganisile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithonya lobuProtestani lavuzela ngaphesheya koLwandle lwaseIreland lisuka eNgilandi langenela ezifundazweni ezingasenyakatho. Namuhla ifa elashiywa liyi-Ireland ehlukanisiwe. Ukumasha kwaminyaka yonke kwasehlobo eUlster kugubha ukunqoba kwamaProthestani kwesikhathi esidlule. Imikhosi ngokuvamile imingcele, amabhomu, nezinhlamvu zezibhamu ezincibilikayo. NgoJuly 1986 iOrange Day Parade yashiya abayi-160 belimele. Yayigubha usuku iNkosi uWilliam yaseOrange, eyasimamisa ubuProthestani eBrithani, eyahlula ngalo inkosi yokugcina engumKatolika yaseNgilandi uJames II eminyakeni engama-300 edlule.

EUnited States: “Ukwehluka kwamahlelo anezizinda ezihlukene zaseYurophu kwakuyisici esinamandla sokuletha inkululeko yenkolo eMelika,” kubhala uA. P. Stokes kwethi Church and State in the United States. Izinsuku zamazwe ayebuswa kwamanye amazwe zabona iUnited States ihlobe ngemibala yobuProthestani. Izinkolelo ezazaziswa abalandeli bakaCalvin zanikeza ukuqondisa enkolweni, kwezombangazwe, nakwezentengiselwano. Inkolelo eyisisekelo yayiwukuthi umuntu ngamunye umi enokulandisa ngokuqondile kuMdali wakhe ngaphandle komlamuleli ongumpristi. Lomqondo waletha uhlobo lwabantu oluzimisele ukuzicabangela lokho elimiselwe khona, nokuvuna imivuzo yomshikashika walo.

UT. H. White wabhala encwadini yakhe ethi In Search of History ukuthi ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka, amaphesenti ayi-13 omphakathi waseU.S. wawungamaKatolika. Lesilinganiso senyukela kumaphesenti angaphezu kwama-25 ngo-1960. Noma kunjalo, amaKatolika amaningana afinyelela izikhundla eziphakeme zezombangazwe. UWhite uqhubeka athi: “Ezikhundleni eziphakeme zeSigele, lapho kwakwenziwa khona impi nokuthula, lapho kwakunqunywa khona izivumelwano nemithetho yakwamanye amazwe, lapho kwakumiswa khona aBahluleli Bezinkantolo Eziphakeme, abantu baseMelika babesakhetha amaProthestani amasiko amadala njengabagcini benjongo yesizwe.” Lomkhuba wephulwa lapho uJohn F. Kennedy eba ngumongameli wokuqala ongumKatolika weUnited States. Ukuze uthole ezinye izibonelo siza ubheke ibhokisi ekhasini 29.

Indawo Emanzi

Ngaphansi kobuProthestani, inkulumo-mpikiswano yesayensi yenkolo yaphakama, futhi izinguquko zeBhayibheli nabahlaziyi balo kwantanta egagasini lenkululeko nokuzikhulumela komuntu ngamunye. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inkululeko yambulula ukugxekwa kweBhayibheli. Kwangeniswa imiqondo emisha; ukuzimisela komuntu siqu kwaba isimiso sakhe sosuku. Intuthuko yayingasekhona ukugubha ngesineke kwamagagasi kodwa yaba ukuhlokoma okuklaklabulayo kwamadlambi. Umsinga onamandla wenguquko wakhukhula zona kanye izisekelo zenkolo yobuKritu yamasiko. Imiqondo ephambene nalokho yesimanje njengokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inkululeko yabesifazane “nokuziphatha okusha” yalahlelwa ngaphandle kuhle kwezingodo ezilahlelwe ngaphandle komfula, ezingofakazi abathule besikhukhula. Inkolo egxiliswe kumuntu othile kwamanye amazwe obuProthestani yashiya umuntu ngamunye ekhungathekile, elahlelwe kwesakhe isiqhingi esiyihlane sokholo.

Isimo sezwe emazweni obuProtestani sibunjwe isijwayezi sokungabaza izinkambiso ezimisiwe. Abantu bakhuliswa benezinkolelo zentuthuko, inkululeko, namalungelo omuntu. Ngo-1904 uMax Weber, oyisazi sesayensi yezokuhlalisana nezokonga, wabhala indaba enesihloko esikhuluma ngobuProthestani nesimiso sokuzisebenzela. Waphawula ukuthi isimiso sokuzisebenzela asiwona nje umphumela weNguquko. Kodwa ekuhloleni kwakhe wathola ukuthi emazweni aphumelelayo anesimiso sokuzisebenzela anezizinda ezixubile zenkolo, kwakungamaProthestani ngokuvelele ayengabanikazi, abaholi, abantu abanekhono, nabantu abaqeqeshiwe. NgokweDer Fischer Weltalmanach, emiklomelweni kaNobel engama-540 esinikeziwe kuze kube ngo-1985, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zizuzwe abantu abangamaProthestani. Izakhamuzi zamazwe amaKatolika zizuze amaphesenti angama-20 kuphela. Ezizweni ezingama-20, eziholayo ngenani lomkhiqizo wesizwe ngokwesilinganiso somuntu oyedwa, eziyisishiyagalolunye zingezamaProthestani, ezimbili zingezamaKatolika. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emazweni akhulayo ayishumi anezikweleti, amahlanu awo ayengawamaKatolika, alikho elalingelobuProthestani.

Iphephandaba eliphuma masonto onke laseJalimane iDer Spiegel labhala ukuthi imiqondo kaCalvin yenyusa iBrithani ukuba ibe umbuso wezwe omkhulu. Kusukela ngekhulu le-19, amandla akhulayo ezombangazwe eUnited States, eJalimane, naseGreat Britain aba isisusa sokuvuselela ezokuhlalisana. Kwagcizelelwa amathuba alinganayo ngabo bonke. Imisinga esengxenyeni enkulu yeNguquko ibhekwa ngabanye njengamabika esimiso samanje sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Ukuqaphela kwezombangazwe umthwalo wemfanelo umphakathi onawo kwacaba indlela yesimo sezenhlala-kahle. Ikakhulukazi emazweni obuProthestani, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zaqala kancane kancane ukuphatha izici ezingokomthetho zokuzalwa, ukufa, umshado, idivosi, kanye namafa. Ukuba khona kwedivosi nokukhipha isisu okungokomthetho emazweni obuKatolika ngokuvamile manje kungokuhlukile kunalokho okusemazweni obuProthestani.

Izinqaba ezimbili zobuProthestani, iUnited States neGreat Britain, zakhula kanye kanye zaba yisilo esinezimpondo ezimbili zesiprofetho seBhayibheli. (IsAmbulo 13:11) Isiqhwaga sezombangazwe sekhulu lama-20, inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene, ekuqaleni eyayibizwa ngokuthi iNhlangano Yezizwe, sikhule ngokugqugquzelwa amaProthestani.

Isikhukhula Sizobuya

Igagasi elibohlayo lishiya uphawu ogwini olusikhumbuza ngokubuya kwalo okusondelayo. Ngokufanayo, iNguquko yekhulu le-16 yashiya imikhondo ebonakalayo esingayibona namuhla. Futhi kunobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi simi onqenqemeni lwegagasi lokugcina lokushintsha kwenkolo oluyodlula konke ukubheduka okwedlule, oluyokhukhula phakade inkolo yamanga, futhi luthinte noma ubani ophilayo. Ingabe uyosinda kulo? Emhlabeni wonke, kunokunganeliseki ngenkolo ehleliwe okusekelwe ezintweni eziningi, phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni. Kungani kunokunganeliseki?

Inkolo ngokuvamile yeqa imingcele yamandla ayo angokomoya, iphambanisa ijazi lesikhumba sobuphathi nesembatho sokumiswa, isigqoko sobukhosi nesigqoko sobubhishobhi, intonga yobukhosi nesiphambano. Eminyakeni ethile edlule iphephandaba langeSonto iObserver laphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi abezombangazwe baseIreland bazimisele yini ukuthatha isikhundla sokubusa izwe kubapristi. Ungqongqoshe wakuqala waseNtshonalanga Jalimane, uHelmut Schmidt waphawula ngokungenela kwenkolo kwezombangazwe ngokuthi, “Angikholwa ukuthi lokhu kungavunyelwa phakade.” Futhi iLe Figaro yaseParis yabeka isonto icala “lokuzigaxa kwezombangazwe” kangangokuba “lisengozini yokubona ezombangazwe zizigaxa enkolweni.” Kusukela eNdiya kuya eGibithe naseUnited States, kusukela ePoland kuya eNicaragua, kusukela eMalaysia kuya eChile, umzukuzuku okhathazayo phakathi kwezombangazwe nenkolo uqhubekela phambili.

Lokhu akumangalisi, akukhona okusha. Isahluko se-17 sesAmbulo sichaza yonke inkolo yamanga njengesifebe, “iBabiloni Elikhulu,” elifeba nabezombangazwe bomhlaba. Evesini lesine uvezwa “evunulé ngegolide nangamatshe anenani nangamaparele.” Umbuso wenkolo uyahaha, umatasa emnothweni, uvuza ingcebo. Ekhulwini le-16, amabhokisi acwazimulayo eSonto lamaKatolika akhanga abaningi. Kungokufanayo ngenzuzo yemihlobiso yamatshe ayigugu yayo yonke inkolo ekhulwini lethu lama-20.

Kakade ababusi babheka umcebo onjalo ngamehlo afisayo. IAlbania yabona izindlu zokusonta zamaSulumani, amasonto, nezinye izakhiwo zenkolo ezingaphezu kwezi-2 000 ziphuciwe umbuso noma zidiliziwe. Ngo-1984 iSunday Times yabika ukuthi uhulumeni waseMalta “waqala ukuhalela umcebo wesonto,” wanqamula imali yokusiza izikole ezingaphansi kwamasonto. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi isonto lalizohlangabezana kanjani nalokhu kulahlekelwa, ungqongqoshe kahulumeni waphendula wathi: “Angazincibilikisa iziphambano zalo zegolide kanye nama-altare esiliva uma kudingekile.” ISonto lobuOrthodox lesiGreki liye lalwa kakhulu nomthetho okhishwe yiPhalamende lamaGreki ekuqaleni owawuyokwenza uhulmeni uphathe izindawo (amaphesenti ayi-10 endawo yalelizwe).

Emhlabeni wonke, inkolo ingedumaza kakhulu. Esikhundleni sokuba yisici esihlanganisayo, iyahlakaza. Elinye iphephandaba lansuku zonke laseJalimane laphawula “ngombango ophakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani ofana nenzondo.” IFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung yabhala ukuthi ngisho nezinhlangnao zamasonto, ezisungulelwe ukuba zivale lomhosha zaqala zinesimo “sokungathembani, senzondo engenakulanyulwa phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani.” UElie Wiesel, owazuza uMklomelo kaNobel Wokuthula ngo-1986, wacashunwa kwelinye iphephandaba lansuku zonke laseJalimane ethi: “Ezikhathini eziningi ngicabanga ukuthi sihlulekile. Ukuba othile wasitshela ngo-1945 ukuthi sisayophinda futhi sibone izimpi ezigqugquzelwe yinkolo zidlange ngokoqobo kuwo wonke amazwe . . . besingeke sikukholelwe.” Inkolo ephemba inkathazo, ebhebhezela noma ethalalisa impi, iyinkolo yamanga. Futhi esikhathini eside esidlule uMdali wanquma ukuyiqeda.

Isahluko 17 sesAmbulo sisishiya singenakungabaza ngesiphetho sayo yonke inkolo yamanga. Evesini 16 siyafunda: “Izimpondo eziyishumi [imibuso yohulumeni esenhlanganweni yeZizwe Ezihlangene] owazibonayo, nesilo [iZizwe Ezihlangene] lezi ziyakusizonda isifebe, [inkolo yamanga] zisenze incithakalo, sibe-yize, zidle inyama yaso, zisishise ngomlilo, zisiqede.”

Umi Kuphi?

Njengoba kungase kubonakale kungokuphawulekayo, inkolo yamanga isifike esiphethweni sayo. Izenzo zayo, imikhuba, amasiko, namalungelo kuzonyamalala ngokushesha. Lokho kungase kubonakale kuwe kungokungenakwenzeka njengoba kwaba njalo kubantu ngekhulu le-16 lapho iSonto lamaKatolika licwila obishini. Kodwa amanzi eNguquko ayegubuzela. Umcebo weSonto wanikezwa abantu, amandla alo anikezwa ababusi. Ngokufanayo, osukwini lwethu izizwe ziyokwengamela ukubhujiswa kokugcina kwenkolo yamanga.

Ingabe lokho kusho ukuthini kuwena ngokoqobo? Hlola inhlangano yenkolo okuyo. Ingabe lokho ekuvumelayo kuvumelana neBhayibheli ngazo zonke izindlela? Uma kungenjalo, khona inhlangano yakho iyingxenye ‘yeBabiloni Elikhulu,’ noma umbuso wezwe wenkolo yamanga. Landela umyalo otholakala kusAmbulo 18:4, othi: “Phumani kulo, bantu bami, . . . nokuba ningamukeli okwezinhlupho zalo.”

Khumbula, igagasi eligubuzelayo eliletha imbubhiso yokugcina enkolweni yamanga lisendleleni. Liyabonakala emkhathizwe. Uyobe umi kuphi lapho liletha imbubhiso enkulu? Ezigodini zokunganaki? Egqumeni legunya elithile lezwe? Noma entabeni kaJehova? Kukhona indawo eyodwa kuphela elondekile ongaba kuyo.

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 27]

Umsinga onamandla wenguquko wakhukhula zona kanye izisekelo zemfundiso yamasiko. Imiqondo ephambene nayo njengokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inkululeko yabesifazane, ‘nokuziphatha okusha’ iye yahlelwa ngaphandle kuhle kwezingodo ezilahlelwe ngaphandle komfula

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 28]

Kunobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi simi onqenqemeni lwegagasi lokugcina lokushintsha kwenkolo. Ingabe uyosinda kulo?

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 29]

Ukuba othile wayesitshele ngo-1945 ukuthi sisayophinda futhi sibone izimpi ezigqugquzelwe yinkolo zidlanga kuwo wonke amazwe besingeke sikukholelwe

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 29]

ENingizimu Afrika: Inkolelo kaCalvin yokunqunyelwa kusengaphambili yanikeza ubandlululo isisekelo esingokwenkolo. Iphephandaba lansuku zonke laseJalimane iFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung labiza abefundisi beNederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (njengoba lalaziwa kanjalo iSonto laseDashi eNingizimu Afrika) ngokuthi “abaklami bobandlululo lwezombangazwe.”

ESwitzerland: Njengesikhungo senhlangano kaCalvin, iGeneva yakhanga izinkulungwane eziningi zababaleki, abeza nengcebo kanye nolwazi. Ngenxa yalokho, iseyidolobha elikhulu kwezomgangazwe futhi inemboni echumayo ekhiqiza amawashi asesandleni namawashi amakhulu.

ENdiya: INhlangano kaJesu (amaJesuit) yakhulisa inhlangano eyingxenye yeNhlangano Ephikisana NeNguquko, ukuze ivuselele umoya wobuKatolika ngemva kokudambiswa yiNguquko. Amalungu eNhlangano afika esifundazweni saseGoa ngekhulu le-16, ngokushesha ngemva kokuba iGoa yenziwe iphathwé yiPortugal. Ithonya lesonto liyabonakala emphakathini namuhla: EGoa, abantu aba-3 kwabayi-10 bangamaKatolika, kuyilapho kuyo yonke iNdiya, oyedwa kuphela kwabangama-25 engumKristu wokuzisholo.

ENgilandi: Ngonyaka ka-1605 uJames I, ongumProthestani, wabekwa esihlalweni sobukhosi. Lapho ukucindezelwa ngamaKatolika kulelozwe kukhula, kwaboshwa uzungu lokugumbuqela iPhalamende, iNkosi nakho konke. Abenzi bozungu, iqembu lamaKatolika elaliholwa nguGuy Fawkes, batholwa futhi babulawa. UNovember 5 uphawula ukugujwa koBusuku Bamakloba Omlilo. Imindeni nabangane isabuthana ukuze ifudumeze intambama eswakeme ngezinto ezikhipha umlilo nokushisa “isithombe esakhiwe somhloli weqembu”, noma umfanekiso, womenzi wozungu.

[Izithombe ekhasini 26]

UMartin Luther noJohn Calvin—abaholi eNguqukweni