Umnyathelisi Owazakhela Igama

INGABE wake wafuna ukuthola umbhalo othile eBhayibhelini kodwa wangakhumbula ukuthi ungawutholaphi? Nokho, ngokukhumbula igama elilodwa nje kuphela, wakwazi ukuwuthola ngokusebenzisa i-concordance yeBhayibheli. Noma mhlawumbe wake waba sembuthwaneni wamaKristu lapho amakhulu, noma ngisho nezinkulungwane, zababekhona zazikwazi ukuvula amaBhayibheli azo ukuze zifunde umbhalo esikhathini esingangemizuzwana ngemva kokuba kubhekiselwe kuwo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi, kufanele ubonge umuntu othile okungenzeka awujwayelene naye. Lowomuntu wenza ukufunda kwakho iBhayibheli kwaba lula, futhi uye wafeza ingxenye ethile ekuqikeleleni ukuthi namuhla sinamaBhayibheli anembile. Uye wathonya ngisho nendlela amaBhayibheli amaningi abukeka ngayo.

Lowomuntu kwakunguRobert Estienne.a Wayengumnyathelisi, wazalwa eyindodana yomnyathelisi, eParis, eFrance, ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Kwakuyinkathi yeMpucuko neNguquko. Umshini wokunyathelisa waba indlela yokukuveza kokubili. UHenri Estienne, uyise kaRobert, wayengumnyathelisi wodumo, ekhiqiza ezinye zezincwadi eziphuma phambili ezazizokhishwa phakathi neNkathi Yempucuko. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuhlanganisa izincwadi zemfundo ephakeme nezeBhayibheli zaseYunivesithi yaseParis, nesikole sayo semfundiso yenkolo—iSorbonne.

Kodwa ake sigxilise ukunakekela kwethu endo-daneni, uRobert Estienne. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngemfundo yakhe yasesikoleni. Kodwa kusukela esemncane, wayesazi kahle isiLatini futhi ngokushesha wafunda isiGreki nesiHeberu. URobert walifunda kuyise ikhono lokunyathelisa. Lapho elandela uHenri njengomnyathelisi ngo-1526, kakade uRobert Estienne wayesaziwa njengesazi esinezindinganiso eziphakeme ezilimini. Nakuba akhipha izinguqulo ezicutshungulisisiwe zezincwadi zesiLatini nezinye izincwadi zezazi, ayekuthanda kakhulu nokungenakungatshazwa kwakuyiBhayibheli. Elangazela ukufeza eBhayibhelini lesiLatini lokho kakade okwase kwenziwe ezincwadini zesiLatini, u-Estienne wakhankasela ukuveza umbhalo ofana ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nowokuqala wekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka weBhayibheli likaJerome lesiLatini i-Vulgate.

I-Vulgate Ethuthukisiwe

UJerome wayehumushe esusela esiHeberwini nasesiGrekini sokuqala seBhayibheli, kodwa ngosuku luka-Estienne, i-Vulgate yase ineminyaka eyinkulungwane ikhona. Amaphutha amaningi nokonakala kwakungene ngokunyenya ngenxa yezinqubo zokulotshwa kwe-Vulgate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, amazwi eBhayibheli aphefumulelwe ngokwaphezulu ayefiphazwe izinganekwane eziningi zangenkathi ephakathi, izindima ezihunyushwe kabusha, nokunezelwa kwamazwi angamanga. Lokhu kwase kuhlangane kakhulu nemibhalo yeBhayibheli kangangokuba kwaqala ukwamukelwa njengemibhalo ephefumulelwe.

Ukuze asuse konke lokho okwakungekho ekuqaleni, u-Estienne wasebenzisa izindlela zokucusumbula okubhaliwe ezazisetshenziswa ekufundeni izincwadi zakudala. Wafuna imibhalo emidala nengcono kakhulu eyayisatholakala. Emitatsheni yezincwadi eyayiseParis naseduze kwakhona nasezindaweni ezifana ne-Évreux neSoissons, wavumbulula imibhalo eminingana yasendulo, omunye wayo ubonakala sengathi usukela ekhulwini lesithupha. U-Estienne waqhathanisa ngokunakekela indima nendima yemibhalo ehlukahlukene yesiLatini, ekhetha kuphela izindima ezazibonakala zifakazelwe kahle. Incwadi eyaba umphumela, iBhayibheli lika-Estienne, yakhishwa ngokokuqala ngo-1528 futhi yayiyintuthuko ephawulekayo ekuhlaziyeni ukunemba kwemibhalo yeBhayibheli. Kwalandela izinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe zika-Estienne. Abanye ngaphambi kwakhe babezame ukuyilungisa i-Vulgate, kodwa inguqulo yakhe yayingeyokuqala ukunikeza iqoqo lokwaziswa okuseceleni okuphumelelayo. Ezikhaleni ezisemaceleni, u-Estienne wabonisa lapho ayeshiye khona izindima ezithile ezingabazisayo noma lapho okwakungenzeka khona ukuthi izindima zifundwe ngezindlela ezingaphezu kweyodwa. Futhi waphawula imithombo yemibhalo ethile eyayimgunyaza ukuba enze lokhukulungisa.

U-Estienne waveza ezinye izici eziningi ezazizintsha ngempela ekhulwini le-16. Wenza umehluko phakathi kwezincwadi eziQanjiwe neZwi likaNkulunkulu. Wafaka incwadi yezEnzo emva kwamaVangeli nangaphambi kwezincwadi zikaPawulu. Phezulu ekhasini ngalinye, wanikeza amagama ambalwa ayisihluthulelo ukuze asize abafundi bathole izindima ezithile. Lokhu kwakuyisibonelo sokuqala salokho namuhla ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi izihloko ezingenhla ekhasini ngalinye. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umbhalo ogqamile, indlela yokubhala eyasungulwa eJalimane, u-Estienne wayephakathi kwabokuqala abanyathelisa iBhayibheli lilonke ngamagama angagqamile nokulula ukuwafunda manje asetshenziswa kakhulu. Walungiselela futhi izikhombo eziningi ezihlobene nemibhalo namaphuzu achaza ulimi ukuze asize ekucaciseni ezinye izindima.

Izikhulu eziningi nabefundisi babelazisa iBhayibheli lika-Estienne, ngoba lalingcono kunanoma iyiphi enye inguqulo ye-Vulgate eyayinyathelisiwe. Ngokuphathelene nobuhle, ikhono lomsebenzi, nokusebenziseka, inguqulo yakhe yabeka indinganiso futhi ngokushesha yayilingiswa kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Umnyathelisi Wasebukhosini

“Uyambona umuntu ehlakaniphile emsebenzini wakhe na? Uyakuma phambi kwamakhosi,” kusho izAga 22:29. Ubungcweti buka-Estienne bokusungula izinto ezintsha nekhono lokukhuluma izilimi eziningi kwaqashelwa uFrancis I, inkosi yaseFrance. U-Estienne waba umnyathelisi wenkosi wesiLatini, isiHeberu, nesiGreki. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Estienne wakhiqiza lokho namanje okusewumsebenzi wobuciko endleleni yokunyathelisa yaseFrance. Ngo-1539 waqala ukukhiqiza iBhayibheli lesiHeberu lokuqala nelingcono kakhulu elalinyatheliswe eFrance. Ngo-1540 wafaka imifanekiso eBhayibhelini lakhe lesiLatini. Kodwa esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izithombe ezivamile ezicatshangelwayo zezenzakalo zeBhayibheli ezazivamile ngeNkathi Ephakathi, u-Estienne walungiselela imidwebo efundisayo esekelwe ebufakazini bemivubukulo noma ezilinganisweni nasezincazelweni ezitholakala eBhayibhelini ngokwalo. Lezizithombe ezaziqoshwe okhunini zazizibonisa ngokuningiliziwe izinto ezinjengomphongolo wesivumelwano, izingubo zompristi omkhulu, itabernakele, nethempeli likaSolomoni.

Esebenzisa uhlobo olukhethekile lwezinhlamvu zokunyathelisa zesiGreki ayeluthengele ukunyathelisa iqoqo lemibhalo yenkosi, u-Estienne waqhubeka ekhiqiza inguqulo yokuqala ecutshungulisisiwe YemiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki. Nakuba izinguqulo ezimbili zokuqala zemibhalo ka-Estienne yesiGreki zazingengcono kangako kunencwadi kaDesiderius Erasmus, enguqulweni yesithathu yango-1550, u-Estienne wanezela ukuqhathanisa nezikhombo ezivela emibhalweni engaba ngu-15, kuhlanganise ne-Codex Bezae yekhulu lesihlanu C.E. neBhayibheli i-Septuagint. Lenguqulo ka-Estienne yamukelwa kabanzi kangangokuthi kamuva yaba isisekelo salokho okuthiwa i-Textus Receptus, noma umBhalo Owamukelwe, izinguqulo eziningi zamuva ezazisekelwe kuyo, kuhlanganise ne-King James Version ka-1611.

ISorbonne Imelene Nenguquko

Njengoba imibono kaLuther nabanye abaShisekeli Benguquko yayisakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, iSonto LamaKatolika lafuna ukulawula lokho abantu ababekucabanga ngokuqondisa lokho ababekufunda. Ngo-June 15, 1520, uPapa Leo X washaya umthetho, eyala ukuba kungabikho ncwadi equkethe “imibono ephambene nemfundiso” enyatheliswayo, ethengiswayo, noma efundwa kunoma iliphi izwe lamaKatolika futhi efuna ngenkani ukuba iziphathimandla ziphoqelele lomthetho emazweni azo. ENgilandi, iNkosi uHenry VIII washiyela umsebenzi wokuhlola kumbhishobhi wamaKatolika uCuthbert Tunstall. Nokho, engxenyeni enkulu yeYurophu, igunya elingenakuphikiswa ezindabeni zemfundiso, elalilandela upapa, kwakuwumnyango wabefundisi eYunivesithi yaseParis—iSorbonne.

ISorbonne yayiwumkhulumeli wamaKatolika asadla ngoludala. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka yayibhekwa njengenqaba yenkolo yamaKatolika. Abahloli beSorbonne bamelana nazo zonke izinguqulo ezicutshungulisisiwe nezinguqulo ze-Vulgate zezilimi zabomdabu, bengazibheki nje kuphela “njengezingenalusizo esontweni kodwa neziyingozi.” Lokhu akuzange kumangaze lapho abaShisekeli Benguquko bengabaza izimfundiso, imikhosi, nemikhuba yesonto okwakungagunyaziwe imiBhalo. Nokho, izazi eziningi zemfundiso yenkolo eSorbonne zabheka izimfundiso ezihlonishwayo zesonto njengezibaluleke ngaphezu kokufundwa okunembile kweBhayibheli ngokwalo. Esinye isazi semfundiso yenkolo sathi: “Lapho izimfundiso sezitholakele, imiBhalo ifana nesikafula esisuswayo ngemva kokuba udonga selwakhiwe.” Abaningi kulesisikhungo semfundo babengasinaki isiHeberu nesiGreki, nokho babekweya ukuhlola kuka-Estienne nezinye izazi zeMpucuko ezazigxila ezincazelweni zokuqala zamagama asetshenziswe eBhayibhelini. Omunye uprofesa waseSorbonne waze wagomela ngisho nokugomela ukuthi “ukusakaza ulwazi lwesiGreki nesiHeberu kwakuyobangela ukubhujiswa kwayo yonke inkolo.”

ISorbonne Iyahlasela

Nakuba izinguqulo zokuqala ze-Vulgate ka-Estienne zaphumelela kubahloli besikhungo sezemfundo, akuzange kwenzeke ukuba zingaphikiswa. Emuva ekhulwini le-13, i-Vulgate yayigcinwe endaweni engcwele njengeBhayibheli elingokomthetho laleyunivesithi, futhi kwabaningi umbhalo wayo wawungenaphutha. Lesisikhungo sasilahle ngisho nesazi esihlonishwayo u-Erasmus ngomsebenzi wakhe kuyi-Vulgate. Iqiniso lokuthi umnyathelisi ongumuntu ovamile nje angaba nesibindi sokulungisa umbhalo ongokomthetho lalethusa kwabathile.

Mhlawumbe ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwakungamaphuzu ka-Estienne asembhalweni oseceleni ayekhathaza izazi zemfundiso yenkolo. Lokhu kwaziswa kwaletha ukungabaza ukuba ngokomthetho kwalombhalo we-Vulgate. Isifiso sika-Estienne sokucacisa izindima ezithile saphumela ekubeni asolwe ngokuzigaxa ezindabeni zemfundiso yenkolo. Wakwenqaba lokhukumangalelwa, ethi lombhalo oseceleni umane uwukubukeza okufushane noma uwukucutshungulwa kolimi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphawula akwenza kuGenesise 37:35 kwachaza ukuthi igama elithi “isihogo” [infernum ngesiLatini] lalingenakuqondwa lapho njengelisho indawo lapho ababi bejeziswa khona. Lesisikhungo samsola ngokuthi wenqaba ukungafi komphefumulo namandla “osanta” okuba abalamuleli.

Nokho, u-Estienne wazuza umusa nesivikelo senkosi. UFrancis I wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu ezifundweni zeMpucuko, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini womnyathelisi wakhe wasebukhosini. Kubikwa ukuthi uFrancis I waze wamvakashela ngisho nokumvakashela u-Estienne futhi wake walinda ngokubekezela lapho u-Estienne enza ukulungisa kokugcina embhalweni. Ngokusekela kwenkosi, u-Estienne wamelana neSorbonne.

Izazi Zemfundiso Yenkolo Ziyawenqabela AmaBhayibheli Akhe

Nokho, ngo-1545 izenzakalo zabangela ukuba lonke ulaka lwesikhungo semfundiso saseSorbonne lubhekiswe ku-Estienne. Ebona izinzuzo zokuba nokuma okubumbene ngokumelene nabaShisekeli Benguquko, amayunivesithi amaKatolika aseCologne (eJalimane), eLouvain (eBelgium), naseParis ayesevumelene ngaphambili ukuba abambisane ekuhlolweni kwezimfundiso ezingezona ezingokwesiko. Lapho izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zaseLouvain University zibhalela iSorbonne zizwakalisa ukumangala kwazo kokuthi amaBhayibheli ka-Estienne ayengakaveli ohlwini lwaseParis lwezincwadi ezingavunyelwe, iSorbonne yaphendula ngamanga ithi ibingenakuzivumela ngempela ukuba ibike yazibona. Izitha zika-Estienne kulesisikhungo semfundo manje zaba nethemba lokuthi igunya elihlangene lalezizikhungo zemfundo zaseLouvain naseParis liyoba elanele ukuqinisekisa uFrancis I ngamaphutha omnyathelisi wakhe.

Phakathi nalesosikhathi, eseqashelisiwe ngezisusa zezitha zakhe, u-Estienne waya kuqala enkosini. U-Estienne wasikisela ukuthi uma izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zingakhipha uhlu lwanoma imaphi amaphutha eziwatholile, wayezimisele ukuwanyathelisa kanye nokulungisa kwezazi zemfundiso yenkolo futhi akuhlanganise neBhayibheli ngalinye elithengiswayo. Lelikhambi lamzuzela umusa wenkosi. Wacela uPierre du Chastel, umsizi wakhe wasebukhosini enkonzweni yokukhulekela, ukuba anakekele lendaba. Ngo-October 1546 lesisikhungo semfundo sabhalela uDu Chastel siphikisa ngokuthi amaBhayibheli ka-Estienne ‘ayewukudla kwalabo abenqaba uKholo lwethu nabasekela imibono ephambene nokukholwa eyayikhona’ futhi ayegcwele amaphutha kangangokuba ayefanele “ukupheliswa nokuqedwa ngokuphelele.” Ingakholwa, inkosi manje yayala lesisikhungo ngokwayo ukuba siveze izinsolo zaso ukuze zinyatheliswe emaBhayibhelini ka-Estienne. Sathembisa ukukwenza lokhu, kodwa empeleni senza konke esasingakwenza ukuze sigweme ukukhipha uhlu oluningiliziwe lwamaphutha acatshangelwayo.

UFrancis I wafa ngo-March 1547, futhi u-Estienne walahlekelwa umngane onamandla owayemvikela emandleni eSorbonne. Lapho uHenry II ehlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, wavuselela umyalo kayise wokuthi lesisikhungo sikhiphe izinsolo zaso. Nokho, eqaphela indlela amakhosi aseJalimane ayeyisebenzisa ngayo iNguquko ukuze afeze izinjongo zezombangazwe, uHenry II wayengasabukhathaleli ubuhle noma ububi bamaBhayibheli omnyathelisi wasebukhosini ngaphezu kokuba ayekhathalela ukulondoloza amaKatolika aseFrance nokuwagcina ebumbene ngaphansi kwenkosi yawo entsha. Ngo-December 10, 1547, uMkhandlu Wabeluleki benkosi wanquma ukuthi kufanele kuvinjelwe ukuthengiswa kwamaBhayibheli ka-Estienne kuze kube yilapho izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zikhipha uhlu lwezinsolo zazo.

Wasolwa Ngokuba Yisihlubuki

Manje lesisikhungo safuna izindlela zokuba icala lika-Estienne lidluliselwe enkantolo ekhethekile eyayisanda kumiswa ukuze imbeke amacala okuhlubuka. U-Estienne wayeyiqaphela ngokugcwele ingozi ayekuyo. Phakathi neminyaka emibili yokumiswa kwayo, lenkantolo yaziwa ngokuthi i-chambre ardente, noma “ikamelo elivuthayo.” Izisulu ezingaba ngu-60 zayiswa esigxotsheni, kuhlanganise nabanyathelisi abathile nabathengisi bezincwadi abashiswa bephila ePlace Maubert, okuyindawo eseduze kakhulu nomuzi ka-Estienne. Indlu ka-Estienne yayiseshwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze kutholwe noma ibuphi ubufakazi bokummangalela. Ofakazi abangaphezu kuka-80 baphenyisiswa. Ababenganikeza ukwaziswa bathenjiswa umvuzo wengxenye eyodwa kwezine yempahla yakhe uma engase abekwe icala lokuhlubuka. Noma kunjalo, okuwukuphela kobufakazi yilokho u-Estienne ayekunyathelise obala emaBhayibhelini akhe.

Inkosi yaphinde yayala ukuba uhlu lwezinsolo zalesisikhungo zidluliselwe eMkhandlwini Wabeluleki bayo. Sinenkani, lesisikhungo saphendula ngokuthi ‘izazi zemfundiso yenkolo azikwejwayele ukunikeza izizathu ezibhaliwe ezilahla ngazo okuthile njengokuwukuhlubuka kodwa ziphendula ngomlomo kuphela, okumelwe nikukholelwe, ngaphandle kwalokho ukubhala akuyikuphela.’ UHenry wavuma. Kwalandela ukuvinjelwa kokugcina. Cishe zonke izincwadi zeBhayibheli u-Estienne ake wazikhipha ziye zalahlwa. Nakuba ayesinde emalangabini asePlace Maubert, wanquma ukuthutha eFrance ngenxa yokuvinjelwa okuphelele kwamaBhayibheli akhe nokucabangela ukuthi babengaqhubeka bemhlukumeza.

Umnyathelisi Owashiya Izwe Lokuzalwa

Ngo-November 1550, u-Estienne wathuthela eGeneva, eSwitzerland. Isikhungo semfundo sasikwenze kwaba okungemthetho eFrance ukunyathelisa noma iliphi iBhayibheli ngaphandle kwe-Vulgate. Njengoba manje ayesekhululekile ukunyathelisa lokho ayekuthanda, u-Estienne wanyathelisa kabusha imibhalo yakhe yesiGreki ‘yeTestamente Elisha’ ngo-1551, kanye nezinguqulo ezimbili zesiLatini (i-Vulgate nenguqulo ka-Erasmus) ezinezinhlu ezimbili. Lokhu wakulandelisa, ngo-1552, ngenguqulo yesiFulentshi yemiBhalo YesiGreki enezinhlu ezimbili nombhalo ka-Erasmus wesiLatini. Kulezizinguqulo ezimbili, u-Estienne wasungula isimiso sakhe sokuhlukanisa imibhalo yeBhayibheli ibe amavesi anezinombolo—isimiso esifanayo nesisetshenziswa yonke indawo namuhla. Nakuba abanye ngaphambili babeke bazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlukanisa ngamavesi, indlela ka-Estienne yaba eyamukelekayo. IBhayibheli lakhe lesiFulentshi lango-1553 laliyiBhayibheli lokuqala eliphelele ukuba lihlukaniswe ngendlela yakhe yamavesi.

IBhayibheli lesiLatini lika-Estienne eliyizinguqulo ezimbili lango-1557 nalo liphawuleka ngokusebenzisa kwakhe igama likaNkulunkulu siqu, elithi Jehova, kuyo yonke imiBhalo YesiHeberu. Esikhaleni esiseceleni sehubo lesibili, waphawula ukuthi ukufakwa kwelithi ʼAdho·naiʹ esikhundleni se-Tetragrammaton (יהוה) yesiHeberu kwakusekelwe ngokuyinhloko enkolelweni eyize yamaJuda futhi kufanele kwenqatshwe. Kulenguqulo, u-Estienne wasebenzisa omalukeke ukuze abonise amagama esiLatini anezelwa ukuze kudluliselwe umqondo ophelele wesiHeberu. Lendlela yobuciko kamuva yasetshenziswa kwamanye amaBhayibheli, ifa kaningi eliye labadida abafundi abaningi banamuhla abajwayelene nokusetshenziswa kwanamuhla komalukeke ukuze kuboniswe ukugcizelela.

Ezimisele ukwenza lemfundo yakhe itholakalele abanye, u-Estienne wanikela ukuphila kwakhe ekunyatheliseni imiBhalo Engcwele. Labo namuhla abalazisayo iZwi likaNkulunkulu bangabonga ngemizamo yakhe nangemisebenzi yabanye abaye balwa kanzima ukuze bambule amazwi eBhayibheli njengoba ayebhaliwe ekuqaleni. Lenqubo abayiqala iyaqhubeka njengoba sizuza ulwazi oluqondile olwengeziwe lwezilimi zakuqala futhi sithola imibhalo emidala nenembe ngokwengeziwe yeZwi likaNkulunkulu. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe (ngo-1559), u-Estienne wayebhala inguqulo entsha yemiBhalo YesiGreki. Wabuzwa: “Iyothengwa ubani? Iyofundwa ubani?” Waphendula ngokuzethemba: ‘Bonke abantu abafundile abanokuzinikela kokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu.’

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 10]

Imizamo kaRobert Estienne iye yasiza izizukulwane zabafundi beBhayibheli

[Umthombo]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

[Isithombe ekhasini 12]

Imifanekiso ka-Estienne efundisayo iye yalingiswa ezizukulwaneni eziningi

[Umthombo]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris