Iminyaka Engu-50 Yemizamo Ebhuntshile
“THINA BANTU BEZIZWE EZIHLANGENE SIZIMISELE ukusindisa izizukulwane ezilandelayo ekuhlushweni yimpi, leyo kabili esikhathini sokuphila kwethu eye yaletha usizi olukhulu esintwini, nokuphinda siqinisekise ukuthembela emalungelweni abantu ayisisekelo, esithunzini nokubaluleka komuntu, emalungelweni alinganayo amadoda nabesifazane nawezizwe ezinkulu nezincane, . . .”—Isethulo somthetho-sisekelo weZizwe Ezihlangene.
U-OCTOBER 24, 1995, uphawula unyaka wama-50 wokuba khona kweZizwe Ezihlangene. Wonke amaZwe angu-185 angamalungu akhona manje azinikele ezimisweni nasemigomweni yokuqala yalenhlangano njengoba iboniswe kulowo mthetho-sisekelo: ukulondoloza ukuthula nokulondeka kwezizwe zonke; ukuvimbela izenzo zokuhlasela ezisongela ukuthula kwezwe; ukukhuthaza ukusebenzelana okunobungane phakathi kwezizwe; ukuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo yabo bonke abantu ngaphandle kokubandlulula ngokohlanga, ubulili, ulimi, noma inkolo; nokufinyelela ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke ekuxazululeni izinkinga zomnotho, zenhlalo, nezamasiko.
Eminyakeni engu-50 inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene iye yenza imizamo ephawulekayo yokuletha ukuthula nokulondeka kwezwe. Kungenzeka yavimbela impi yezwe yesithathu, futhi ukucekelwa phansi kokuphila kwabantu abaningi ngokusetshenziswa kwamabhomu enuzi akuzange kuphindwe. IZizwe Ezihlangene ziye zanikeza izigidi zezingane ukudla nokwelashwa. Ziye zaba nengxenye ezindinganisweni zempilo ezithuthukile emazweni amaningi, phakathi kokunye, zilungiselela amanzi okuphuza aphephe kakhudlwana nokugonyelwa izifo eziyingozi. Izigidi zababaleki ziye zathola usizo lwabathuthukisa inhlalakahle.
Kuqashelwa lokho ekufezile, inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene iye yaklonyeliswa ngoMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel izikhathi ezinhlanu. Nakuba kunjalo, iqiniso lokuphila elidabukisayo liwukuthi asikaphili ezweni elingenayo impi.
Ukuthula Nokulondeka—Imigomo Engafinyelelwanga
Ngemva kweminyaka engu-50 yemizamo, ukuthula nokulondeka kuseyimigomo engafinyelelwanga. Enkulumweni yamuva nje eMkhandlwini Oshaya Umthetho WeZizwe Ezihlangene, umongameli we-United States uzwakalise ukukhungatheka kwakhe ngokuba athi “leli khulu leminyaka elalinikeza ithemba nethuba nempumelelo kangaka nalo liye laba inkathi yokubhidlika nokuphelelwa ithemba okujulile.”
Njengoba u-1994 ephela, i-New York Times yaphawula: “Izimpi noma iziwombe zokulwa ezicishe zibe u-150 ziyaqhubeka okufa izinkulungwane zabantu kuzo—kufa izakhamuzi eziningi kunamasosha ngokokubala okuningi—futhi amakhulu ezinkulungwane aba ababaleki.” I-United Nations Department of Public Information yabika ukuthi kusukela ngo-1945 abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 baye balahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo ngenxa yezimpi ezilwiwa ngezikhali. Inxusa le-United States eZizweni Ezihlangene, uMadeleine Albright, laphawula ukuthi “izingxabano zezifunda manje seziba nobulwane ngokwengeziwe ngezindlela eziningi.” Ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu nobandlululo kuvela njalo ezindabeni. Amazwe amaningi abonakala ebekezelelana kunokuba akhe ubungane.
U-Sir David Hannay, inxusa leBrithani eZizweni Ezihlangene, wavuma ukuthi “iZizwe Ezihlangene, kuze kube seminyakeni yawo-1980, zicishe zaba isehluleki esinezinhloso ezinhle.” Unobhala-jikelele weZizwe Ezihlangene, uBoutros Boutros-Ghali, wakhala ngokuthi kunokuzithela ngabandayo nokuphelelwa amandla okwandayo phakathi kwamaZwe angamalungu lapho kuziwa emikhankasweni yokugcina ukuthula. Waphetha ngokuthi emalungwini amaningi, “iZizwe Ezihlangene aziyona into eyinhloko eza kuqala.”
Ithonya Lemithombo Yezindaba
Nakuba iZizwe Ezihlangene zingase zibonakale zinamandla, ngokuvamile imizamo yazo ibhuntshiswa ezombangazwe nemithombo yezindaba. IZizwe Ezihlangene azinamandla uma zingakutholi ukusekela kwamalungu azo. Kodwa ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa umphakathi, amalungu amaningi e-UN ngeke azisekele iZizwe Ezihlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokwe-Wall Street Journal, “ukuhluleka okuphawulekayo eSomalia naseBosnia kuye kwashukumisela abantu abaningi baseMelika ekubeni baphethe ngokuthi lenhlangano ayisaphazi nje kuphela, kodwa empeleni iyingozi.” Lesi simo sengqondo somphakathi naso siye sashukumisela ezinye izazi zezombangazwe zaseMelika ekubeni zihlongoze ukuba i-United States inciphise ukusekela kwayo iZizwe Ezihlangene ngokwezimali.
Izinhlangano zezindaba azinamahloni lapho kuziwa ekugxekeni kanzima iZizwe Ezihlangene. Amazwi anjengokuthi “ukungafaneleki nakancane,” “esindanayo,” “engenakhono,” nokuthi “ekhubazekile” aye asetshenziswa ngokungagunci lapho kuchazwa izici ezihlukahlukene zemikhankaso ye-UN. Muva nje i-Washington Post National Weekly Edition ithe “iZizwe Ezihlangene zisalokhu ziyindikimba yezikhulu zikahulumeni ehamba kancane esazabalazela ukuzilungelanisa nezwe elingokoqobo.”
Elinye iphephandaba lacaphuna uNobhala-jikelele uBoutros Boutros-Ghali ezwakalisa ukukhungatheka kwakhe ngokucekelwa phansi kwabantu eRwanda. Wathi: “Akukhona ukuhluleka kweZizwe Ezihlangene nje kuphela; kuwukuhluleka komphakathi womhlaba wonke. Futhi sonke sinecala ngalokhu kuhluleka.” Ngo-1993 uhlelo oluthile olukhethekile lwezindaba oluthandwayo lwethelevishini lwathi iZizwe Ezihlangene “ziye zehluleka ukuvimbela usongo lokuthula olukhulu kunazo zonke—ukusakazeka kwezikhali zenuzi.” Lolu hlelo lwe-TV lwakhuluma ngeZizwe Ezihlangene “ngokuyinhloko eziye zanda ngomlomo nje kuphela emashumini eminyaka.”
Lomuzwa wokudumala osakazeke kabanzi uwumthwalo osindayo ezingqondweni zezikhulu zeZizwe Ezihlangene futhi unezela ekukhungathekeni kwazo. Nokho, naphezu kokukhungatheka, lapho kugujwa isikhumbuzo seminyaka engu-50 yokuba khona kweZizwe Ezihlangene, abaningi babonakala benethemba elivuselelwe futhi bathemba ukuthi kuzoqalwa kabusha. Nakuba likuvuma ukushiyeka kweZizwe Ezihlangene, iNxusa u-Albright lananela umbono wabaningi lapho lithi: “Kudingeka siyeke ukukhuluma ngokuthi siphumaphi, kudingeka sikhulume ngokuthi siyaphi.”
Yebo, liyaphi izwe? Ingabe liyoke libe khona izwe elingenayo impi? Uma kunjalo, iyiphi indima iZizwe Ezihlangene eziyoyifeza kulo? Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma umesaba uNkulunkulu, kufanele ubuze, ‘Iyiphi indima uNkulunkulu ayoyifeza kulo?’
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 4]
IMIZAMO EBHUNTSHILE
Ukuthula nokulondeka akunakuba khona uma nje kusenempi, ubumpofu, ubugebengu, nenkohlakalo. Muva nje iZizwe Ezihlangene zikhiphe izibalo ezilandelayo.
Izimpi: “Ezimpini ezingu-82 ezalwiwa ngezikhali phakathi kuka-1989 no-1992, ezingu-79 zazingezangaphakathi, eziningi ziphakathi kwezinhlanga; amaphesenti angu-90 ezisulu ayeyizakhamuzi.”—United Nations Department of Public Information (UNDPI)
Izikhali: “I-ICRC [International Committee of the Red Cross] ilinganisela ukuthi abakhi abangaphezu kuka-95 emazweni angu-48 bakhiqiza iziqhumane zempi eziphakathi kwezigidi ezingu-5 nezingu-10 unyaka ngamunye.”—United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
“E-Afrika, kuneziqhumane ezingaba izigidi ezingu-30 ezisakazeke emazweni angu-18.”—UNHCR
Ubumpofu: “Emhlabeni wonke, umuntu oyedwa kwabayisihlanu—abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane sebebonke—umpofu ngaphezu kokuvamile, futhi izigidi ezilinganiselwa ku-13 kuya ku-18 ziyafa minyaka yonke ngenxa yezimbangela ezihlobene nobumpofu.”—UNDPI
Ubugebengu: “Ubugebengu obubikwayo buye banda ngesilinganiso somhlaba wonke samaphesenti angu-5 unyaka ngamunye kusukela ngawo-1980; e-USA kuphela, kunobugebengu obungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-35 obenziwa minyaka yonke.”—UNDPI
Inkohlakalo: “Inkohlakalo emphakathini iba yinsakavukela. Kwamanye amazwe ukukhwabanisa izimali kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunenani elingamaphesenti angu-10 engqikithi yomkhiqizo wezwe waminyaka yonke.”—UNDPI