Ingcebo Efihliwe Iyatholakala
Indaba YeBhayibheli LikaMakarios
NGO-1993 umcwaningi othile wathola inqwaba yomagazini bakudala be-Orthodox Review eRussian National Library eSt. Petersburg. Kulabomagazini bango-1860 ukuya ku-1867 kwakunengcebo esinesikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka ifihlelwe umphakathi waseRussia. Kwakuyinguqulo yayo yonke imiBhalo YesiHeberu yeBhayibheli, noma “ITestamente Elidala,” ngolimi lwesiRussia!
Abahumushi balemiBhalo kwakunguMikhail Iakovlevich Glukharev, owaziwa ngokuthi u-archimandrite Makarios, noGerasim Petrovich Pavsky. Bobabili babengamalungu avelele eSonto Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia futhi beyizazi zolimi. Lapho lamadoda eqala umsebenzi wawo ekuqaleni kwekhulu elidlule leminyaka, iBhayibheli eliphelele lalingakahunyushelwa olimini lwesiRussia.
Yiqiniso, iBhayibheli lalibhalwe ngolimi lweSlavonic, okuwulimi olwandulela isiRussia sanamuhla. Nokho, phakathi nekhulu le-19, ulimi lweSlavonic kwase kukudala lungasasetshenziswa ngaphandle kwasezinkonzweni zenkolo, lapho lwalusetshenziswa khona abefundisi. Kwakunesimo esifanayo naseNtshonalanga, lapho iSonto LamaRoma Katolika lalizama khona ukugcina iBhayibheli lingesiLatini kuphela ngemva kwesikhathi eside isiLatini singasasetshenziswa.
UMakarios noPavsky bazama ukwenza ukuba abantu abavamile bathole iBhayibheli. Ngakho-ke, ukutholakala kwenguqulo yabo okwase kukudala yalitshalwa kuye kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubuyiselwa kwengxenye ebalulekile yengcebo engokwemfundo nengokwenkolo yaseRussia.
Nokho, babengobani ngempela oMakarios noPavsky? Futhi kungani imizamo yabo yokuhumushela iBhayibheli olimini oluvamile lwabantu iye yaphikiswa kangaka? Indaba yabo iyathakazelisa futhi ibaqinisa ukholo bonke abathandi beBhayibheli.
Isidingo SeBhayibheli LesiRussia
UMakarios noPavsky babengebona abokuqala ukubona isidingo sokuba khona kweBhayibheli ngolimi oluvamile lwabantu. Eminyakeni eyikhulu ngaphambili, umbusi waseRussia, uPeter I, noma uPeter Omkhulu, naye wasibona leso sidingo. Ngokuphawulekayo, wayeyihlonipha imiBhalo Engcwele futhi ucashunwa ethi: “IBhayibheli liyincwadi ezedlula zonke ezinye, futhi iqukethe konke okuphathelene nesibopho somuntu kuNkulunkulu nakumakhelwane wakhe.”
Ngakho, ngo-1716, uPeter wayala ukuba ihlalankosi lakhe linyathelise iBhayibheli e-Amsterdam, ngezindleko zakhe. Ikhasi ngalinye lalizoba nengxenye yombhalo wesiRussia nengxenye yombhalo wesiDashi. Ngemva nje konyaka, ngo-1717, imiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki, noma “ITestamente Elisha,” yayisinyathelisiwe.
Ngo-1721, ingxenye yesiDashi yenguqulo yemiBhalo YesiHeberu eyimiqulu emine nayo yayisinyathelisiwe. Enye ingxenye yashiywa ingenalutho, ukuze kufakwe umbhalo wesiRussia kamuva. UPeter wadlulisela lawo maBhayibheli ‘eSigungwini Esingcwele’ seSonto Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia—okuyisigungu sesonto esiphakeme kunazo zonke—ukuze siqedele ukunyathelisa bese siqondisa ukusakazwa kwawo. Nokho, isigungu asizange siqhubeke nalowo msebenzi.
Eminyakeni engaphansi kwemine kamuva, uPeter washona. Kwenzekani ngamaBhayibheli akhe? Ingxenye engenalutho eyayizofakwa umbhalo wesiRussia yasala ingabhalwanga lutho. Lawo maBhayibheli enziwa izinqwaba ezinkulu egunjini elingaphansi, lapho abolela khona—kamuva akutholakalanga ngisho nekhophi eyodwa eyayingonakele! Isigungu sanquma ukuthi “konke okwakusele kuthengiselwe abahwebi.”
Ukuqala Kwemizamo Yokuhumusha
Ngo-1812, uJohn Paterson, ilungu le-British and Foreign Bible Society, waya eRussia. UPaterson wavusa isithakazelo senhlangano yezazi zaseSt. Petersburg ngokusungula inhlangano yeBhayibheli. Ngo-December 6, 1812—ngonyaka ibutho laseRussia elaxosha ngawo amabutho kaNapoléon I ayehlasela—uMbusi u-Alexander I wagunyaza umthetho-sisekelo wokusungulwa kwaleyo nhlangano yeBhayibheli yaseRussia. Ngo-1815 umbusi wayala ukuba usihlalo walenhlangano, iNkosana u-Aleksandr Golitsyn, asikisele esigungwini esibusayo ukuthi “kufanele abantu baseRussia nabo bathole ithuba lokufunda iZwi likaNkulunkulu ngolimi lwabo lomdabu lwesiRussia.”
Ngokutusekayo, kwagunyazwa ukuhumushela imiBhalo YesiHeberu olimini lwesiRussia kususelwa ngokuqondile esiHeberwini sakuqala. Kwakusetshenziswe i-Septuagint yesiGreki yasendulo ukuze kuhunyushelwe imiBhalo YesiHeberu olimini lweSlavonic. Labo ababezohumushela iBhayibheli olimini lwesiRussia batshelwa ukuthi izimiso eziyinhloko zokuhumusha kwakuwukuthi inguqulo kwakumelwe inembe, icace futhi ihlanzeke. Yaphelelaphi leyo mizamo yokuqala yokwenza iBhayibheli litholakale ngolimi kwesiRussia?
Ingabe Kwakuyigalelo Elibhubhisayo Ekuhunyushweni KweBhayibheli?
Ngokushesha abadla ngoludala esontweni nakuhulumeni baqaphela ithonya langaphandle elingokwenkolo nelingokwezombangazwe. Abanye abaholi benkolo baze bathi iSlavonic—ulimi olwalusetshenziswa emidantini yokukhulekela—sasisidlulisela kangcono isigijimi seBhayibheli kunesiRussia.
Ngakho i-Russian Bible Society yahlakazwa ngo-1826. Izinkulungwane eziningi zamakhophi ezinguqulo ezahunyushwa yilenhlangano yeBhayibheli zashiswa. Ngenxa yalokho, kwasetshenziswa kakhulu imikhuba namasiko kuneBhayibheli. Silandela inkambo yeSonto LamaRoma Katolika, ngo-1836 isigungu sakhipha isinqumo esithi: “Kuvumelekile nganoma imuphi umuntu ovamile ozinikele ukuba ezwe imiBhalo, kodwa akuvumelekile nganoma ubani ukuba afunde izingxenye ezithile zemiBhalo, ikakhulukazi iTestamente Elidala, ngaphandle kwesiqondiso.” Kwabonakala sengathi ukuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli kwakuthole igalelo elibhubhisayo.
Inguqulo KaPavsky
Ngaso leso sikhathi, uGerasim Pavsky, uprofesa wesiHeberu, waqala umsebenzi wokuhumushela imiBhalo YesiHeberu olimini lwesiRussia. Ngo-1821 waqeda ukuhumusha amaHubo. Umbusi wawagunyaza ngokushesha, futhi ngo-January 1822 incwadi yamaHubo yayisikhululiwe ukuba umphakathi ukwazi ukuyithola. Yamukelwa ngokushesha futhi kwadingeka ukuba inyatheliswe izikhathi ezingu-12—ingqikithi yamakhophi angu-100 000!
Imizamo yobuhlakani kaPavsky yamenza wahlonishwa izazi eziningi zolimi nezemfundiso yenkolo. Uchazwa njengendoda engagwegwesi nethembekile eyanqoba izingobe ezaziyizungezile. Naphezu kokumelana kwesonto ne-Russian Bible Society kanye neqiniso lokuthi abathile babenomuzwa wokuthi yayimelela izithakazelo zakwamanye amazwe, uProfesa Pavsky waqhubeka ehumushela amavesi eBhayibheli olimini lwesiRussia lapho efundisa. Abafundi abanokwazisa ayebafundisa bazikopisha ngesandla izinguqulo zakhe, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bakwazi ukuzihlanganisa ndawonye. Ngo-1839 baqunga isibindi banyathelisa amakhophi angu-150 emshinini wokunyathelisa wesikole—ngaphandle kwemvume yabagunyazi bezincwadi.
Inguqulo kaPavsky yabathinta kakhulu abafundi, futhi isidingo sayo saqhubeka sikhula. Kodwa ngo-1841 othile ongaziwa wenza isikhalo esigungwini ngokuphathelene “nengozi” yalenguqulo, ethi iphambukile emfundisweni yobu-Orthodox. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, isigungu sakhipha isinqumo esithi: “Thathani ngenkani wonke amakhophi akhona abhalwe ngesandla nanyathelisiwe enguqulo kaG. Pavsky yeTestamente Elidala niwashise.”
Ukukhazimulisa Igama LikaNkulunkulu
Noma kunjalo, uPavsky wayesevuselele isithakazelo sokuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli. Wayesebekele abahumushi besikhathi esizayo isisekelo esibalulekile ngokuphathelene nolunye udaba olubalulekile—igama likaNkulunkulu.
Umcwaningi waseRussia uKorsunsky wachaza: ‘Lona kanye igama likaNkulunkulu, elingcwele kunawo wonke amagama akhe, lalinezinhlamvu ezine zesiHeberu ezithi יהוה futhi manje liphinyiselwa ngokuthi Jehova.’ Emakhophini akudala eBhayibheli, lelo gama likaNkulunkulu elimhlukanisayo livela izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane emiBhalweni YesiHeberu kuphela. Nokho, ngephutha amaJuda akholelwa ukuthi igama laphezulu lalingcwele kakhulu ukuba lingabhalwa noma liphinyiswe. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, uKorsunsky waphawula: ‘Enkulumweni noma embhalweni, ngokuvamile esikhundleni salo kwakusetshenziswa elithi Adonai, igama elivame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi “Nkosi.”’
Ngokusobala, ukusetshenziswa kwegama laphezulu kwayekwa ngenxa yokwesaba kwenkolelo-ze—hhayi ukwesaba kokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu. Akukho lapho iBhayibheli ngokwalo likwenqabela khona ukusetshenziswa kwegama likaNkulunkulu. UNkulunkulu ngokwakhe watshela uMose: “Uzakusho njalo kubo abantwana bakwaIsrayeli, uthi: UJehova, uNkulunkulu wawoyihlo . . . ungithumile kini: yileli eliyigama lami kuze kube-phakade, lesi siyisikhumbuzo sami ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.” (Eksodusi 3:15) Ngokuphindaphindiwe, imiBhalo inxusa abakhulekeli: “Bongani uJehova, nibize igama lakhe.” (Isaya 12:4) Noma kunjalo, abahumushi abaningi beBhayibheli bakhetha ukulandela isiko lamaJuda futhi bakugwema ukusebenzisa igama laphezulu.
Nokho, uPavsky akazange awalandele lamasiko. Enguqulweni yakhe yamaHubo kuphela, igama elithi Jehova livela izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-35. Isibindi ayenaso sasizoba nethonya elinamandla komunye wabantu ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe.
U-archimandrite Makarios
Lowo muntu owayephila ngesikhathi sakhe kwakungu-archimandrite Makarios, isithunywa sevangeli senkolo yaseRussia yobu-Orthodox esasinamakhono amangalisayo olimi. Esemncane eneminyaka engu-7, wayekwazi ukuhumushela imibhalo emifushane yesiRussia olimini lwesiLatini. Lapho eseneminyaka engu-20, wayazi isiHeberu, isiJalimane nesiFulentshi. Nokho, isimo sakhe sengqondo sokuthobeka nomuzwa ojulile wesibopho ayenaso kuNkulunkulu kwamsiza ukuba agweme ugibe lokuzethemba ngokweqile. Njalo wayefuna iseluleko sabanye abanolwazi ngolimi nezazi.
UMakarios wayefuna ukuhlela kabusha umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli eRussia. Wayenomuzwa wokuthi ngaphambi kokuba ubuKristu buyiswe kumaSulumane nakumaJuda aseRussia, kwakudingeka isonto “likhanyisele iningi ngokusungula izikole nokusakaza amaBhayibheli ngolimi lwesiRussia.” Ngo-March 1839, uMakarios wafika eSt. Petersburg, enethemba lokuthola imvume yokuhumushela imiBhalo YesiHeberu olimini lwesiRussia.
UMakarios wayesezihumushile kakade izincwadi zeBhayibheli zika-Isaya noJobe. Nokho, isigungu senqaba ukumnika imvume yokuhumushela imiBhalo YesiHeberu olimini lwesiRussia. Eqinisweni, uMakarios watshelwa ukuba akhohlwe nje indaba yokuhumushela imiBhalo YesiHeberu olimini lwesiRussia. Isigungu sakhipha isinqumo, ngo-April 11, 1841, esasiyala uMakarios “ukuba adonse isigwebo sokuzisola amasonto amathathu kuya kwayisithupha ekhaya lombhishobhi eTomsk ukuze ahlanze unembeza wakhe ngemithandazo nangokuguqa.”
Ukuma Okuqinile KukaMakarios
Kusukela ngo-December 1841 kuya ku-January 1842, uMakarios wadonsa isigwebo sakhe sokuzisola. Kodwa ngemva kokusiqeda, ngokushesha waqala ukuhumusha ingxenye esele yemiBhalo YesiHeberu. Wayethole ikhophi yenguqulo kaPavsky yemiBhalo YesiHeberu futhi wayisebenzisa ukuze ahlole inguqulo yakhe. NjengoPavsky, wenqaba ukufihla igama laphezulu. Eqinisweni, igama elithi Jehova livela izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-3 500 enguqulweni kaMakarios!
UMakarios wathumelela abangane abasohlangothini lwakhe amakhophi enguqulo yakhe. Nakuba amakhophi ambalwa abhalwe ngesandla asakazwa, isonto laqhubeka livimbela ukunyatheliswa kwenguqulo yakhe. UMakarios wahlela ukusakaza iBhayibheli lakhe phesheya kwezilwandle. Ngobusuku obandulela usuku ayezohamba ngalo, wagula futhi washona ngemva nje kwalokho, ngonyaka ka-1847. IBhayibheli lakhe alizange linyatheliswe esaphila.
Liyanyatheliswa Ekugcineni!
Ekugcineni, amathonya angokwezombangazwe nangokwenkolo aphela. Kwaba nenkululeko entsha ezweni lonke, futhi ngo-1856 isigungu sabuye sagunyaza ukuhunyushelwa kweBhayibheli olimini lwesiRussia. Kulesi simo esithuthukile, iBhayibheli likaMakarios lanyatheliswa kancane kancane kuyi-Orthodox Review phakathi kuka-1860 no-1867, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi An Experiment of Translation Into the Russian Language.
UMbhishobhi Omkhulu uFilaret waseChernigov, isazi sezincwadi zenkolo zesiRussia, watusa iBhayibheli likaMakarios ngalendlela: “Inguqulo yakhe inamathela embhalweni wesiHeberu, futhi ulimi lwenguqulo luhlanzekile futhi luyayifanela indaba.”
Nokho, iBhayibheli likaMakarios alizange likhululwe ukuze umphakathi ukwazi ukulithola. Eqinisweni, lacishe lalibaleka ngokuphelele. Ngo-1876 iBhayibheli lilonke, kuhlanganise nemiBhalo YesiHeberu neyesiGreki, lagcina lihunyushelwe olimini lwesiRussia ngemvume yesigungu. Leli Bhayibheli eliphelele ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi inguqulo yesigungu. Okudidayo ukuthi inguqulo kaMakarios, kanye nekaPavsky, zaba umthombo oyinhloko walenguqulo “engokomthetho” yeSonto Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Kodwa igama laphezulu lasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezimbalwa nje elivela kuzo olimini lwesiHeberu.
IBhayibheli LikaMakarios Namuhla
IBhayibheli likaMakarios lahlala lifihlekile kwaze kwaba ngu-1993. Njengoba kuphawuliwe esethulweni, ngaleso sikhathi ikhophi yalo yatholakala komagazini bakudala be-Orthodox Review engxenyeni yezincwadi ezingavamile yeRussian National Library. OFakazi BakaJehova baqaphela ukubaluleka kokwenza leli Bhayibheli litholakale emphakathini. Lendlu yomtapo wezincwadi yanikeza iNhlangano Engokwenkolo YoFakazi BakaJehova ERussia imvume yokwenza ikhophi yeBhayibheli likaMakarios ukuze ilungiselwe ukusakazwa.
OFakazi BakaJehova babe sebehlela ukuba kunyatheliswe amakhophi aleli Bhayibheli angaba ngu-300 000 e-Italy ukuze asakazwe kulo lonke elaseRussia nakwamanye amazwe amaningi okukhulunywa kuwo isiRussia. Ngaphezu kwenguqulo kaMakarios yengxenye enkulu yemiBhalo YesiHeberu, lenguqulo yeBhayibheli inenguqulo kaPavsky yamaHubo kanye nenguqulo yesigungu yemiBhalo YesiGreki egunyazwe iSonto Lobu-Orthodox.
Ngo-January walonyaka, lakhululwa emhlanganweni wabezindaba eSt. Petersburg, eRussia. (Bheka ikhasi 26.) Ngokuqinisekile abafundi besiRussia bazokhanyiselwa futhi bakhiwe yileli Bhayibheli elisha.
Ngakho ukunyatheliswa kwaleli Bhayibheli kuwukunqoba kwezenkolo nokwezemfundo! Futhi kuyisikhumbuzo esiqinisa ukholo sobuqiniso bamazwi ka-Isaya 40:8, athi: “Utshani buyabuna, imbali iyavuthuluka, kepha izwi likaNkulunkulu wethu limi kuze kube-phakade.”
[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 26]
Ibhayibheli Linconywa Abahlaziyi
“KUKHULULWE enye incwadi eyisikhumbuzo: iBhayibheli likaMakarios.” Iphephandaba i-Komsomolskaya Pravda lasebenzisa leso sethulo lapho limemezela ukukhululwa kweBhayibheli likaMakarios.
Ngemva kokuphawula ukuthi iBhayibheli latholakala okokuqala ngolimi lwesiRussia “eminyakeni engu-120 edlule,” ngaphambi kokuba iBhayibheli litholakale, leli phephandaba lakhononda: “Kudlule iminyaka eminingi isonto limelene nokuhunyushelwa kwezincwadi ezingcwele olimini olufundeka kalula. Ngemva kokwenqaba izinguqulo eziningana, isonto lagcina livumelene nenye yazo ngo-1876, futhi yaziwa ngokuthi inguqulo yesigungu. Nokho, yayingavunyelwe emasontweni. Lapho, kuze kube namuhla, ukuphela kweBhayibheli eliqashelwayo elolimi lweSlavonic.”
Iphephandaba i-St. Petersburg Echo nalo lakhuluma ngokubaluleka kokunyatheliswa kweBhayibheli likaMakarios, lithi: “Izazi ezinegunya zaseSt. Petersburg State University, eHerzen Pedagogical University, naseState Museum of Religious History zayincoma kakhulu lenguqulo entsha yeBhayibheli.” Liphawula ngokuhunyushelwa kweBhayibheli olimini lwesiRussia uMakarios noPavsky engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, leli phephandaba lathi: “Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, iBhayibheli eRussia lalifundwa ngeSlavonic kuphela, esasiqondwa abefundisi kuphela.”
Ukukhulula koFakazi BakaJehova iBhayibheli likaMakarios kwabikwa emhlanganweni wabezindaba eSt. Petersburg ekuqaleni kwalonyaka. Iphephandaba lendawo lansuku zonke i-Nevskoye Vremya laphawula: “Izazi ezinegunya . . . zagcizelela ukuthi lenguqulo kufanele ibhekwe njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni okungokwesiko kwaseRussia naseSt. Petersburg. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu bacabangani ngomsebenzi walenhlangano engokwenkolo, ukunyatheliswa kwalenguqulo yeBhayibheli ebingaziwa ngaphambili ngokuqinisekile kuyinzuzo enkulu.”
Ngokuqinisekile, bonke abathandi bakaNkulunkulu bayajabula lapho iZwi lakhe elilotshiwe lenziwa litholakale ngolimi olungafundwa futhi luqondwe abantu abavamile. Abathandi beBhayibheli kuyo yonke indawo bayakujabulela ukuthi kuye kwenziwa ukuba izigidi zabantu abakhuluma isiRussia emhlabeni wonke zithole enye inguqulo yeBhayibheli.
[Isithombe]
Ukukhululwa kweBhayibheli likaMakarios kwamenyezelwa kulomhlangano wabezindaba
[Isithombe ekhasini 23]
INational Library yaseRussia okwatholakala kuyo ingcebo efihliwe
[Isithombe ekhasini 23]
UPeter Omkhulu wazama ukuba iBhayibheli linyatheliswe ngesiRussia
[Umthombo]
Corbis-Bettmann
[Isithombe ekhasini 24]
UGerasim Pavsky, owaba nesandla ekuhunyushelweni kweBhayibheli olimini lwesiRussia
[Isithombe ekhasini 25]
U-“archimandrite” Makarios, eliqanjwe ngaye iBhayibheli elisha lesiRussia