Umbala Okhangayo We-Koryo Celadon
NGUMLOBI WE-PHAPHAMA! EKOREA
NGO-1995 kwatholakala igugu eTruman Library eMissouri, e-U.S.A. Kwakuyini leyo? Ibhodlela elincane lamanzi elenziwe ngobumba elinomhlobiso wezimbali nokucwebezela okuzothile. Nakuba leli bhodlela lingamasentimitha angu-23 kuphela ubude, kwathiwa liyinani elingu-R20 000 000. Liyisibonelo sezitsha zobumba zaseKorea ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Koryo celadon, futhi uhulumeni waseKorea walipha owayengumongameli wase-United States uHarry Truman ngo-1946.
Kwenziwa yini ukuba i-Koryo celadon ibe yigugu kangaka? Futhi yini eyenza ihluke kwezinye izitsha zobumba?
Indlela Ehlukile
Isiqu esithi “Koryo celadon” sibhekisela ohlotsheni oluhlukile lwezitsha zobumba ezaqala ukwenziwa phakathi nengxenye yomlando waseKorea eyaziwa ngokuthi inkathi yeKoryo (918-1392 C.E.).a Igama lesiKorea elisho i-celadon, elithi ch’ongja, lisho isitsha sobumba olulula esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. AmaShayina angaleso sikhathi ancoma i-celadon, esebenzisa izinkulumo ezinjengokuthi “idl’ ubhedu phansi kwezulu.” Umbala we-celadon oluhlaza ocwebezelayo yiwo oyenza ikhetheke kangaka.
Umbala okhangayo oluhlaza uwumphumela wokuhlanganisa imibala yobumba nopende ocwebezelayo. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngokushisa ingxenye ngayinye kabili. Isazi-mlando sezobuciko baseKorea uYang-Mo Chung siyachaza ukuthi kule nqubo, isitsha sasibunjwa ngobumba olunensimbi. Okokuqala sasifakwa kuhhavini onezinga lokushisa eliqala ku-700 kuya ku-800° C. Ngokulandelayo sasigcotshwa ngopende ocwebezelayo one-calcium carbonate nensimbi eyiphesenti elilodwa kuya kwamathathu. Lesi sitsha sasibe sesifakwa kuhhavini futhi—kulokhu onezinga elingu-1 250 kuya ku-1 300° C. kuhhavini onomoya oncishisiwe.b
Ukuyibukisisa i-Koryo celadon kwembula ukuthi ukuma kwayo kubonakala kuvumelana ngokwemvelo. Amabhodlela, amathiphothi, izitsha nojeke abaphambili be-celadon babonisa isimo esifanayo sobuciko njengezingubo zaseKorea ngisho nemidanso. Imiklamo yobuciko ezitsheni nayo ibonisa izinto zemvelo. Ababumbi babehlanganisa imiklamo enezintaba, izihlahla, izimbali, izinhlanzi, izinyoni, izinambuzane nabantu emhlobisweni omuhle abawudweba kuyi-celadon. Eminye yemiklamo ababeyisebenzisa isengatholakala emiklamweni yezinto zobumba zanamuhla.
Manje ake sibheke imibala eyayisetshenziswa emiklamweni ye-celadon. Imiklamo eminingi yayiqoshwa ngombala omnyama nomhlophe. Ekuqaleni ababumbi be-Koryo babethatha amacebo aseChina. Kodwa ngokushesha baqala ukukhipha unyawo. Isibonelo esivelele ikhono lokuqopha elibizwa ngokuthi i-sanggam. Kule nqubo umklamo othandwayo uqoshwa esitsheni esingakapheli, bese kuthi imisele yomdwebo igcwaliswe ngobumba olumhlophe noma olubomvu. Isitsha sibe sesifakwa kuhhavini. Phakathi nale nqubo ubumba olumhlophe lusala lumhlophe qwa, kodwa olubomvu luphenduka lube mnyama.
Uma uyibukisisa i-celadon kubonakala imifantu emincane phezulu. Ingabe lokhu kuyiphutha? Ibangwa yini le mifantu? Uma umklamo oqoshiwe uyinkimbinkimbi, kufanele kusetshenziswe upende ocwebezelayo ngokucophelela ukuze umklamo ugqame. Ngenxa yokuthi uwucwecwe oluncane futhi wonakala kalula, upende ocwebezelayo we-celadon wawuba nemifantu emincane phezulu—umphumela wokufuna ukupenda ngongwengwezi olungenambala. Ngakho imifantu yayibhekwa njengento engokwemvelo ye-Koryo celadon hhayi njengephutha. Eqinisweni, ababumbi banamuhla basebenzisa upende ocwebezelayo oqhekekayo ngamabomu.
Imizamo Yokuvuselela I-Koryo Celadon
Ngemva kokuba abaseMongolia behlasele iKorea ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13 leminyaka, ubuciko be-Koryo celadon bawohloka ngokushesha. Ekugcineni ababumbi bayeka ukubumba lezi zitsha ezinhle, futhi izindlela zabo zokubumba zashabalala. Namuhla, ngenxa yokuthi i-Koryo celadon imba eqolo futhi zimbalwa izitsha zayo ezisekhona, ababumbi banamuhla bahlose ukuvuselela lobo buciko. Ngokuhlola izicucu ze-Koryo celadon yasendulo, baye babumba izitsha ezifana nsé nezokuqala ngobukhulu nangokwakheka kwazo, futhi ababumbi abambalwa bathi baye baphumelela ukwenza umbala okhangayo we-Koryo celadon endala. Nokho, kunzima ukuphinde ufake umbala ocwebezelayo ofana ncamashí nowasendulo—owawenziwa ngezinto zemvelo kuphela.
Ababumbi banamuhla babhekene nenselele yokwenza ezinye izinto njengasekuqaleni, njengokuthi lesi sitsha sasishiswa kanjani kuhhavini futhi sishiswa isikhathi eside kangakanani. Abacwaningi eCeladon Research Institutes eKorea baye bahlola ngezinto nobuciko obuhlukahlukene ukuze bavuselele umbala okhangayo we-Koryo celadon.
Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwatholakala ingcebo ekade yalahleka ye-Koryo celadon. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1995 umdobi othile wanquma ukulandelela imibiko ayeyizwile mayelana nezingxenye zezitsha zobumba ezazigaxela emanethini okudoba. Ekanye nabanye abadobi, waqala ukufuna lezi zitsha zobumba. Ekugcineni wathola izitsha ezingu-129 ze-celadon. Ngemva kwempumelelo yalaba badobi, i-Korean Cultural Property Preservation Bureau yamisa iqembu elicwaningayo. Lathola umkhumbi owawucwile uthwele izitsha ze-celadon, futhi ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa leli qembu lathola izitsha ezingu-463! Ngokusobala, konke lokhu kwabajabulisa kakhulu abacwaningi be-celadon nezazi-mlando zezobuciko.
Ukujabulela I-Koryo Celadon Namuhla
Ungabujabulela kanjani ubuhle be-Koryo celadon namuhla? Mhlawumbe ungavakashela imibukiso yobuciko baseKorea kweminye yeminyuziyamu edumile emhlabeni, njengeBritish Museum noma iMetropolitan Museum of Art yaseNew York. Okungcono nakakhulu, uma uza eKorea, ungavakashela idolobha laseKangjin, lapho kwakukhona khona ohhavini abaningi basendulo bokushisa i-celadon. Noma ungaya komunye wemikhosi eminingana yokubumba izitsha yaminyaka yonke eba seSifundazweni saseKyŏnggi. Lapho ungabona i-celadon yenziwa. Ungase uzame nokuzenzela eyakho nawe. Ungazicabanga yini ubumba isitsha wena qobo lwakho, usiqopha amazwi noma imiklamo ethile, usishisa eziko futhi ekugcineni ubambe umkhiqizo osuphelile ngezandla zakho?
Yebo, ungathola izitsha ze-celadon zanamuhla ezitolo ezinkulu noma ezitolo zezinto zezikhumbuzo. Lapho uthola kubukiswe ngezitsha zezimbali, izinkomishi zetiye nezinye izinhlobo zezitsha zokuphatha—ezenziwe ngesandla ababumbi bendawo noma ezenziwe efektri. Mhlawumbe ungatenda izivakashi zakho ngetiye laseKorea elithelwe ezinkomishini ze-celadon kuyilapho kunesitsha sezimbali se-celadon esihlobise itafula lakwakho.
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a Igama lanamuhla elithi Korea lisuselwa kwelithi Koryo.
b Kuhhavini onomoya oncishisiwe, umoya ongena khona ulinganiselwe, okwenza kube khona i-carbon monoxide.
[Isithombe ekhasini 17]
Isitsha sezimbali sangekhulu le-12
[Umthombo]
The Collection of National Museum of Korea
[Isithombe ekhasini 18]
Ingxenyana ye-“Koryo celadon” ebonisa umklamo ovelele