Abantu Abathathu Ababefuna Iqiniso Phakathi Nekhulu Le-16 Leminyaka—Yini Abayithola?
“LIYINI iqiniso?” Lowo umbuzo uPontiyu Pilatu, uMbusi waseJudiya ongumRoma, awubuza uJesu owayequliswa icala. (Johane 18:38) UPilatu wayengafuni ukwazi iqiniso. Kunalokho umbuzo wakhe wawubonisa ukungabaza noma ukubhuqa. Kungenzeka ukuthi kuPilatu, iqiniso laliyinoma yini umuntu ayikhethayo noma afundiswa ukuba ayikholelwe; yayingekho indlela yokwazi ukuthi liyini iqiniso. Abaningi bazizwa ngendlela efanayo namuhla.
Abantu ababesonta eYurophu ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka babebhekene nenkinga yokungazi ukuthi yini okumelwe bayikholelwe njengeyiqiniso. Bakhula bekholelwa kopapa nasezimfundisweni zesonto, kodwa manje base bezwa imibono emisha eyayisakazwa inkathi yeziNguquko eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi. Base bezokholelwa yikuphi? Babezonquma kanjani ukuthi liyini iqiniso?
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwakukhona okungenani amadoda amathathu kwamaningi ayezimisele ukuthola iqiniso.a Yini ayenza ukuze ahlukanise phakathi kweqiniso namanga? Futhi yini ayithola? Ake sibone.
‘VUMELA IBHAYIBHELI LILAWULE NJALO’
UWolfgang Capito wayeyinsizwa ekholelwa ngokuqinile kuNkulunkulu. Wenza izifundo zobudokotela, ezomthetho nezenkolo wabe eseba umfundisi edolobheni elincane ngo-1512, kamuva waba umsizi wombhishobhi omkhulu eMainz.
Ekuqaleni, uCapito wazama ukwehlisa intshiseko yabashisekeli beziNguquko ababeshumayela okuphikisana nemfundiso yobuKatolika. Nokho, kungakabiphi uCapito naye waqala ukushisekela iziNguquko. Yini ayenza? Lapho ezwa izimfundiso ezihlukahlukene, uCapito wayekholelwa ukuthi “umthombo ongcono kakhulu wokwahlulela intshumayelo yabo, iBhayibheli, ngoba yilona kuphela elineqiniso” njengoba kwaloba isazi-mlando, uJames M. Kittelson.” Ngakho, uCapito waphetha ngokuthi izimfundiso zesonto zokuguquka kwesinkwa newayini ngeMisa kube umzimba kaJesu kanye nokuhlonishwa kosanta kwakungasekelwe eBhayibhelini. (Bheka ibhokisi elithi ‘Hlola Ukuthi Zinjalo Yini Lezi Zinto.’) Ngo-1523, uCapito washiya isikhundla sakhe esiphakeme sokuba umsizi wombhishobhi omkhulu, wathuthela edolobheni laseStrasbourg, okwakuyisikhungo sabashisekeli bezinguquko ngaleso sikhathi.
Umuzi kaCapito eStrasbourg waba indawo yokuhlangana yalabo ababephikisana nobuKatolika ukuze baxoxe ngezinto eziningi zenkolo nezimfundiso zeBhayibheli. Nakuba abanye abashisekeli beziNguquko babesasekela imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu, imibhalo kaCapito ngokwencwadi ethi The Radical Reformation, iveza “ukungasho lutho kwakhe ngemfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu.” Kungani? Yamhlaba umxhwele uCapito indlela isazi sezenkolo, uMichael Servetus, esasisebenzisa ngayo imiBhalo ukuze siphikise imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu.b
Ukuphikisa imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu kwakungenza ukuba umuntu abulawe, ngakho uCapito akazange ayiveze obala indlela ayezizwa ngayo. Nokho, imibhalo yakhe ibonisa ukuthi wayeyingabaza ngasese imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ahlangane noServetus. Umpristi ongumKatolika kamuva wabhala ukuthi uCapito kanye nalabo ayesebenza nabo “babexoxa ngasese—ngezimfihlo ezijulile zenkolo; [futhi] bayilahla imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele kakhulu.” Ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka uCapito waba owokuqala ohlwini lwababhali abamelene nemfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu.
UWolfgang Capito wayekholelwa ukuthi “ukungayinaki imiBhalo” yikona okwakuyimbangela enkulu yokwehluleka kwesonto
UCapito wayekholelwa ukuthi iBhayibheli liwumthombo weqiniso. Wathi: “Vumela iBhayibheli kanye nomthetho kaKristu kulawule izimfundiso zenkolo.” UDkt. Kittelson uthi uCapito “wagomela ngokuthi imbangela eyinhloko yokuphambuka kwezazi zenkolo ukunganaki kwazo imiBhalo.”
UMartin Cellarius (owaziwa nangokuthi uMartin Borrhaus), insizwa eyayihlala emzini kaCapito ngo-1526, naye wayenesifiso esifanayo sokufunda iqiniso eZwini likaNkulunkulu.
“ULWAZI LUKANKULUNKULU WEQINISO”
Ikhasi lokuqala lencwadi kaMartin Cellarius ethi On the Works of God, lapho aqhathanisa khona izimfundiso zesonto nezeBhayibheli
UCellarius, owazalwa ngo-1499, wayengumfundi okhuthele wezenkolo nefilosofi. Wathatha umsebenzi wokufundisa eWittenberg, eJalimane. Njengoba iWittenberg yayiyisikhungo seziNguquko, uCellarius wajwayelana ngokushesha noMartin Luther kanye nabanye ababefuna ukuguqula izimfundiso zesonto. UCellarius wayengahlukanisa kanjani phakathi kwemibono yabantu neqiniso lemiBhalo?
Ngokwencwadi ethi Teaching the Reformation, uCellarius wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuqonda kahle imiBhalo kubangelwa ukuyifunda ngokucophelela, ukuyiqhathanisa njalo nangokuthandaza kanye nokuphenduka ezonweni.” Yini uCellarius ayithola ekuhloleni kwakhe iBhayibheli?
Ngo-July 1527, uCellarius wanyathelisa lokho ayekutholile encwadini enesihloko esithi On the Works of God. Wabhala ukuthi amasakramente esonto, njengokushintsha kwewayini nesinkwa kube yigazi nenyama kaJesu, angokomfanekiso. UProfesa Robin Barnes, uthi incwadi kaCellarius iphinde “ichaze iziprofetho ezingokomBhalo ezikhuluma ngenkathi yosizi nokuhlupheka kubantu bonke eyolandelwa ukuba khona komhlaba omusha nokwaneliseka.”—2 Petru 3:10-13.
Ngokuphathelene nesimo sikaJesu Kristu, okwashiwo uCellarius kuphawuleka ngokukhethekile. Nakuba engazange aphikisane ngokuqondile noZiqu-zintathu, uCellarius wahlukanisa “uBaba Osezulwini” “eNdodaneni yakhe uJesu Kristu” waphinde wabhala ukuthi uJesu wayengomunye wonkulunkulu abaningi futhi engomunye wamadodana kaNkulunkulu umninimandla onke.—Johane 10:34, 35.
Encwadini yakhe ethi Antitrinitarian Biography (1850), uRobert Wallace waphawula ukuthi imibhalo kaCellarius ayizange ilandele imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu eyayivamile ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka.c Ngakho, izazi eziningi zaphetha ngokuthi kumelwe ukuba uCellarius wayenqaba imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu. Uye wachazwa ngokuthi ungelinye ithuluzi likaNkulunkulu “ekugxiliseni ulwazi ngoNkulunkulu weqiniso nangoKristu.”
ITHEMBA LOKUBUYISELWA KABUSHA
Ngawo-1527, uJohannes Campanus, isazi senkolo esasibhekwa njengesihlakaniphe kakhulu osukwini laso, naye wathuthela eWittenberg. Nakuba ayehlala kuleso sikhungo sezinguquko ezingokwenkolo, uCampanus akazange aneliseke ngezimfundiso zikaMartin Luther. Kungani?
UCampanus waziphikisa zombili lezi zimfundiso, eyokuthi isinkwa newayini kushintsha kube umzimba negazi likaJesu neyokuthi isinkwa newayini kuhlangana nomzimba kaKristu.d Umlobi u-André Séguenny uthi uCampanus wayekholelwa ukuthi “isinkwa asishintshi, sihlale siyisinkwa, kodwa njengesekramente, simelela umzimba kaKristu.” Ngo-1529 kwaba nomhlangano eMarburg Colloquy, lapho kwaxoxwa khona ngazo kanye lezi zimfundiso, nokho uCampanus akavunyelwanga ukuba aphawule ngalokho ayekufunde emiBhalweni. Ngemva kwalokho abanye abashisekeli beziNguquko eWittenberg bamkhipha inyumbazane.
Encwadini yakhe ethi Restitution, uJohannes Campanus akavumelani nemfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu
Abashisekeli beziNguquko bathukutheliswa kakhulu izinkolelo zikaCampanus ngokuphathelene noYise, iNdodana nomoya ongcwele. Encwadini yakhe yango-1532, ethi Restitution, uCampanus wafundisa ukuthi uJesu noYise bangabantu ababili abahlukene. Wachaza ukuthi uYise neNdodana “bamunye,” ngendlela indoda nomfazi okuthiwa ‘banyamanye’ ngayo—bahlanganisiwe, kodwa babili. (Johane 10:30; Mathewu 19:5) UCampanus waveza ukuthi imiBhalo isebenzisa umfanekiso ofanayo ukuze ibonise ukuthi uBaba unegunya phezu kweNdodana: “Inhloko yawo wonke amadoda nguKristu; nenhloko yowesifazane yindoda; nenhloko kaKristu nguNkulunkulu.”—1 Korinte 11:3.
Kuthiwani ngomoya ongcwele? UCampanus waphinde wabhekisela eBhayibhelini, wabhala: “Awukho umBhalo osekela ukuthi Umoya Ongcwele ungumuntu wesithathu . . . Umoya kaNkulunkulu kuthiwa ungamandla asebenzayo, uNkulunkulu ulungiselela futhi enze zonke izinto esebenzisa amandla akhe omoya.”—Genesise 1:2.
ULuther wathi uCampanus ungumnyundeli nesitha seNdodana kaNkulunkulu. Omunye oshisekela iziNguquko wathi uCampanus akabulawe. Noma kunjalo uCampanus akaphazamisekanga. I-The Radical Reformation ithi: “UCampanus wayeqiniseka ngokuthi ukulahleka kwale ncazelo yokuqala yabaphostoli nengokomBhalo yokuthi uNkulunkulu unjani kwakusho ukuwa kweSonto.”
UCampanus wayengahlosile ukusungula iqembu lenkolo elisha. Wathi wafuna iqiniso “kuwo wonke amahlelo nakuzo zonke izihlubuki” kodwa akaphumelelanga. Ngakho wayenethemba lokuthi ngemfundiso yokubuyiselwa kwesintu ekupheleleni, iSonto lobuKatolika, liyobuyisela izimfundiso eziyiqiniso zobuKristu. Nokho, ekugcineni, iziphathimandla ezingamaKatolika zambopha uCampanus futhi kungenzeka wachitha iminyaka engu-20 ejele. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi wafa cishe ngo-1575.
“QINISEKANI NGAZO ZONKE IZINTO”
Ukutadisha iBhayibheli ngokuzikhandla kwasiza uCapito, uCellarius, uCampanus nabanye ukuba bahlukanise iqiniso emangeni. Ngisho noma engawatholanga amaqiniso aphelele, la madoda ahlola imiBhalo ngokuthobeka futhi alazisa iqiniso ayelifundile.
Umphostoli uPawulu wanxusa amaKristu akanye naye: “Qinisekani ngazo zonke izinto; bambelelani niqinise kokuhle.” (1 Thesalonika 5:21) Ukuze bakusize ekufuneni kwakho iqiniso, oFakazi BakaJehova banyathelise incwadi enesihloko esifanelekayo esithi Lifundisani Ngempela IBhayibheli?
a Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Yekani Kukhule Kokubili Ndawonye Kuze Kuvunwe,” ekhasini 44 lencwadi ethi OFakazi BakaJehova—Abamemezeli BoMbuso KaNkulunkulu, enyatheliswa oFakazi BakaJehova.
b Bheka isihloko esithi “UMichael Servetus—Indoda Eyazimela Yodwa Ekuthungatheni Iqiniso,” kuyi-Phaphama kaMay 2006 enyatheliswa oFakazi BakaJehova.
c Lapho iphawula ngokusebenzisa kukaCellarius’ igama elithi “nkulunkulu” lapho ebhekisela kuKristu, le ncwadi ithi: “Kubhalwe ukuthi deus, hhayi ukuthi Deus, leli lokugcina lisebenza lapho kubhekiselwa kuNkulunkulu Ophakeme Kunabo Bonke.”
d Imfundiso kaLuther ithi isinkwa newayini “kuhlangana” nomzimba kaKristu eSidlweni SeNkosi Sakusihlwa.