Sarajevo—Tso Ƒe 1914 Vaseɖe Ƒe 1994

ETSO NYƆ! ƑE NUŊLƆLA SI LE SWEDEN GBƆ

Ƒe 80 va yi tso esime woda tu mawo dzɔgbevɔ̃etɔe le Sarajevo. Tudadawo wu Fiavi Francis Ferdinand kple srɔ̃a Sophie, eye emegbe fuléle si le Austria-Hungary kple Serbia dome la do gã ɖe edzi va zu Xexemeʋa I. Le ɖekakpui miliɔn 65 siwo woɖo ɖe aʋagbewo dzi dome la, amesiwo ade miliɔn 9 megatrɔ gbɔ o. Amesiwo wowu kpe ɖe dumevi dzro siwo tsi eme ŋu la de miliɔn 21. Ame aɖewo gaƒoa nu tso aʋa ma si dzɔ le August 1914 me ŋu kokoko be enye ɣeyiɣi si me “xexeame ku tsu.”

TUWO gale ɖiɖim le Sarajevo katã ake. Eye menye le Sarajevo ɖeɖeko o, ke le tsã Yugoslavia ƒe dukɔ adeawo dometɔ geɖe hã me.a Agbalẽ si nye Jugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning (Yugoslavia—Dukɔ si Me Mã) la gblɔ be: “Dumeviʋa si me nɔvi kpea aʋa kple nɔvi lee wònye. Ameléleɖedɔme kple ɖikeke siwo nɔ anyi ɣeyiɣi didi la tsi ɖe edzi va zu fuléle. Fuléle sia he aʋawɔwɔ vɛ eye aʋawɔwɔ hã he amewuwu kple tsɔtsrɔ̃ geɖe vɛ. Ele abe fuléle, ɖikeke, kple amewuwu siwo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ nana wodoa gã ɖe edzi la ene, alo abe nusiwo le ta kekem ɣesiaɣi ene.”

Esime aʋa dzɔ le Yugoslavia le ƒe 1991 ƒe June me la, mewɔ nuku be ame geɖe ɖo ŋku tu siwo woda le Sarajevo le June, ƒe 1914 me dzi o. Ðe aʋawɔwɔ yeye sia ahe tsɔtsrɔ̃ ma ke tɔgbe vɛa? Ðe wòagblẽ Europa ƒe ŋutifafa mea? Ðe “gbeɖekadolawo ŋutikɔklɔ” (ŋutigbalẽmetɔ, dunyaheha, alo to aɖe me tɔ siwo woaɖo koŋ awu) ƒe ɖoɖoa ate ŋu akeke ɖe enu aɖo xexeame ƒe akpa bubuwoa? Dukɔwo te kpɔ be yewoatsi aʋawɔwɔ la nu. Gake nuka koŋ gbɔe tsã Yugoslavia ƒe kuxiwo tso? Ðe nusiwo dzɔ nyitsɔ laa le Sarajevo la ku ɖe fia si wowu le ƒe 1914 me la ŋua?

Yugoslavia Kple Xexemeʋa I

Menye dzre yeyewoe wonye o. Le ƒe alafa sia ƒe gɔmedzedze tututu la, woƒo nu tso Balkan Ƒukpo Afã la ŋu be enye “Europa ƒe nuto si me mefana o.” Jugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning gblɔ be: “Mamã si ɖo dukɔ ƒoƒu siwo dome dzre le ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe la dome nyae. Le nyateƒe me la, dzre la nɔ anyi xoxo hafi wova ɖo Serbia, Croatia kple Slovenia [Yugoslavia ƒe ŋkɔ xoxotɔ] ƒe Fiaɖuƒea le Xexemeʋa I ƒe nuwuwu.” Ŋutinyamenuŋlɔɖi aɖewo akpe ɖe mía ŋu míakpɔ alesi egbegbe dzrehehewo dzɔ tso keke Xexemeʋa I me kee.

Ŋutinya gblɔ na mí be esime wowu Francis Ferdinand le ƒe 1914 me la, Dziehe Slavia dukɔ siwo nye Slovenia, Croatia, kple Bosnia kple Herzegovina nye Austria-Hungary ƒe Fiaɖuƒea ƒe dziɖuƒewo. Gake Serbia ya nye fiaɖuƒe nɔɖokuisi eye ekpɔtɔ le nenema tso keke ƒe 1878 me ke, eye Russia da megbe nɛ vevie. Gake Serbiatɔ geɖe nɔ nuto siwo dzi Austria-Hungary kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo me, eye esia na Serbia di be Austria-Hungary naɖe asi le afisiwo eƒe amewo le le Balkan Ƒukpo Afã dzi la ŋu na ye. Togbɔ be aʋawɔwɔ nɔ Croatia kple Serbia dome hã la, didi ɖekae nɔ wo si: be yewoaɖe yewo ɖokui le dutadziɖula siwo yewolé fui la te. Dumevinyahelawo bu Dziehe Slaviatɔwo katã nu ƒoƒo ƒu be woazu fiaɖuƒe ɖeka la ŋu. Serbiatɔwo koŋue xɔ ŋgɔ le dukɔ nɔɖokuisi sia ɖoɖo anyi me.

Ɣemaɣi la, fiagã Francis Joseph si nɔ dzi ɖum la xɔ ƒe 84. Eteƒe madidi hafi Fiavi Francis Ferdinand nava zu fiagã yeye o. Serbiatɔ dumevinyahelawo kpɔe be Francis Ferdinand ado kplamatse yewoƒe didi be Dziehe Slaviatɔwo nazu fiaɖuƒe la.

Dziehe Slavia dukɔ si anɔ eɖokui si ƒe didi vevie nɔ sɔhɛ sukuvi aɖewo me le Serbia eye wolɔ̃ faa be yewoaku ɖe taɖodzinu ma ta. Wotia sɔhɛ geɖe be woawu Fiavi la. Serbia-dumevinyahelawo ƒe vivimeha aɖe si woyɔ be Hlɔ̃nuwɔha la na lãnu wo hena hehe wo. Sɔhɛ siawo dometɔ eve te fiavi la wuwu kpɔ, eye edze dzi na wo dometɔ ɖeka. Eŋkɔe nye Gavrilo Princip. Exɔ ƒe 19.

Amewuwu sia na nugbeɖolawo ƒe tameɖoɖo dze edzi. Esime xexemeʋa gbãtɔ wu enu la, Austria kple Hungary ƒe fiaƒomedziɖuɖu la gbã, eye Serbia te ŋu xɔ ŋgɔ ƒo Slaviatɔwo nu ƒu wozu fiaɖuƒe. Le ƒe 1918 me la, wova yɔ fiaɖuƒe ma be Serbia, Croatia, kple Slovenia tɔwo ƒe Fiaɖuƒe. Wotrɔ ŋkɔ la wòzu Yugoslavia le ƒe 1929 me. Gake esi megava hiã be ƒuƒoƒo vovovoawo nawɔ ɖeka le fuléle Austria kple Hungary me o la, eva dze ƒã be masɔmasɔwo nɔ ƒuƒoƒoawo ŋutɔ dome. Ameawo mã ɖe hatsotso siwo de 20 kloe me, gbe ene koŋ wodona le dziɖuɖudɔwɔƒewo eye bubu geɖe hã li siwo dolawo mesɔ gbɔ o, ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ƒomevi evee le wo si (Roma kple Cyril), eye subɔsubɔha gã etɔ̃ le wo si—Katoliko, Moslem, kple Serbia Orthodɔks ha. Mawusubɔsubɔ yi edzi de mamã amewo me. Ne míagblɔe bubui la, mamã geɖe siwo li ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe la nɔ Dukɔ yeye la me.

Yugoslavia Kple Xexemeʋa II

Le Xexemeʋa II me la, Germania dze Yugoslavia dzi, eye agbalẽ si nye The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican gblɔ be Croatia Katolikotɔ siwo wɔ ɖeka kple Nazitɔwo la “ɖoe koŋ wu amesiwo wu 200,000 siwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye Serbia Orthodɔks-ha me tɔwo.” Gake Croatiatɔ Josip Tito kple eƒe Kɔmiunist-dzidelawo kpakple Britania kple Amerika siwo kpe ɖe wo ŋu la te ŋu nya Germaniatɔwo ɖa. Esime aʋaa ke la, edze ƒã be eyae va nye dukɔa kplɔla eye etsɔ asi sesẽ ɖu edzii. Enye ŋutsu nɔɖokuisi. Stalin gɔ̃ hã mete ŋu zi edzi wòna Yugoslavia wɔ ɖeka kple Kɔmiunist-dukɔ susɔewo o.

Tsã Yugoslaviatɔ geɖe gblɔ be: ‘Ne menye Tito ye o la, anye ne dukɔawo dome mã xoxoxo. Eya ɖeka si koe tameɖoɖo kplikpaa kple ŋusẽ si hiã la nɔ be wòalé wo aƒo ƒui.’ Esia va nye nyateƒe. Tito ƒe ku megbe le ƒe 1980 me hafi dzrehehewo gadze egɔme hedo gã ɖe edzi va zu dukɔmeviʋa le ƒe 1991 me.

Tukpe Siwo Trɔ Xexeame

Nuŋlɔla Frederic Morton ŋlɔ nu tso Francis Ferdinand wuwu ŋu le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914 me be: “Tukpe si ŋɔ eƒe vehlo lae nye tudada gbãtɔ le amewuwu dziŋɔtɔ si teƒe ameƒomea kpɔ kpɔ la me. Eyae dze nusi do gã ɖe edzi va zu Xexemeʋa II la gɔme. . . . Wohe nusiwo katã le dzɔdzɔm le mía dome la ƒe kawo dometɔ geɖe zi gbãtɔ le dukɔ siwo le Danube ŋu me le ƒe ɖeka kple afã siwo do ŋgɔ na tudada si ŋɔ Fiavi la ƒe ta la me.”—Míawoe te gbe ɖe edzi.

Menye nusiwo dzɔ nyitsɔ laa le tsã Yugoslavia la koe nye ‘nusiwo katã le dzɔdzɔm le mía dome la ƒe ka’ siwo wohe tso ƒe 1914 me ke o. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Edmond Taylor gblɔ nya aɖe si dzi ŋutinyaŋlɔla geɖe lɔ̃ ɖo: “Xexemeʋa I ye dze ƒe alafa blaevelia ƒe ‘Xaxaɣi’ la gɔme . . . Ƒe alafa sia ƒe afã mamlea me zitɔtɔwo dze egɔme tso ƒe 1914 me tẽ alo le mɔ si mele tẽ o nu.”

Amewo dze agbagba be woaɖe nusita nu dziŋɔwo dona tsoa tudada le Sarajevo alea la me. Aleke “sukuvi” ƒe tudada zi eve ko ate ŋu ade zi xexe bliboa me eye wòahe ʋunyaʋunya, tɔtɔ, kple dziɖeleameƒo ƒe ɣeyiɣi si yi edzi vaseɖe míaƒe ŋkekea me la vɛ?

Alesi Wote Kpɔ be Woaɖe ƒe 1914 me Nudzɔdzɔwo Mee

Agbalẽ si nye Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914 la ŋlɔla ɖe nusi dzɔ la me hefia asi nusi wòyɔ be “ŋusẽ yeye” si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe dukɔwo dzi le ƒe 1914 me. Egblɔ be le nyateƒe me la, nu geɖe ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ɖekae ye va zu “ŋusẽ” sia. Amesiwo ƒe ɣli nɔ dzi dem be aʋa nedzɔ la ƒe gbe kpe tamebula ʋeeawo tɔ dzi. Dukɔ ɖeka ƒe ɖoɖo de dzo bubuawo katã ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ me. Aʋafiawo xɔ ŋusẽ le fiawo si. Ame geɖe hã kpɔ mɔnu si dim wonɔ xoxoxo be woaɖe “kalẽwɔwɔ gã ɖe dukɔ ta” afia eye woato ema me avo tso gbesiagbegbenɔnɔ me hloluitsotsowo me la le aʋa la me. Amegã aɖe ŋlɔe emegbe be: “Ƒe 1914 ƒe dzidzimea xɔ gbɔdzɔe si aʋawɔwɔ ate ŋu ahe vɛ la dzi se abe amesiwo di be ahom natu ne yewoakpɔ gbɔdzɔe tso yame ƒe dzoxɔxɔ le dzomeŋɔli me la ene.” Germaniatɔ nuŋlɔla Hermann Hesse gblɔ be aɖe vi na ame geɖe be woagblẽ “woƒe anyinɔnɔ kpoo” la me. Wogblɔ be Germaniatɔ nuŋlɔla Thomas Mann si xɔ Nobel-nunana la gblɔ be aʋawɔwɔ nye “nuŋukɔkɔ, ablɔɖe, kple mɔkpɔkpɔ wɔnuku.” Winston Churchill si aʋawɔnyawo dzɔa dzi na gɔ̃ hã ŋlɔ be: “Dzadzraɖo ɖe aʋawɔwɔ ŋu vivi nunye ŋutɔ. Medoa gbe ɖa na Mawu be wòatsɔ ŋɔdzinu siwo míewɔ wògbɔ eme la akem.”

“Ŋusẽ yeye” sia na wowɔ dzidzɔdonamenuwo le Europa katã esime asrafoawo bɔ asaɖa yina aʋa. Wobla gbe mumũwo ɖe woƒe kukuwo ŋu, wotsɔ seƒoƒo dzeaniwo he tsihe hetsi wo ɖe tuawo ŋu, woƒo saŋkuwo, nyɔnu aƒedzikpɔlawo nɔ woƒe fesrewo nu ʋuʋu woƒe taku na wo, eye ɖevi siwo le dzidzɔ kpɔm ƒu du kplɔ asrafoawo ɖo. Enɔ abe ɖe amewo nɔ azã ɖum henɔ vivi dom ɖe aʋa la ƒe dzɔdzɔ ŋu ene. Wobu xexemeʋa la dzidzɔɣeyiɣii.

Esiae nye nusi Morton yɔ va yi be “ŋusẽ yeye” si wogblɔ be akpe ɖe mía ŋu míanya nusi he xexemeʋa gbãtɔ vɛ la ƒe ŋutinya kpui aɖe ko. Gake afikae “ŋusẽ” sia tso? Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Barbara Tuchman ŋlɔ be mɔ̃ɖaŋudukɔwo na ŋusẽ yeye kple nyaƒoɖeamenu yeye amewo. Le nyateƒe me la, “tɔtɔ yeyewo kple ŋusẽ siwo woli kɔ ɖi ye . . . wonɔ ɖeɖem fia le . . . hadomegbenɔnɔ me.” Stefan Zweig si nye sɔhɛ tagbɔɖaɖɛtɔ aɖe si tso Vienna ɣemaɣi la ŋlɔ bena: “Nyemate ŋu aɖe eme le mɔ bubu aɖeke nu o wu be enye ŋusẽ gbago, eye wònye nusiwo míetsɔ ŋutifafa li kɔ ɖi ƒe blaene sɔŋ le vivime si di be yeado go akpasesẽe la me tsonu dziŋɔ.” Nyagbɔgblɔ “nyemate ŋu aɖe eme le mɔ bubu aɖeke nu o” fia be emeɖeɖe sesẽ na eya ŋutɔ. Morton ŋlɔ ɖe eƒe agbalẽ si nye Thunder at Twilight ƒe ŋgɔdonya me be: “Nukatae nya ma dzɔ le ɣeyiɣi ma me kple teƒe ma tututu? Eye alekee? . . . Ðe mɔnu aɖe li si dzi míato ase nudzɔdzɔ totro siawo mea?”

Ẽ, ame geɖe siwo dzea agbagba be yewoaɖe ƒe 1914 me nudzɔdzɔwo me la bu be nusiwo tututu gbɔ wotso la gɔme manya se ŋutɔŋutɔ o. Nukata aʋa la metsi amesiwo hee vɛ la ɖeɖeko dome o? Nukata wòdo gã ɖe edzi va zu xexemeʋa? Nukata wòkeke ɖe enu hetsrɔ̃ nu geɖe nenema gbegbe? Nuka koŋue nye ŋusẽ yeye sia si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe ameƒomea dzi le ƒe 1914 ƒe kele me? Míaƒe nyati si kplɔe ɖo le axa 10 lia adzro alesi Biblia ɖo biabia mawo ŋui me.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Nya si ɖe dzesi si le axa 6]

“Ƒe 1914 ƒe dzidzimea xɔ gbɔdzɔe si aʋawɔwɔ ate ŋu ahe vɛ la dzi se abe amesiwo di be ahom natu ne yewoakpɔ gbɔdzɔe tso yame ƒe dzoxɔxɔ le dzomeŋɔli me la ene.”—Ernest U. Cormons, Austriatɔ dukɔwo dome nyagbɔkpɔla

[Aɖaka/​Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 8, 9]

1914

1914—Biblia gblɔ afɔku siwo dzɔ tso ƒe 1914 me ke la ɖi

“Sɔ bubu aɖe, si le dzĩe la, do go, eye amesi doe la, wona ŋusẽe, be wòaɖe ŋutifafa ɖa le anyigba dzi, bena woawu wo nɔewo, eye wotsɔ yi gã ɖe asi nɛ. Eye esime wòɖe nutrenu etɔ̃lia ɖa la, mese nu gbagbe etɔ̃lia le gbɔgblɔm bena: Va! Eye kpɔ ɖa, mekpɔ sɔ yibɔ aɖe, eye amesi doe la, lé nudanu ɖe asi. Eye mese gbe aɖe, abe nu gbagbe eneawo dome wòɖi le ene hele gbɔgblɔm bena: Lu dzidzenu ɖeka naxɔ denario ɖeka, eye ƒo dzidzenu etɔ̃ naxɔ denario ɖeka, eye megawɔ vɔ̃ aɖeke ami kple wein o. Eye esime wòɖe nutrenu enelia ɖa la, mese nu gbagbe enelia ƒe gbe wòle gbɔgblɔm bena: Va! Eye kpɔ ɖa, mekpɔ sɔ hẽ aɖe, eye amesi doe la, ƒe ŋkɔe nye Ku, eye tsiẽƒe le eyome. Eye wona ŋusẽ wo ɖe anyigba ƒe akpa enelia dzi, be woatsɔ yi kple dɔwuame kple ku kpakple anyigba dzi lãwo awu amewoe.”—Nyaɖeɖefia 6:4-8 (Kpɔ Luka 21:10-26; Timoteo II, 3:1-5 hã.)

“Ƒe 1914-18 ƒe Aʋa Gã la le abe anyigba fiafiã si mã ɣeyiɣi ma kple mía tɔ dome ene. Le ame gbogbo mawo ƒe agbe si ŋudɔ woawɔ le ƒe siwo kplɔe ɖo me hafi la dome gbegblẽ me, le woƒe dzixɔsewo me gbegblẽ me, le woƒe tamesusuwo tɔtrɔ me, kple le mɔkpɔkpɔbuɖeame ƒe abi makumakuwo dede ame ŋu me la, eɖe ŋutilã me kple susu me ʋe ɖe ɣeyiɣi eve mawo dome.”—The Proud Tower si Barbara W. Tuchman ŋlɔ ƒe ŋgɔdonya.

“Ƒe ene siwo kplɔ [ƒe 1914] ɖo la nɔ abe alesi Graham Wallas ŋlɔ ene be, wonye ‘ƒe ene siwo me ameƒomea dze agbagba vevie hewɔ nusi ɖe dzesi wu ɖesiaɖe.’ Esime agbagbadzedzea wu enu la, mɔkpɔkpɔ kple dzonɔameme si nɔ anyi vaseɖe ƒe 1914 me la bu vivivi ɖe dziɖeleameƒo gã aɖe me. Nu gãtɔ si amegbetɔ kpɔ le esia mee nye dzesidede eya ŋutɔ ƒe gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔwo le vevesese me.”—Agbalẽ ma ke ƒe megbenya.

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

The Bettmann Archive

The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London

National Archives of Canada, P.A. 40136

[Anyigbatata si le axa 7]

(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)

Alesi Europa Nɔ—August 1914

1. Great Britain kple Ireland 2. France 3. Spain 4. German Fiaɖuƒe 5. Switzerland 6. Italy 7. Russia 8. Austria-​Hungary 9. Romania 10. Bulgaria 11. Serbia 12. Montenegro 13. Albania 14. Greece

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 5]

Gavrilo Princip

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 6]

Germaniatɔwo le seƒoƒowo xɔm esime woyina aʋa

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

The Bettmann Archive

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 3]

Culver Pictures