Ta 3

Gliwo—Kadodo Siwo Bɔ ɖe Wo Me

1-3. (a) Nukatae wòle be míadi be míanya nu tso gliwo ŋu? (b) Nukawo mee míadzro le ta sia me?

NUKATAE wòle be míadzro gliwo me? Ðe menye blemanyakpakpawo koe wonye oa? Togbɔ be enye nyateƒe be wotu geɖe ɖe nyakpakpa dzi hã la, wotu bubuwo ya ɖe nyateƒe dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, de ŋugble tso gli kple xotutu siwo bɔ ɖe xexeame katã siwo wotu ɖe xexeame ƒe Tsiɖɔɖɔ si ŋuti Biblia ƒo nu le dzi la ŋu kpɔ.

² Nusiwo tae wòle be míade ŋugble le gliwo ŋu dometɔ ɖekae nye be wonye nusiwo dzi wotu dzixɔse kple kɔnu siwo gale subɔsubɔhawo me egbea la ɖo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, ne míeku luʋɔ makumaku ƒe dzixɔse me la, míate ŋu ake ɖe eŋu le blema Asiriatɔwo kple Babilontɔwo ƒe gliwo me kpakple Egiptetɔwo, Helatɔwo, kple Romatɔwo tɔ me vaseɖe Kristodukɔa me ke, afisi wòva zu nufiafia si dzi Kristodukɔa tu eƒe mawunyafiafia ɖo. Gliwo ɖee fia be blematɔwo nɔ mawuwo kpakple gɔmesese si le agbe ŋu dim. Le ta sia me la, míadzro nya vevi siwo bɔ le xexemedukɔwo deŋgɔwo ƒe gliwo me la dometɔ aɖewo me kpuie. Esi míele gli siawo me dzrom la, míade dzesi alesi xexemewɔwɔ, Tsiɖɔɖɔ la, alakpamawuwo kple amegbetɔ-afã-mawu-afãwo, luʋɔ makumaku, kple ɣesubɔsubɔ dzena edziedzie abe ka ɖeka siwo ŋu wotɔ gli siawo siwo to vovo la ɖo ene. Gake nukatae wòle be wòanɔ alea?

³ Zi geɖe la, ŋutinya me nyateƒenya alo ame aɖe nɔa anyi, alo enyea nudzɔdzɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ aɖe si wokpa nya kpee emegbe alo wotroe wòva zu gli. Ŋutinya me nyateƒenya siawo dometɔ ɖekae nye Biblia ƒe nuŋlɔɖi si ku ɖe xexemewɔwɔ ŋu.a

Xexemewɔwɔ Ŋuti Nyateƒewo Kple Nyakpakpawo

4, 5. Nusiwo dzi Helatɔwo xɔ se le woƒe gliwo me dometɔ aɖewo ɖe?

⁴ Xexemewɔwɔ ŋuti gliwo bɔ, gake ɖeke gɔme sese mele bɔbɔe eye susu le eme de Biblia ƒe xexemewɔwɔ ŋuti nuŋlɔɖi la nu o. (Mose I, ta 1, 2) Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Helatɔwo ƒe glitoto me nuŋlɔɖi dze ŋutasẽnue. Helatɔ gbãtɔ si ŋlɔ gliwo ɖe ɖoɖo nue nye Hesiod, amesi ŋlɔ eƒe agbalẽ si nye Theogony la le ƒe alafa enyilia D.M.Ŋ. me. Eɖe alesi mawuwo kple xexeame dze egɔmee la me. Edze egɔme be Gaea, alo Gaya (Anyigba), dzi Uranus (Dziƒo). Agbalẽnyala si ŋkɔe nye Jasper Griffin ɖe nusi kplɔ ema ɖo la me ɖe The Oxford History of the Classical World me be:

⁵ “Hesiod gblɔ alesi yamemawuwo va ɖe wo nɔewo yome la ƒe ŋutinya si le nyanya na Homer. Gbã la, Uranus ye nye gãtɔ kekeake, gake ete viawo ɖe anyi, eye Gaya gblɔ na via Kronos be wòatae. Kronos hã va lé eya ŋutɔ viawo ɖu, vaseɖe esime srɔ̃a Rhea tsɔ kpe nɛ be wòaɖu ɖe Zeus teƒe; wonyi Zeus si nye ɖevi la le Kreta, ezi fofoa dzi be wòadzɔ tɔviawo akɔ ɖi, eye woawo kple ame bubuwo ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu na woɖu Kronos kple eƒe Titanwo dzi eye wotsɔ wo ƒu gbe ɖe Tartarus me.”

6. Afikae Jasper Griffin gblɔ be anye eyae Helatɔwo ƒe gli geɖe dzɔ tso?

⁶ Afikae Helatɔwo kpɔ xotutu trama sia tsoe? Agbalẽŋlɔla ma ke ɖo eŋu be: “Ewɔ abe Sumertɔwo gbɔe wòdzɔ tso ene. Le Ɣedzeƒetɔwo ƒe ŋutinya siawo me la, míekpɔa alesi mawu geɖewo, kple alesi ame tata, kple ame mimi dzɔa dzi na woe la, eye alesi wolɔ̃a nu ƒoƒo tso kpe ŋu edziedzie la ɖee fia be menye nudogoɖenunue wònye be wòsɔ kple Hesiod ƒe nya la o.” Blema Mesopotamia kple Babilon ye wòle be míakpɔ glitoto siwo ƒo ke ɖe to le dukɔ bubuwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ me la ƒe dzɔtsoƒe le.

7. (a) Nukatae blema Chinatɔwo ƒe gliwo ŋuti nyatakaka kpɔkpɔ mele bɔbɔe o? (b) Aleke Chinatɔwo ƒe gli aɖe gblɔ anyigba kple amegbetɔ wɔwɔe? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Mose I, 1:27; 2:7.)

⁷ Menye ɣesiaɣie wònɔa bɔbɔe be woanya blema Chinatɔwo ƒe gliwo o, elabena wogblẽ woƒe nuŋlɔɖi geɖewo le ƒe 213-191 D.M.Ŋ. ƒe ɣeyiɣia me.b Gake gliawo dometɔ aɖewo susɔ, abe gli si gblɔ alesi wowɔ anyigbae la ene. Ɣedzeƒe nusɔsrɔ̃wo ŋuti nufialagã Anthony Christie ŋlɔ bena: “Míese be Gɔmedzenu la nɔ abe koklozi ene. Dziƒo kple Anyigba menɔ anyi ɣemaɣi o. P’an-ku dzɔ tso koklozia me, eƒe nu kpekpewoe wotsɔ wɔ Anyigbae eye wotsɔ wodzoeawo wɔ Aliliae. Wowɔa P’an-ku ƒe nɔnɔmetata abe azizã ene, wodoa sisiblisiwu alo aŋgbawu nɛ. Dometsotso si le Anyigba kple Dziƒo dome nɔ kekem ɖe edzi afɔ ewo gbesiagbe hena ƒe 18,000 sɔŋ, eye P’an-ku nɔ tsitsim ɖe edzi kabakaba nenema ke ale be eƒe ŋutilã va yɔ yame katã. Le eƒe ku me la, eƒe ŋutilã ƒe akpa vovovoawo va zu dzɔdzɔmenu vovovowo eye nyẽ siwo nɔ eƒe kukua dzi la va zu amegbetɔƒomea.”

8. Le Inkatɔwo ƒe gliwo ƒe nya nu la, aleke gbegbɔgblɔwo wɔ va dzɔ?

⁸ Inkatɔ siwo le Dziehe Amerika ƒe xotutu aɖe gblɔ alesi glitoto me wɔla aɖe na nuƒoƒo dukɔ ɖesiaɖee la. “Etsɔ gbe si dukɔ ɖesiaɖe ado la nɛ . . . Ena luʋɔ kple amenyenye amesiame, ŋutsuwo kple nyɔnuwo siaa eye wòde se na dukɔ ɖesiaɖe be wòaɖo to ayi ɖe anyigba la te. Dukɔ ɖesiaɖe ɖi ɖe tome le afima eye wova ho ɖe afisi wotia na wo la.” (The Fables and Rites of the Yncas, si Cristóbal de Molina si tso Cuzco ŋlɔ me nya siwo woyɔ ɖe agbalẽ si nye South American Mythology me.) Le nya sia me la, ewɔ abe Biblia me nya si gblɔ alesi gbewo tɔtɔe le Babel lae nye nyateƒe si ŋu wokpa Inkatɔwo ƒe gli sia ɖo ene. (Mose I, 11:1-9) Gake mina míatrɔ míaƒe susu ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔ si ŋu Biblia ƒo nu le le Mose I, 7:17-24 me la ŋu azɔ.

Tsiɖɔɖɔ la—Nyateƒee alo Glie?

9. (a) Nukae Biblia gblɔ na mí le nɔnɔme siwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Tsiɖɔɖɔa la ŋu? (b) Nukae wòle be Noa kple eƒe ƒomea nawɔ be woakpɔ ɖeɖe tso Tsiɖɔɖɔa me?

⁹ Biblia kplɔ mí yi megbemegbe ʋĩ ke, ƒe 4,500 enye si, le ƒe 2,500 D.M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo eye wògblɔ na mí be Mawu ƒe vi siwo nye gbɔgbɔmemewo do amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã eye “woɖe [nyɔnuwo] dometɔ, siwo katã dze wo ŋu.” Nefilim ŋutasẽlawo, “ame kako ŋkɔxɔla siwo nɔ anyi le blema,” dzɔ tso vidzidzi sia si mele dzɔdzɔme nu o me. Woƒe sedzimawɔmawɔgbenɔnɔ la kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe xexeme si nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Tsiɖɔɖɔa dzi ale gbegbe be Yehowa gblɔ be: “Matsrɔ̃ ame, siwo mewɔ la ɖa le anyigba blibo la katã dzi, . . . elabena evem bena, mewɔ wo. Ke Yehowa ve Noa nu.” Nyatakaka la yi edzi gblɔ afɔɖeɖe tẽ siwo wòle be Noa nawɔ atsɔ aɖe eɖokui kple eƒe ƒomea kpakple lã ƒomevi vovovowo tso Tsiɖɔɖɔ la me.—Mose I, 6:1-8, 13–8:22; Petro I, 3:19, 20; Petro II, 2:4; Yuda 6.

10. Nukatae mele be míabu nusi Biblia gblɔ tso Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu la glie o?

¹⁰ Egbegbe ɖeklemiɖelawo ɖua fewu le nudzɔdzɔ siwo do ŋgɔ na Tsiɖɔɖɔa si wogblɔ ɖe Mose I me la ŋu be glie. Gake xɔsetɔwo abe Yesaya, Xezekiel, Yesu Kristo, kple apostolo Petro kpakple Paulo ene lɔ̃ ɖe Noa ƒe ŋutinya la ƒe nyateƒenyenye dzi eye woxɔ edzi se. Nyateƒe si wònye be edze le gli geɖewo me le xexeame godoo hã ɖo kpe edzi be enye nusi dzɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ; edze le blema Gilgamesh ƒe Xotutu Didi si wotsɔ hakpanya ƒe atsyã ŋlɔe kpakple Chinatɔwo, Aztektɔwo, Inkatɔwo, kple Mayatɔwo ƒe gliwo hã me. Esi Biblia ƒe nuŋlɔɖia le susu me na mí la, mina míalé ŋku ɖe Asiriatɔwo kple Babilontɔwo ƒe gli siwo ku ɖe tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋuti la ŋu azɔ.c—Yesaya 54:9; Xezekiel 14:20; Mateo 24:37; Hebritɔwo 11:7.

Tsiɖɔɖɔ la Kple Amegbetɔ-Mawu Gilgamesh

11. Nuka dzie wotu nusi míenya tso Gilgamesh ƒe Xotutu la ŋu la ɖo?

¹¹ Ne míeyi megbemegbe le ŋutinya me abe ƒe 4,000 ene la, míake ɖe Akkadtɔwo ƒe gli xɔŋkɔ si woyɔna be Gilgamesh ƒe Xotutu Didi la ŋu. Nu si míenya tso gli sia ŋu la ƒe akpa gãtɔ tso nuŋlɔɖi aɖe si woŋlɔ ɖe blemanuŋɔŋlɔ me si tso Ashurbanipal, si ɖu fia le blema Niniwe la, ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe.

12. Amekae nye Gilgamesh, eye nukatae womelɔ̃ eƒe nya o? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Mose I, 6:1, 2.)

¹² Eyae nye Gilgamesh, si wogblɔ be ne womã eƒe ŋutilã ɖe akpa etɔ̃ la, akpa eve nye mawu eye akpa ɖeka nye amegbetɔ, alo enye mawu-afã-amegbetɔ-afã la ƒe ŋutinya. Ame aɖewo tu xo ma be: “Eɖo gliwo ɖe Uruk, enye glikpɔ sesẽ aɖe eye wòtu Eanna yayratɔ la ƒe gbedoxɔ na alilimemawu Anu kple Ishtar, lɔlɔ̃mawunɔ la . . . , míaƒe lɔlɔ̃ kple aʋawɔwɔ ƒe aƒenɔ la.” (Kpɔ alesi woɖo Asiriatɔwo kple Babilontɔwo ƒe mawuwo kple mawunɔwo ɖe ɖoɖo nui le axa 45.) Gake Gilgamesh menye nuwɔwɔ si nyo tututu anɔ ame gbɔ o. Uruktɔwo trɔ eta na mawuwo be: “Eƒe nudzodzro megblẽa ɖetugbi aɖeke ɖi na eƒe lɔlɔ̃tɔ o, mesaa aʋawɔla vinyɔnu kple amegã srɔ̃ hã ɖi o.”

13. (a) Afɔ kae mawuwo ɖe, eye nukae Gilgamesh wɔ? (b) Amekae nye Utnapishtim?

¹³ Nukae mawuawo wɔ esi dukɔa tsi tre ɖe eŋu? Mawunɔ Aruru wɔ Enkidu be wòanye amegbetɔ si aʋli ho kple Gilgamesh. Gake le esi teƒe be woanye futɔwo la, wozu xɔlɔ̃ kplikplikpliwo. Le xotutua me la, Enkidu va ku. Gilgamesh ƒe dzi gbã eye wòdo ɣli be: “Ne meku la, nyemanɔ abe Enkidu ene oa? Dzɔgbevɔ̃e ɖo dɔme nam. Matsa tsaglalã le gbedadaƒo elabena mele ku vɔ̃m.” Edi be yeanya makumakunyenye ƒe nya ɣaɣla eye wòyi ɖadi Utnapishtim, amesi tsi agbe le tsiɖɔɖɔa me, si nye amesi wona makumakunyenyee kpe ɖe mawuwo ŋu.

14. (a) Nukae wogblɔ na Utnapishtim be wòawɔ? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Mose I, 6:13-16.) (b) Nukae nye Gilgamesh ƒe mɔzɔzɔŋutinya la metsonu?

¹⁴ Mlɔeba la, Gilgamesh va kpɔ Utnapishtim, si gblɔ tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe ŋutinya nɛ. Abe alesi wòle Xotutu ƒe nuŋlɔkpe XI si woyɔna be Tsiɖɔɖɔkpe dzie ene la, Utnapishtim gblɔ nya siwo wogblɔ nɛ tso tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu la be: “Gbã xɔ (sia), kpa tɔdziʋu! Ðe asi le nunɔamesiwo ŋu, di agbe. . . . Tsɔ nugbagbewo katã ƒe ƒome de tɔdziʋua me.” Ðe esia meɖi nya si Biblia gblɔ tso Noa kple Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu oa? Gake Utnapishtim mete ŋu na makumakunyenye Gilgamesh o. Esi Gilgamesh mekpɔ nusi dim wòle o la, etrɔ yi aƒe le Uruk. Xotutua wu enu kple eƒe ku. Nusi koŋ nye nya le xotutua mee nye blanuiléle kple nuteɖeamedzi siwo ku kple yɔmeyiyi hena vɛ. Blemadukɔ mawo meke ɖe nyateƒe kple mɔkpɔkpɔ ƒe Mawu la ŋu o. Gake alesi xotutua do ƒome kple Biblia ƒe nuŋlɔɖi si ku ɖe xexeme si do ŋgɔ na Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu la dze kɔte. Azɔ mina míatrɔ ɖe alesi Tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe ŋutinya dze le xotutu bubuwo mee la ŋu.

Tsiɖɔɖɔa Ŋuti Xotutuwo le Dukɔ Bubuwo Me

15. Nukatae míedi be míanya Sumertɔwo ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋuti xotutu la?

¹⁵ Do ŋgɔ na Gilgamesh ƒe Xotutua kura gɔ̃ hã la, Sumertɔwo ƒe gli si ƒo nu tso “Ziusudra, amesi sɔ kple Noa le Biblia me, si nye fia si me mawusosroɖa kple mawuvɔvɔ̃ le, si nɔa Mawu ƒe ɖeɖefiawo dim le drɔ̃ewo alo gbesawo me” ŋu la nɔ anyi. (Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament) Agbalẽ ma ke gblɔ be “le Sumertɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo katã wofɔ va de asi na fifia me la, eya koe gblɔ nya si gogo Biblia me nya la eye eyae ɖe dzesi wu hã.” Sumertɔwo ƒe ŋkuʋuʋue kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Babilontɔwo kple Asiriatɔwo tɔ, siwo va emegbe la dzi.

16. Afikae Chinatɔwo ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ la ŋuti xotutuwo anya dzɔ tso?

¹⁶ Agbalẽ si nye China—A History in Art gblɔ na mí be Chinatɔwo ƒe blemafia aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Yü “nye amesi ɖu dzi le Tsiɖɔɖɔ Gã la me. Yü ɖe tsimɔ na Tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe tsiawo yi tɔsisiwo kple atsiaƒuwo mee be yeƒe amewo nagakpɔ teƒe anɔ.” Gliŋutinunyala bibi Joseph Campbell ŋlɔ nu tso Chinatɔwo ƒe “Ame Vevi Ewoawo ƒe Ɣeyiɣi” ŋu eye wògblɔ be: “Fiagã ewo ye wogblɔ le gliwo me be woɖu dzi le ɣeyiɣi vevi sia si wu enu ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔ aɖe me le Chou ŋɔli la me. Eyata ewɔ abe nusi kpɔm míele le afisiae nye be woawo hã wotrɔ blema Sumer-fia gbogbo aɖewo ƒe ŋkɔ ŋuti nya gblɔ ene.” Campbell yi edzi gblɔ Chinatɔwo ƒe xotunya bubu siwo wɔ abe ɖe “wogaɖo kpe edzi ake be Mesopotamia ye wòtso” ene la. Ema gakplɔ mí yi teƒe vevi si gli geɖewo tso la ke. Gake Tsiɖɔɖɔ la ƒe ŋutinya dze le Dziehe kple Anyiehe Amerika, le kpɔɖeŋu me, Mexico le Aztektɔwo ŋɔli le ƒe alafa 15 kple 16 lia M.Ŋ. me.

17. Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋuti xotutu kae le Aztektɔwo si?

¹⁷ Aztek-gliwo gblɔ azã ene siwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ esiwo ƒe gbãtɔ me ame dzɔatsuwo nɔ anyigba la dzi. (Ema nye nya bubu si gaɖo ŋku Nefilimwo, ame dzɔatsu siwo ŋu nya wogblɔ le Biblia me le Mose I, 6:4 me la dzi na mí.) Blematsiɖɔɖɔ aɖe si me “tsi siwo le dzi va do go anyime tɔwo esi na ɣetoɖoƒe megadzena o eye xexeame katã zu atsiaƒu gã aɖe si nɔ anyi ɣeyiɣi didi” la hã ƒe ŋutinya nɔ eme. Mawu si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe tsidzadza kple tsi dzie nye Tlalok. Gake eƒe tsi medzana dzodzro o, “amesiwo wotsɔ sa vɔe siwo ƒe aɖatsiwo aɖi tsidzadza eye woana tsi nadza la ƒe ʋue wotsɔna ɖoa eteƒe.” (Mythology—An Illustrated Encyclopedia) Xotutu bubu gblɔ be azã enelia nye Chalchiuhtlicue (Tsyaltsyiuhtlikue) ƒe fiaɖuɣi, enye tsidzadzamawunɔ, amesi ƒe xexeme tsiɖɔɖɔ tsrɔ̃. Alesi amewo wɔ tsi agbee nye be wotrɔ zu tɔmelãwo!

18. Nya kawoe bɔ ɖe Dziehe Amerikatɔwo ƒe gliwo me? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Mose I, 6:7, 8; Petro II, 2:5.)

¹⁸ Nenema ke Tsiɖɔɖɔxotutuwo le Inkatɔwo hã sie. Britaniatɔ agbalẽŋlɔla Harold Osborne gblɔ be: “Ðewohĩ gli siwo bɔ wu le Dziehe Amerika ye nye tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe ŋutinyawo . . . Tsiɖɔɖɔ la ƒe xotutuwo bɔ ɖe kpodzinɔlawo kple balimenɔla siwo le anyigba xɔdzowo dzi la dome. Wogblɔa tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe ŋutinya wòdoa ƒome kple xexemewɔwɔ kpakple mawu si nye wɔla la ƒe eɖokui ɖeɖefia. . . . Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, wobunɛ be enye Mawu ƒe tohehe si tsrɔ̃ amegbetɔƒomea ɖa bene wòana ameƒomevi yeyewo nado.”

19. Ƒo nu tso Mayatɔwo ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔxotutu la ŋu.

¹⁹ Nenema ke Tsiɖɔɖɔ si xɔ xexeame katã si woyɔna be haiyococab, si gɔmee nye “tsi le anyigba ŋkume” la ƒe xotutu le Mayatɔ siwo le Mexico kple Titina Amerika la hã si. Katolikotɔwo ƒe bisiɔp Las Casas ŋlɔ be Guatemala Indiatɔwo “yɔe be Butic, si nye nya si fia tsiɖɔɖɔ gã aɖe eye wòfia ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ mamlea, eye esia ta woxɔe se be Butic bubu, si nye tsiɖɔɖɔ kple ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ bubu, si manye tsi o ke boŋ dzo la gbɔna kpuie.” Tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋuti xotutu bubu geɖe gale xexeame godoo, gake wo dometɔ ʋee siwo míegblɔ la ɖo kpe nusi nye nya la ŋutɔŋutɔ le xotutua me dzi, esi nye ŋutinya me nudzɔdzɔ si le Mose ƒe Agbalẽ Gbãtɔa me.

Luʋɔ Makumaku Dzixɔse si Bɔ ɖe Afisiafi

20. Nukae nye Asiriatɔwo kple Babilontɔwo ƒe dzixɔse ku ɖe agbe nɔnɔ le ku megbe ŋu?

²⁰ Gake menye gliwo katãe dzɔ tso nya ŋutɔ alo Biblia me o. Le amegbetɔ ƒe Mawu didi la me la, makumakunyenye ƒe susu dada blee wòva ku ɖe nusianu ko si ŋu wòke ɖo la ŋu goŋgoŋ. Abe alesi míakpɔe le agbalẽ sia katã me ene la, luʋɔ makumaku dzixɔse alo nufiafia sia ƒe tɔtrɔ hamehame nye nusi ƒe dome amegbetɔ nyi ƒe akpe geɖee nye esia. Blema Asiriatɔwo kple Babilontɔwo xɔ agbe nɔnɔ le ku megbe dzi se. New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology ɖe nu me be: “Le anyigba la te, le Apsu [si si tsi nono bɔ ɖo eye wòƒo xlã anyigba la] ƒe aʋli la godoe ame kukuwo de si woyina le ku me la le. Enye ‘Anyigba si dzi ne woyi la womegagbɔna o’ . . . Blukɔ mavɔ ƒe nuto siawo mee ame kukuwo ƒe luʋɔwo—edimmu—‘siwo do awu abe xeviwo ene, le aʋalawuwo me’ la katã tɔtɔ ɖo nyamaa.” Gli sia gblɔ be mawunɔ Ereshkigal si nye “anyigba gã la ƒe Amegã” ye ɖu xexe ma si le anyigba te la dzi.

21. Le Egiptetɔwo ƒe dzixɔse nu la, nukae dzɔna ɖe ame kukuwo dzi?

²¹ Egiptetɔwo hã ƒe dzixɔse li ku ɖe luʋɔ makumaku ŋuti. Hafi luʋɔ la nate ŋu ayi dzidzɔ ƒe dedienɔƒe la, ele be woatsɔ Maat, nyateƒe kple dzɔdzɔenyenye ƒe mawunɔ si wotsɔ nyateƒe ƒe xefu wɔ kpɔɖeŋui na la, adae akpɔ. Anubis, mawu si to amegãxi ta, alo Horus, xeƒonu la, naa kpekpeɖeŋu le dɔ sia wɔwɔ me. Ne Osiris lɔ̃ ɖe edzi la, luʋɔ ma ayi edzi anɔ dzidzɔ me kple mawuawo. (Kpɔ woƒe tata le axa 50.) Abe alesi wònɔna zi geɖe ene la, míekpɔe be kadodo le wo kple blema Babilontɔwo ƒe luʋɔ makumaku nufiafia la dome eye wòkpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe amewo ƒe subɔsubɔ kple agbenɔnɔ kpakple nuwɔnawo dzi.

22. Nukae nye Chinatɔwo ƒe susu ku ɖe ame kukuwo ŋu, eye nukae wowɔna tsɔ kpena ɖe wo ŋu?

²² Agbe nɔnɔ le ku megbe kple alesi wòhiã be woana tɔgbui kukuwo nanɔ dzidzɔ kpɔm ƒe dzixɔse hã nɔ blema Chinatɔwo ƒe gliwo me. Wobu tɔgbui kukuwo be “wonye gbɔgbɔ triakɔ siwo le agbe, wo katã wotsɔ ɖe le woƒe dzidzimevi siwo le agbe ƒe nyonyo me vevie, gake ne wowɔ nusi ve wo la, woate ŋu ahe to dzikutɔe.” Ele be woana kpekpeɖeŋu ɖesiaɖe ame kukuwo, woana kpeɖeŋutɔwo hã wo. Eyata “Woɖi amesiwo ade tso alafa ɖeka vaseɖe alafa etɔ̃ . . . kpe ɖe Shang-fia aɖewo ŋu be woanye eƒe kpeɖeŋutɔwo le xexe kemea me. (Egipte, Afrika, Japan, kple teƒe bubu siwo wosa vɔ mawo ƒomevi le la sɔ kple blema China le esia gome.)” (Man’s Religions, si John B. Noss ŋlɔ) Le nya siawo me la, luʋɔ makumaku dzixɔse tae wotsɔ amegbetɔwo sa vɔe ɖo.—Kpɔ alesi wòto vovo tso Nyagblɔla 9:5, 10, Yesaya 38:18, 19 gbɔe ɖa.

23. (a) Le Helatɔwo ƒe gliwo me la, ameka kple nukae nye Hades? (b) Nukae Biblia gblɔ be Hades nye?

²³ Esi Helatɔwo to mawu geɖewo vɛ le woƒe gliwo me ta la, woawo hã tsɔ ɖe le ame kukuwo kple woƒe nɔƒe me. Le woƒe gli me nyawo nu la, amesi wotsɔ ɖo blukɔ tsiɖitsiɖi ƒe nuto ma me nue nye Kronus viŋutsu, amesi nye mawu siwo nye Zeus kple Poseidon nɔviŋutsu. Eŋkɔe nye Hades, eye eƒe dziɖuƒe ŋkɔe wotsɔ nɛ. Aleke ame kukuwo ƒe luʋɔ wɔna ɖoa Hades?d

24. (a) Le Helatɔwo ƒe gliwo me la, nukae dzɔna le yɔ me? (b) Aleke Helatɔwo ƒe gliwo ɖi Gigamesh ƒe Xotutu lae?

²⁴ Agbalẽŋlɔla Ellen Switzer gblɔ be: “Nuwɔwɔ dziŋɔwo . . . le ame kukuawo de. Charon kua ame kuku yeyewo tso agbagbeawo ƒe anyigba dzi tsoa tɔe yina ame kukuawo de. Charon biaa ʋuɖofe [le Styx-tɔa tsotso me], eye zi geɖe la, Helatɔwo dea gaku woƒe ame kukuwo ƒe aɖe te hafi ɖinɛ be wòakpɔ ga axe ʋuɖofeae. Wogblẽa luʋɔ kuku siwo mete ŋu xe fea o ɖe tɔsisia ƒe go manyomanyoa dzi, le afisi le abe liƒonyigba ene la dzi, eye woagate ŋu atrɔ ava ɖe fu na agbagbeawo.”e

25. Amekawo dzie Helatɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu ku ɖe luʋɔ ŋu la kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo?

²⁵ Helatɔwo ƒe luʋɔ ŋuti gliwo yi edzi kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Romatɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu dzi, eye Hela-xexemenunyafialawo, abe Plato ene, (ƒe 427-347 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) kpɔ ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖe Kristotɔ xɔsegbelawo ƒe tamebula gbãtɔwo dzi; amesiawo xɔ luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la de woƒe nufiafiawo me, togbɔ be eƒe kpeɖodzi aɖeke mele Biblia me o gake.

26, 27. Nukae nye Aztektɔwo, Inkatɔwo, kple Mayatɔwo ƒe susu le ku ŋu?

²⁶ Aztektɔwo, Inkatɔwo, kple Mayatɔwo hã xɔ luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia dzi se. Ku nye nya ɣaɣla na wo abe alesi wònyee na dukɔ bubuwo hã ene. Kɔnuwo kple dzixɔsewo nɔ wo si be wòakpe ɖe wo ŋu woanɔ agbe si asɔ ɖe enu. Abe alesi blematomenuwo kuku ƒe ŋutinyaŋlɔla Victor W. von Hagen ɖe eme le eƒe agbalẽ si nye The Ancient Sun Kingdoms of the Americas mee ene la: “Le nyateƒe me la, ame kukuwo le agbe: ɖeko wodzo le agbe ƒe akpa ɖeka yi akpa bubu; wonye nu makpɔmakpɔwo, nusiwo ŋu womate ŋu aka asii o, siwo ŋu womate ŋu agblẽ nu le o. Ame kukuwo . . . va zu kɔa me tɔ makpɔmakpɔwo.”—Kpɔ alesi wòto vovo tso Ʋɔnudrɔ̃lawo 16:30; Xezekiel 18:4, 20 gbɔe ɖa.

²⁷ Agbalẽ ma ke gblɔ be “[Inka] Indiatɔwo xɔ makumakunyenye dzi se; le nyateƒe me la, woxɔ edzi se be ame mekuna gbeɖe o, . . . ɖeko ŋutilã kukua zua nu makumaku eye wòtsɔa ŋusẽ makpɔmakpɔwo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖedzi wɔa dɔe.” Mayatɔwo hã xɔ luʋɔ kple dziƒo 13 kpakple hell 9 ƒe anyinɔnɔ dzi se. Eyata afisiafi si míato la, amewo di be yewoagbe ku ƒe nu ŋutɔŋutɔ nyenye, eye luʋɔ makumakue nye atitɔɖeŋu si ŋu woziɔna ɖo.—Yesaya 38:18; Dɔwɔwɔwo 3:23.

28. Dzixɔse siwo bɔ ɖe Afrika dometɔ aɖewo ɖe?

²⁸ Luʋɔ si nɔa agbe le ku megbe le Afrikatɔwo hã ƒe gliwo me. Afrikatɔ geɖe vɔ̃a ame kukuwo ƒe luʋɔwo. New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology gblɔ be: “Dzixɔse sia kple bubue zɔna—eyae nye luʋɔ ƒe anyinɔnɔ si yia edzi le ku megbe. Kunyawɔlawo te ŋu ɖea kuku na luʋɔ kukuwo be woakpe ɖe yewo ŋu. Zi geɖe la, ame kukuwo ƒe luʋɔ dona hegena ɖe lãwo me, alo woate ŋu age ɖe atiwo me.” Eyata Zuluawo mewua da aɖewo siwo wosusu be wonye ƒometɔ kukuwo ƒe gbɔgbɔ o.

29. Gblɔ Dziehe Afrika ƒe to aɖewo ƒe xotutuwo. (Tsɔe sɔ kple Mose I, 2:15-17; 3:1-5.)

²⁹ Masaitɔ siwo le dzieheɣedzeƒe Afrika xɔ edzi se be wɔla aɖe li si ŋkɔe nye ’Ng ai, amesi ɖoa mawudɔla aɖe wònyea dzɔla na Masaitɔ ɖesiaɖe hena eƒe takpɔkpɔ. Le amea ƒe kuɣi la, mawudɔla la tsɔa aʋawɔla la ƒe luʋɔ yia kukuawo dee. Larousse si me nya míeyɔ va yi la gblɔ Zuluawo ƒe ku ŋuti xotutu aɖe esi me ame gbãtɔ si ŋkɔe nye Unkulunkulu, si wogblɔ le gli sia me be eyae ƒo nusianu ta la le. Edɔ agama ɖa be wòagblɔ na ameƒomea be, “Amewo maku o!” Agama zɔ blewu eye wòva nɔ fefem le mɔ dzi. Eyata Unkulunkulu ɖo gbedasi bubu ɖa to adoglo dzi be “Amewo aku!” Adoglo tre afima dede na agama “eye tso ɣemaɣi dzi la, ame aɖeke mesi le ku nu o.” Xotutu sia ke le Bechuanatɔwo, Basutotɔwo, kple Barongatɔwo si hamehame.

30. Nukae míagava kpɔ ku ɖe luʋɔ la ŋu le agbalẽ sia me?

³⁰ Ne míeyi nu sɔsrɔ̃ tso ameƒomea ƒe Mawu didia ŋu la dzi la, míava kpɔ alesi luʋɔ makumaku ƒe gli la nɔ vevie eye wògale vevie kokoko na ameƒomea la nyuie wu.

Ɣesubɔsubɔ Kple Amegbetɔvɔsawo

31. (a) Nukae nye Egiptetɔwo ƒe dzixɔse ku ɖe ɣemawu Ra ŋu? (b) Aleke wòto vovo na nusi Biblia gblɔe? (Psamo 19:6-8)

³¹ Mawu kple mawunɔ gbogbo aɖewo le Egiptetɔwo ƒe gliwo me. Abe alesi wòle le blemadukɔ geɖe mee ene la, esime Egiptetɔwo nɔ Mawu dim la, wotrɔ ɖe ta dede agu na—ɣe—nusi léa woƒe agbe ɖe te gbesiagbe la ŋu. Eyata wode ta agu na alilimefiagã la si wotsɔ ŋkɔ na be Ra (Amon-Ra), amesi ɖoa tɔdziʋu tso ɣedzeƒe yia ɣetoɖoƒe gbesiagbe. Ne zã do la, etoa afɔkumɔ si to kukuawo de la dzi.

32. Ƒo nu tso azã siwo woɖuna na dzomawu Xiuhtecutli (Huehueteotl) la dometɔ ɖeka ŋu.

³² Amegbetɔwo tsɔtsɔ sa vɔe nye nusi bɔ ɖe Aztektɔwo, Inkatɔwo, kple Mayatɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔha me. Aztektɔwo ɖua subɔsubɔzãwo ɖe wo nɔewo yome edziedzi eye wotsɔa amegbetɔwo saa vɔe na woƒe mawu vovovoawo, vevietɔ le ɣemawu Tezcatlipoca ƒe tadedeagu me. Le dzo ƒe mawu Xiuhtecutli (Huehueteotl) ƒe azãɖuɖu me hã la, “amesiwo wolé le aʋa me ɖua ɣe kple wo lélawo eye . . . wona woɖea tò nɔa xlã ƒom dzobibi eye woléa wo dana ɖe dzoka xɔxɔa me eye wogaɖea wo agbagbee heɖea woƒe dzi si gale dɔ wɔm la le dɔme na wo be woatsɔ na mawuawo.”—The Ancient Sun Kingdoms of the Americas.

33. (a) Nukae Inkatɔwo ƒe tadedeagu lɔ ɖe eme? (b) Nukae Biblia gblɔ tso amegbetɔvɔsawo ŋu? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Fiawo II, 23:5, 11; Yeremya 32:35; Xezekiel 8:16.)

³³ Le dziehe gome la, àkpɔ Inkatɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔ si hã ƒe vɔsawo kple gliwo li la. Le blema Inkatɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔ me la, wotsɔa ɖeviwo kple lãwo saa vɔe na ɣemawu Inti kple Viracocha, wɔla la.

Xotutu me Mawuwo Kple Mawunɔwo

34. Mawu kawoe nɔ Egiptetɔwo ƒe mawuɖekaetɔ̃ si xɔ ŋkɔ wu la me, eye wɔƒe kawoe nɔ wo si?

³⁴ Egiptetɔwo ƒe mawuɖekaetɔ̃wo dometɔ si ɖe dzesi wue nye esi me Isis, mawu ƒe dadanyenye ƒe dzesi; Osiris, nɔviaŋutsu kple srɔ̃a; kple Horus, wo viŋutsu, si ƒe nɔnɔme wowɔna wònyea xeƒonu le la. Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, Egiptetɔwo wɔa Isis ƒe kpememewo wònɔa no nam via le nɔnɔme si ɖi Kristodukɔa ƒe ɖetugbi-nɔaƒe-kple-via tɔ, si nye kpememewo kple nɔnɔmetatawo si do le ƒe akpe eve kple vɔ megbe. Emegbe la, Isis srɔ̃, Osiris va xɔ ŋkɔ be eyae nye ame kukuwo ƒe mawu elabena edo dzidzɔgbenɔnɔ mavɔ ŋugbe na amesiwo ku la ƒe luʋɔwo le agbe kemea me.

35. Amekae nye Hathor, eye azã kae nye eƒe ƒe sia ƒe ƒe azã vevitɔ?

³⁵ Egiptetɔwo ƒe Hathor ye nye lɔlɔ̃ kple dzidzɔ, hadzidzi kple ɣeɖuɖu ƒe mawunɔ. Eva zu ame kukuwo ƒe fianyɔnu eye wòɖoa atsrɔe na wo be woato edzi ayi dziƒo. Abe alesi New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology ɖe emee ene la, woɖua azã gãwo nɛ “vevietɔ le eƒe dzigbezã si nye Ƒe Yeye dzi. Hafi ŋu nake la, nyɔnununɔlawo kɔa Hathor ƒe legba doa goe ɖe gbadzaƒe be ɣetotoe naklẽ ɖe edzi. Wotsɔa aseyetsotso si kplɔnɛ ɖo wɔa moxenui tua aglo eye ŋkekea wua enu kple hadzidzi kpakple ahamumu.” Ðe vovototo boo aɖe le ema kple Ƒe Yeye ƒe azã siwo woɖuna le ƒe akpe geɖe megbe la mea?

36. (a) Mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe nɔnɔme kae nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa 16 lia D.M.Ŋ. me na Israel? (b) Vevienyenye tɔxɛ kae nɔ Fuwɔame Ewoa ŋu?

³⁶ Lã siwo nye mawuwo kple mawunɔwo hã nɔ Egiptetɔwo ƒe mawu gbogboawo dome, le kpɔɖeŋu me, Apis, nyitsu; Banaded, agbo; Hekt, akpɔkplɔ; Hathor, nyinɔ; kple Sebek, lo la. (Romatɔwo 1:21-23) Subɔsubɔ ƒe nɔnɔme sia mee Israel-viwo nɔ le kluvinyenye me le ƒe 16 lia D.M.Ŋ. me. Be Yehowa, Israel ƒe Mawu la naɖe wo tso Farao ƒe ŋutasẽŋusẽ te la, eɖo fuwɔame vovovo ewo ɖe Egipte. (Mose II, 7:14–12:36) Fuwɔame mawo sɔ kple alesi woaɖoe koŋ aɖi gbɔ Egipte ƒe glimemawuwo.—Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 62.

37. (a) Nɔnɔme kawoe nɔ Roma-mawuwo si? (b) Aleke mawuawo ƒe agbenɔnɔ kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe wo subɔlawo dzie? (d) Nuka teƒee Paulo kple Barnaba kpɔ le Listra?

³⁷ Azɔ mina míatrɔ ɖe blema Hela kple Roma ƒe mawuwo gbɔ. Roma ɣe mawu geɖe tso blema Hela gbɔ, hekpe ɖe woƒe nɔnɔme nyuiwo kple nugbegblẽwɔwɔwo ŋu. (Kpɔ aɖaka siwo le axa 43 kple 66.) Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Venus kple Flora wonye gbolo siwo ŋu mekpena o; Bakus nye ahamula kple aglotula; Mercury nye adzodala; eye Apolo nye nyɔnuwo blela. Wogblɔ be Yupiter, mawuwo fofo wɔ ahasi alo dɔ nyɔnu siwo nye eƒe ƒometɔ kplikplikpli 59 gbɔ! (Wona míeɖo ŋku mawudɔla dzeaglã siwo dɔ kple nyɔnuwo do ŋgɔ na Tsiɖɔɖɔa dzi!) Esi wònye tadeagulawo ɖea woƒe mawuwo ƒe nɔnɔme fiana ta la, ɖe wòwɔ nuku be Roma-fiawo abe Tiberio, Nero, kple Caligula ene nɔ ahasiwɔwɔ, matrewɔwɔ, kple amewuwu ƒe agbe ɖigbɔa?

38. (a) Ƒo nu tso tadedeagu si ƒomevi nɔ Roma la ŋu. (b) Aleke mawusubɔsubɔ kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Roma-srafo dzie?

³⁸ Romatɔwo xɔ kɔnyinyi geɖe ƒe mawuwo de woƒe tadedeagu me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wotsɔ veviedonu subɔ Mithras, Persiatɔwo ƒe kekelimawu, si zu woƒe ɣemawu la (kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 60-1), kple Siriatɔwo ƒe mawunɔ Atargatis, (Ishtar). Wotrɔ Helatɔwo ƒe Artemis, nyɔnu adela la wòzu Diana eye woawo ŋutɔwo ƒe mawu siwo ɖi Egiptetɔwo ƒe Isis hã le wo si. Woxɔ Celttɔwo ƒe vidzidzi mawunɔɖekaetɔ̃ la hã.—Dɔwɔwɔwo 19:23-28.

39. (a) Amekae ɖu fia ɖe Roma-nunɔlawo dzi? (b) Ƒo nu tso Romatɔwo ƒe kɔnuwo dometɔ ɖeka ŋu.

³⁹ Le ta dede agu le trɔ̃xɔ kple gbedoxɔ alafa geɖe me ta la, nunɔla vovovowo nɔ wo si eye wo katã “wonɔ Pontifex Maximus [Papa alo Nunɔla Gãtɔ], amesi nye dukɔa ƒe subɔsubɔha ƒe tatɔ” la te. (Atlas of the Roman World) Agbalẽ ma ke gblɔ be Romatɔwo ƒe kɔnuwo dometɔ ɖekae nye nyivɔsa, esi me “mawusubɔla la tsia tre ɖe do me eye wotsɔa vɔsanyi la ƒe ʋu kɔna ɖe edzi. Edoa go tsoa kɔnuwɔwɔ sia me le fɔmaɖimaɖi ƒe dzadzɛnyenye me.”

Gliwo Kple Xotutuwo Le Kristotɔnyenye Mea?

40. Aleke agbalẽnyala geɖewo bua Kristo-subɔsubɔha gbãtɔ me nudzɔdzɔwoe?

⁴⁰ Egbegbe ɖeklemiɖela aɖewo gblɔna be gli kple xotutuwo le Kristo-subɔsubɔ hã me. Nyateƒeea? Agbalẽnyala geɖe gbena alesi ɖetugbi nɔaƒe dzi Yesue, eƒe nukunuwo, kple eƒe tsitretsitsi la eye wogblɔna be gliwoe wonye. Ame aɖewo gɔ̃ hã gblɔna be menɔ anyi kpɔ o ke boŋ be blemagli kple ɣesubɔsubɔ mee wokpae tsoe. Abe alesi gliŋutinunyala Joseph Campbell ŋlɔe ene la: “Eyata agbalẽnyala geɖe do susu ɖa be Yohanes [Amenyrɔ̃ɖetsimela la] alo Yesu menɔ anyi kpɔ o, ke boŋ tsimawu kple ɣemawu koe wonye.” Gake ele be míaɖo ŋku edzi be agbalẽnyala mawo ke dometɔ geɖe nye mawudzimaxɔselawo eye le ema ta wogbea Mawudzixɔse ɖesiaɖe keŋkeŋ.

41, 42. Ðaseɖiɖi kae li si ɖo kpe edzi be nusiwo dzɔ le Kristo-hame gbãtɔ me la nye nyateƒe?

⁴¹ Gake ɖikeke ƒe susu sia mewɔ ɖeka kple ŋutinya me ɖaseɖiɖiwo o. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Yudatɔ ŋutinyaŋlɔla Josephus (ƒe 37 lɔƒo-100 M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) ŋlɔ bena: “Yudatɔ aɖewo bu Herodes ƒe asrafowo ƒe Yerusalem tsɔtsrɔ̃ la be edze abe Mawu ƒe hlɔ̃biabia ene, eye kakaɖedzitɔe la, enye hlɔ̃biabia dzɔdzɔe, ɖe nusi wòwɔ Yohanes, si wogayɔna be Amenyrɔ̃ɖetsimela la ta. Elabena Herodes wui togbɔ be ame nyui wònye gake.”—Marko 1:14; 6:14-29.

⁴² Ŋutinyaŋlɔla sia ke ɖi ɖase le Yesu Kristo ƒe anyinɔnɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ le ŋutinya me la ŋu, esi wòŋlɔe be ame aɖe va do “si ŋkɔe nye Yesu, ne woayɔe nyateƒe be enye amegbetɔ la, ke enye nunyala gã aɖe ŋutɔ . . . amesi eƒe nusrɔ̃lawo yɔ be Mawu ƒe vi la.” Eyi edzi gblɔ be “Pilato tso kufia nɛ . . . Eye fifia gɔ̃ hã amesiwo woyɔna be ‘Mesiatɔwo,’ siwo dze eyome la ƒe dzidzimea mevɔ o.”f—Marko 15:1-5, 22-26; Dɔwɔwɔwo 11:26.

43. Nuka dzie apostolo Petro nɔ te ɖo xɔ Kristo dzi se?

⁴³ Eyata Kristotɔ apostolo Petro si ŋutɔŋutɔ kpɔ Yesu ƒe nɔnɔmetɔtrɔ teƒe la te ŋu tsɔ kakaɖedzi blibo ŋlɔe bena: “Elabena menye gli, siwo wokpa kple aɖaŋu [Helagbe, myʹthos] la, yome míedze, esime míena mienya mía Aƒetɔ Yesu Kristo ƒe ŋusẽ kple eƒe vava la o; ke boŋ míenye eƒe gãnyenye, si míekpɔ kple ŋku la, ƒe ɖaseɖilawo. Elabena exɔ bubu kple ŋutikɔkɔe tso Mawu Fofo la gbɔ, esime nenem gbe sia ɖi tso ŋutikɔkɔe gã nyui la me va egbɔ bena: ‘Amesia nye Vinye, si nyemelɔ̃a nu egbɔ o, si dzea ŋunye!’ Eye mía ŋutɔwo míese gbe sia tso dziƒo, esime míeli kplii le to kɔkɔe la dzi.”—Petro II, 1:16-18.g

44. Biblia me gɔmeɖose kae le be wòawɔ dɔ ne nyaʋiʋli do mo ɖa le amegbetɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu kple Mawu ƒe Nya la dome?

⁴⁴ Le amegbetɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu “bibi” kple Mawu ƒe Nya la me nyaʋiʋli sia me la, ele be míatsɔ gɔmeɖose si míegblɔ do ŋgɔ la awɔ dɔe esi nye be: “Elabena ne ame aɖewo mewɔ nuteƒe o la nukae? Alo ɖe woƒe nuteƒemawɔmawɔ aɖe Mawu ƒe nuteƒetɔnyenye ɖa mahã? Gbeɖe! Hafi nenɔ ale: Mawu nye nyateƒetɔ, ke amesiame aʋatsokalae, abe alesi woŋlɔ ɖi ene bena: ‘Bene woatso afia na wò le wò nyawo me, eye bene naɖu dzi, ne wodrɔ̃ ʋɔnu wò.’”—Romatɔwo 3:3, 4.

Kadodo Siwo Le Wo Dome

45. Kadodo siwo bɔ ɖe xexeame ƒe xotutuwo me dometɔ aɖewo ɖe?

⁴⁵ Xexeame ƒe xotutuwo dometɔ aɖewo me dzodzro kpui sia kpe ɖe mía ŋu míekpɔ nanewo, siwo le ɖeka le subɔsubɔhawo katã me, siwo dometɔ geɖe ŋu míate ŋu ake ɖo le Babilon, Mesopotamia ƒe akpa si subɔsubɔha akpa gãtɔ dzɔ tso la. Kadodo ɖeka le wo dome, eɖanye le xexemewɔwɔ ƒe nyateƒeawo me o, alo le ɣeyiɣi si me mawuafãwo kple ame dzɔatsuwo nɔ anyigba la dzi eye tsiɖɔɖɔ tsrɔ̃ ame vɔ̃ɖiwo me o, alo le subɔsubɔha ƒe nukpɔsusu si ku ɖe ɣesubɔsubɔ kple luʋɔ makumaku ŋu o.

46, 47. (a) Biblia me numeɖeɖe kae míate ŋu awɔ ku ɖe kadodo siwo le xotutu me kple wo tsoƒe ŋu? (b) Blematadedeagu ƒe akpa bubu kawo ŋue míagasrɔ̃ nu le?

⁴⁶ Míate ŋu atsɔ Biblia ƒe nukpɔsusu aɖe kadodo siawo siwo le ɖeka la mee ne míeɖo ŋku edzi be le Tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe esi Mawu ɖe gbe la, ameƒomea kaka tso Babel si le Mesopotamia ƒe 4,200 kple vɔ enye sia. Togbɔ be womã hezu gbegbɔgblɔwo ƒe ƒome kple to vovovowo hã la, wotsɔ ŋutinya kple mawusubɔsubɔdzixɔse xoxoawo ƒe nukpɔsusu gbãtɔ mawo ke dze woƒe anyinɔnɔ gɔmee. (Mose I, 11:1-9) Le ƒe alafawo me la, gɔmesese sia va tro eye woɖe ami ɖee le dukɔ ɖesiaɖe me eye eya mee nyakpakpa, gli, kple xotutu geɖe siwo ŋu míeva ke ɖo egbea la dzɔ tso. Gli siawo siwo me Biblia ƒe nyateƒea mele o la mete ŋu he ameƒomea va Mawu vavã la gbɔe o.

⁴⁷ Gake ameƒomea ɖe woƒe mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe seselelãmewo fia le mɔ vovovo bubuwo nu—le gbɔgbɔyɔyɔ, dzosasa, kunyawɔwɔ, tɔgbuiwo subɔsubɔ kple bubuawo me. Ðe wogblɔa nya aɖe na mí ku ɖe ameƒomea ƒe Mawu didi ŋua?

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 43]

Helatɔwo Kple Romatɔwo ƒe Mawuwo

Helatɔwo ƒe glitoto me mawu kple mawunɔ geɖe ƒe wɔƒe sɔ kple Romatɔwo ƒe glitoto me tɔwo. Nyaɖoɖo si le ete la yɔ wo dometɔ aɖewo ŋkɔ.

Helatɔwo Romatɔwo Wɔƒe

Afrodito Venus Lɔlɔ̃ ƒe mawunɔ

Apolo Apolo Kekeli, atikewɔwɔ, kple hakpakpa ƒe mawu

Ares Mars Aʋawɔwɔ ƒe mawu

Artemis Diana Adedada kple vidzidzimawunɔ

Asklepius Aeskulapius Dɔdada ƒe mawu

Atena Minerva Aɖaŋuwɔwɔ, aʋawɔwɔ,

kple nunya ƒe mawunɔ

Kronus Saturn Enye Titanwo ƒe fia na Helatɔwo kple

Zeus fofo. Le Roma-xotutu me la,

enye agbledede ƒe mawu hã

Demeter Ceres Nusiwo tsina ƒe mawunɔ

Dionysus Bakus Aha, vidzidzi, kple adãwɔwɔ ƒe mawu

Eros Kupid Lɔlɔ̃ ƒe mawu

Gaea Terra Anyigba ƒe dzesi, kple Uranus

dada kple srɔ̃a

Hefestus Vɔlkan Mawuwo ƒe gbede kple

dzo kpakple ganututu ƒe mawu

Hera Yuno Srɔ̃ɖeɖe kple nyɔnuwo takpɔla.

Enye Zeus nɔvinyɔnu kple srɔ̃a na

Helatɔwo; enye Yupiter srɔ̃

na Romatɔwo

Hermes Mercury Mawuwo ƒe dɔtsɔla; asitsatsa, kple

dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe mawu,

kpakple mɔzɔlawo, fiafiwo,

kple gbevũwo takpɔla

Hestia Vesta Dzodoƒe ƒe mawunɔ

Hipnos Somnus Alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe mawu

Pluto, Hades Pluto Yɔmemawu

Poseidon Neptune Atsiaƒumawu. Le Hela-xotutu me la,

enye anyigbaʋuʋu kple sɔwo

ƒe mawu hã

Rhea Ops Kronus srɔ̃ kple nɔvianyɔnu hã

Uranus Uranus Gaea viŋutsu kple srɔ̃a kple

Titanwo fofo

Zeus Yupiter Mawuwo ƒe fia

Wotui ɖe The World Book Encyclopedia, 1987, Babla 13 dzi.

[Aɖaka si le axa 45]

Asiriatɔwo Kple Babilontɔwo ƒe Mawuwo Kple Mawunɔwo

Anu—mawu gãtɔ si ɖu fia ɖe dziƒo dzi; Ishtar fofo

Asur—Asiria-dukɔa ƒe aʋawɔmawu; enye vidzidzimawu hã

Ea—tsimawu. Marduk fofo. Exlɔ̃ nu Utnapishtim tso tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋu

Enlil (Bel)—ya ƒe aƒetɔ; emegbe wotsɔe sɔ kple Zeus le Hela-xotutu me. Babilontɔwo xɔe be eyae nye Marduk (Bel)

Ishtar—ɣletinyigba si nye Venus ƒe eɖokui ɖeɖefia le mawu ƒe nɔnɔme me; gbolowɔwɔ kɔkɔe nye eƒe tadedeagu ƒe akpa aɖe. Woyɔe be Astarte le Foinike, Siria yɔe be Atargatis, Biblia yɔe be Astarte (Fiawo I, 11:5, 33) Enye Afrodito le Hela, Venus le Roma

Marduk—Babilontɔwo ƒe mawu gãtɔ; “emi mawu bubuwo katã eye wòxɔ woƒe wɔƒe vovovoawo wɔ.” Israel-viwo yɔnɛ be Merodax

Shamash—kekeli kple dzɔdzɔenyenye ƒe ɣemawu. Enɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Helatɔwo ƒe Apolo

Sin—ɣletimawu, ele mawuetɔ̃ƒokpli si me Shamash (ɣe) kple Ishtar (ɣletinyigba Venus) hã le la dome

Tammuz (Dumuzi)—nuŋeŋe ƒe mawu. Ishtar ƒe ahiãvi

(Wotui ɖe New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology dzi)

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 60, 61]

Roma-srafo ƒe Mawuwo

Roma xɔ ŋkɔ le eƒe asrafowo ƒe toɖoɖo me. Eƒe fiaɖuƒea ƒe kelili nɔ te ɖe eƒe asrafowo ƒe agbenyuinɔnɔ kple sesẽ dzi. Ðe mawusubɔsubɔ nye nusi ŋu wòle be woabua? Ẽ, eye dzidzɔtɔe na mí la, Romatɔwo gblẽ mɔdodowo, mɔ̃ sesẽwo, tsimɔwo, fefewɔƒe gãwo, kple gbedoxɔwo ɖi na mí siwo nye kpeɖodzi si dze ƒã be woxɔ anyigba mawo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le Northumbria si le England ƒe anyiehe la, Hadrian ƒe Gli xɔŋkɔ si woɖo le ƒe 122 D.M.Ŋ. me la li. Nukae tomenukukuwo ɖe fia tso akpa si mawusubɔsubɔ wɔ la ŋu?

Le Housesteads Blemanudzraɖoƒe si gogo Romatɔwo ƒe mɔ̃ sesẽ si le Hadrian ƒe Glia dzi la, wokpɔ woŋlɔ ɖe nufɔfɔ aɖe dzi be: “Roma-srafo ƒe mawusubɔsubɔgbenɔnɔ mã ɖe akpa etɔ̃ me. Gbã . . . Fia siwo wotsɔ wɔ Mawuwoe ƒe tadedeagu kple mawu siwo kpɔa Roma ta abe Yupiter, Aʋadziɖuɖu, kple Mars ene subɔsubɔ. Woɖoa vɔsamlekpui ɖeka ɖi ƒe sia ƒe le mɔ̃ sesẽ ɖesiaɖe ƒe asaɖabɔƒe. Wobia tso asrafo ɖesiaɖe si be wòaɖu Fia siwo wowɔ mawuwoe la ƒe dzigbezã, kple zidziyiyizã kpakple woƒe aʋadziɖuɖuzãwo.” Aleke gbegbe nye si wòɖi asrafowo ƒe nuwɔna siwo me asrafosɔfowo, vɔsaƒewo, kple aflagawo nye asrafowo ƒe tadedeagu ƒe akpa aɖe lae.

Ke Roma-srafo ƒe subɔsubɔgbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa evelia ya ɖe? Eyae nye ta dede agu na mawu siwo kpɔa aʋalɔgo si me wòle la ta kple gbɔgbɔ siwo dzɔa eŋu “kpakple mawu siwo wotsɔ tso wo denyigba dzi vɛ.”

“Mamleae nye tadedeagu siwo me amea ŋutɔ le. Ne asrafoa de ta agu na nusi dziɖuɖua ɖo ko la ate ŋu ade ta agu na mawu ɖesiaɖe si dze eŋu faa.” Ema dze abe ɖe tadedeagu faa ƒe ablɔɖe li ene, gake “ha siwo ƒe nuwɔnawo wobu be mesɔ ɖe amegbetɔ tɔ nu o abe Druidwo tɔ ene, kple esiwo wobuna be womewɔa nuteƒe na dukɔa o, abe Kristotɔnyenye ene, ya mele eme o.”—Tsɔe sɔ kple Luka 20:21-25; 23:1, 2; Dɔwɔwɔwo 10:1, 2, 22.

Le ƒe 1949 me la wokpɔ Mithras ƒe gbedoxɔ aɖe le bateƒe aɖe le Carrawburgh, si tsɔ kpui ɖe Hadrian ƒe Glia gbɔ ŋutɔ. (Kpɔ foto si le eme.) Blemanukulawo susui be anye ƒe 205 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotui. Ɣemawu ƒe nɔnɔmetata, vɔsamlekpuiwo, kple Latingbe me nuŋɔŋlɔ si ƒe akpa aɖe gblɔ be: “Na Mithras, mawu si dzi womate ŋu aɖu o” la nɔ eme.

[Aɖaka si le axa 62]

Egipte-Mawuwo kple Fuwɔame Ewoawo

Yehowa tsɔ Fuwɔame Ewo he ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ va Egipte-mawu beliwo dzie.—Mose II, 7:14–12:32.

FuwɔameNusi Dzɔ

1 Nil kple tsi bubuwo trɔ zu ʋu. Edo ŋukpe Nil-mawu Hapi

2 Akpɔkplɔwo. Akpɔkplɔmawunɔ Hekt mete ŋu xe mɔ ɖe enu o

[Aɖaka si le axa 66]

Glitoto Kple Kristo-subɔsubɔha

Blema Hela kple Roma ƒe glimemawuwo subɔsubɔ nu sẽ ŋutɔ le esime woɖo Kristotɔnyenye anyi ƒe akpe eve kloe nye sia. Ŋkɔ siwo woyɔna na wo le Helagbe me la kaka ɖe Asia Sue la ɣemaɣi eye esia na míese nusitae Listratɔwo (ele egbegbe Turkey) yɔ Paulo kple Barnaba be “mawuwo” la gɔme; woyɔ wo be Hermes kple Zeus, ke menye Roma-ŋkɔ siwo nye Merkurio kple Yupiter ye woyɔ na wo [abe alesi wòle Eʋegbe Biblia mee ene] o. Nuŋlɔɖia gblɔ be: ‘Zeus-nunɔla si ƒe gbedoxɔ gbɔ nato hafi aɖo dua me la tsɔ nyitsuwo kple seƒoƒotsihewo vɛ eye wòdi be yewo kple dukɔa yewoasa vɔ.’ (Dɔwɔwɔwo 14:8-18) Bebli hafi Paulo kple Barnaba te ŋu ɖe nu me na ameha la ale be womegasa vɔ na wo o. Nusia ɖe alesi gbegbe dukɔ mawo ƒe ŋku biãna ɖe woƒe gliwo ŋui la fia mí.

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 42]

Olympus-to, Hela, afisi wosusu be enye mawuwo de

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 47]

Gilgamesh ƒe Xotutu la ƒe akpa aɖe dze le blemanuŋlɔɖikpe sia dzi

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 50]

Anubis, mawu si to amegãxi ta, tsɔ dzɔdzɔenyenye kple nyateƒe ƒe mawunɔ Maat si xefu nye kpɔɖeŋu na la, le dzi si tsi tre ɖi na luʋɔ la dam le nudanu si le miame la me, Thoth ŋlɔa eƒe kpekpeme hafi gblɔnɛ na Osiris

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 55]

Chalchiuhtlicue, Aztektɔwo ƒe tsi fafɛ mawunɔ; agba aɖe si le abe ʋlukuku ene si ƒe doteƒe la nye afisi wosusu be wodaa amesiwo wotsɔ sa vɔe ƒe dzi ɖo

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 57]

Egiptetɔwo ƒe mawuɖekaetɔ̃ la: tso miame yi ɖusi me: Horus, Osiris,kple Isis

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 58]

Inkatɔwo ƒe ɣesubɔsubɔ yi edzi le Machu Picchu, Peru

Intihuatana la, si le eme, afisi “wotsia ka” ɣea ɖo, ɖewohĩ wozãnɛ le ɣe subɔsubɔ me le Machu Picchu

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 63]

Horus xeƒonu, Apis nyi, kple Hekt akpɔkplɔ ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo. Egipte-mawuwo mete ŋu xe mɔ ɖe fuwɔame siwo Yehowa he vɛ si me Nil hã trɔ zu ʋu le la nu o

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 64]

Helatɔwo ƒe mawuwo, tso miame, Afrodito; Zeus kɔ Ganymede, mawuwo ƒe ahakula la; kpakple Artemis