Luʋɔ Makumaku Nufiafia—Alesi Wòwɔ Dze Egɔme

“Amegbetɔ ƒe gbɔgbɔmegbenɔnɔ ŋuti nya aɖeke mexɔ eƒe susu me de nɔnɔme si me wòava nɔ le ku megbe ŋu nya nu o.”—“ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS.”

1-3. Aleke Socrates kple Plato do dzixɔse si nye be luʋɔ mekuna o ɖe ŋgɔe?

WOTSO agbalẽnyala kple nufiala aɖe si xɔ ƒe 70 nu be melɔ̃a mawusubɔsubɔ o eye be etsɔ eƒe nufiafia gblẽ susu na sɔhɛwo. Togbɔ be eɖe nu me nyuie ʋli eɖokui ta le ʋɔnu hã, ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe aɖe si de akpa ɖeka dzi bu fɔe hetso kufia nɛ. Gaƒoƒo aɖewo do ŋgɔ na ewuwu la, nufiala tsitsi la ɖe nyawo me na eƒe nusrɔ̃vi siwo ƒo ƒu ɖe egbɔ tsɔ fia be luʋɔ mekuna o eye be mele be woavɔ̃ na ku o.

² Ŋutsu si wobu fɔe la menye ame bubu aɖeke wu Socrates o, amesi nye Helatɔ xexemenunyala xɔŋkɔ si nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa atɔ̃lia D.M.Ŋ. me.a Eƒe nusrɔ̃vi Plato ŋlɔ nudzɔdzɔ siawo ɖi ɖe agbalẽ siwo nye Apology kple Phaedo me. Wogblɔ be Socrates kple Plato nɔ ame gbãtɔ siwo do dzixɔsea ɖe ŋgɔ be luʋɔ mekuna o dome. Gake menye woawoe to nufiafia sia vɛ o.

³ Abe alesi míava kpɔe ene la, amegbetɔ ƒe makumakunyenye dzixɔse dzɔɣi yi megbemegbe ʋĩ ke. Gake Socrates kple Plato ye va ɖe ami ɖe nukpɔsusua eye wotrɔe wòzu xexemenunya ƒe nufiafia, eye woto esia me na wòdzro ame ŋkutawo ƒe hatsotso siwo nɔ anyi le woƒe ɣeyiɣia me kple emegbe.

Tso Pythagoras Ŋɔli Yi Pyramidwo Tuɣi

4. Do ŋgɔ na Socrates la, nukpɔsusu kae nɔ Helatɔwo si le Agbenɔnɔ le Ku Megbe ŋu?

⁴ Helatɔ siwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Socrates kple Plato hã xɔe se be luʋɔ yia edzi nɔa agbe le ku megbe. Helatɔ akɔntanyala xɔŋkɔ Pythagoras si nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa adelia D.M.Ŋ. me gblɔ be luʋɔ mekuna o eye egena ɖe nu bubu me le ku me. Do ŋgɔ na eyama la, Thales si tso Miletus si wobu be enye Helatɔ xexemenunyala gbãtɔ si wonya la xɔe se be menye amegbetɔ, lãwo, kple numiemiewo ɖeɖeko mee luʋɔ makumaku le o ke ele nuwo abe magnetwo ene hã me, elabena wote ŋu léa ga. Blema Helatɔwo gblɔ be wodea ame kukuwo ƒe luʋɔwo tɔdziʋu me tsoa Styx-tɔsisi la eye wotsɔ wo yia teƒe gã aɖe si le tome si woyɔna be tɔgbuiwo de. Afimae ʋɔnudrɔ̃lawo tsoa afia na luʋɔwo le woyia fukpekpe me le gaxɔ si ŋu gli kɔkɔwo le me loo alo yina ɖe dzidzɔkpɔkpɔ me le Dzidzɔnɔƒe.

5, 6. Aleke Persiatɔwo bu luʋɔe?

⁵ Le Iran, alo Persia, si le ɣedzeƒenutome la, nyagblɔɖila aɖe do le ƒe alafa adrelia D.M.Ŋ. me si woyɔ be Zoroaster. Eto tadedeagu aɖe vɛ si wova yɔ be Zoroaster subɔsubɔ. Subɔsubɔha sia koŋue xɔ aƒe ɖe Persia Fiaɖuƒe si ɖu xexeame dzi hafi Hela-fiaɖuƒea va xɔ ŋusẽ la me. Zoroastertɔwo ƒe ŋɔŋlɔwo gblɔ be: “Ame Dzɔdzɔe ƒe luʋɔ anɔ Makumakunyenye me ɖaa le Dzidzɔ me, gake woawɔ fu Aʋatsokala ƒe luʋɔ godoo. Eye Se siawoe Ahura Mazda [si gɔmee nye “mawu nunyala”] de le Eƒe ŋusẽ gã la me.”

⁶ Luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la nɔ Irantɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔ si nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Zoroastertɔwo tɔ la hã me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, blema Iran-towo kpɔa ame kukuwo ƒe luʋɔwo dzi henaa nuɖuɖu kple awu wo be woava zã le tɔgbuiwo de.

7, 8. Nuka dzie blema Egiptetɔwo xɔ se le luʋɔ ƒe anyinɔnɔ le ametia ƒe ku megbe ŋu?

⁷ Agbenɔnɔ le ku megbe nye dzixɔse vevi aɖe le Egiptetɔwo ƒe mawusubɔsubɔ me. Egiptetɔwo xɔe se be Osiris si nye mawugã le tɔgbuiwo de lae drɔ̃a ʋɔnu ame kuku ɖesiaɖe ƒe luʋɔ. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le papyrus aɖe si dzi nyawo wogblɔ be woŋlɔ le ƒe alafa 14 D.M.Ŋ. me dzi la, wota Anubis si nye ame kukuwo ƒe mawu la wòkplɔ agbalẽfiala Hunefer ƒe luʋɔ yi Osiris ŋkumee. Wotsɔ xefu si nyateƒe kple ʋɔnudzɔdzɔedɔdrɔ̃ ƒe mawunɔ tsɔ dea tame la da agbalẽfiala la ƒe dzi si tsi tre ɖi na eƒe dzitsinya la le nudanu me. Mawu bubu si nye Thoth ŋlɔ nusi wokpɔ la ɖi. Esi fɔbuame medo agba kpekpe na Hunefer ƒe dzi o ta la, eƒe kpekpeme mede xefu la nu o, eye woɖe mɔ na Hunefer wòyi Osiris gbɔ hexɔ makumakunyenye. Wota nyɔnu aɖe si kpɔkpɔ dziŋɔ hã ɖe papyrus la dzi wòtɔ ɖe nudanuawo gbɔ hele klalo be yeavuvu ame kukua ne dzia mete ŋu to dodokpɔa me o. Azɔ hã Egiptetɔwo doa atike na woƒe ame kukuwo eye wokpɔa woƒe fiawo ta le pyramid dzeaniwo me elabena wobui be ametia ta kpɔkpɔe naa luʋɔa nɔa agbe.

⁸ Eyata nufiafia ɖeka tɔgbe aɖe nɔ blema dukɔ ʋuŋku vovovo si—eyae nye luʋɔ ƒe nu makumaku nyenye. Teƒe ɖekae wo katã xɔ nufiafia sia tsoea?

Afisi Koŋ Wòdzɔ Tso

9. Subɔsubɔ kae kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe blema Egipte, Persia, kple Hela dzi?

⁹ Agbalẽ si nye The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Babilonia Kple Asiria ƒe Mawusubɔsubɔ) gblɔ be: “Babilonia mawusubɔsubɔ kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Egipte, Persia, kple Hela dzi le blema xexeame.” Agbalẽ sia yi edzi gblɔ be: “Esi kadodo nɔ Egipte kple Babilonia dome tso gɔmedzedzea me ke, abe alesi wòdze le El-Amarna nuŋlɔkpewo dzii ene ta la, edze ƒã be enɔ bɔbɔe ŋutɔ be Babiloniatɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu kple kɔnuwo nava ge ɖe Egipte-vivimehawo me. Le Persia la, Mithra-vivimeha la na alesi Babiloniatɔwo ƒe dzixɔsewo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe wo dzi ɖikekemanɔmee la dze ƒã . . . Fifia agbalẽnyala geɖe lɔ̃ ɖe alesi Yuda-subɔsubɔhawo ƒe nufiafiawo tsaka Helatɔwo ƒe dzixɔsewo kple Hela-vivimehawoe la dzi nyuie ale be megahiã numeɖeɖe aɖeke o. Babiloniatɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusuwo koŋue Yuda-subɔsubɔhawo ƒe nufiafia siawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye.”b

10, 11. Nukpɔsusu kae nɔ Babilontɔwo si le agbenɔnɔ le ku megbe ŋu?

¹⁰ Gake ɖe Babiloniatɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu le nusi dzɔna le ku megbe ŋu meto vovo sã tso Egiptetɔwo, Persiatɔwo, kple Helatɔwo tɔ gbɔ oa? Le kpɔɖeŋu me, bu Babiloniatɔwo ƒe Epic of Gilgamesh ŋu kpɔ. Esi ku ƒe nuŋutɔŋutɔnyenye ɖe fu na Gilgamesh si nye glimeme tsitsi si ŋu agbalẽa ƒo nu tsoe la, edze makumakugbenɔnɔ didi gɔme gake mete ŋu ke ɖe eŋu o. Nyɔnu weintsunola aɖe si wòdo goe le eƒe mɔzɔzɔa me de dzi ƒo nɛ gɔ̃ hã be wòawɔ nusi katã wòate ŋui le agbe sia me, elabena make ɖe agbenɔnɔ si nuwuwu meli na si dim wòle la ŋu o. Nusi dze le nyakpakpa bliboa katã mee nye be womate ŋu aƒo asa na ku o eye be mɔkpɔkpɔ be woanɔ makumakugbe nye ameɖokuifuflu. Ðe esia fia be Babiloniatɔwo mexɔ Agbenɔnɔ le Ku Megbe dzi se oa?

¹¹ Nufialagã Morris Jastrow, Jr., si le Pennsylvania ƒe Yunivɛsiti, U.S.A., ŋlɔ bena: “Alesi wòate ŋu adzɔ be woatsrɔ̃ agbe ɖa keŋkeŋ la meva amewo loo alo subɔsubɔhakplɔla siwo nɔ [Babilonia] la ƒe susu me kpɔ o. [Wobui be] ku nye mɔ si dzi wotona yia agbenɔnɔ bubu ƒomevi aɖe me, eye ɖeko gbegbe be womanɔ makumakugbe o tea gbe ɖe alesi manya wɔ be woasi le tɔtrɔ si ku hena vɛ nu o dzi.” Ẽ, Babilontɔwo hã xɔe se be agbenɔnɔ ƒomevi aɖe yia edzi le nɔnɔme aɖe me le ku megbe. Woɖea esia fiana to nuwo tsɔtsɔ ɖi ame kukuwoe be woava zã le woƒe agbenɔnɔ me le Ku Megbe me.

12-14. (a) Afikae luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la dzɔ tso le Tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe? (b) Aleke nufiafia la wɔ va kaka ɖe anyigba dzi?

¹² Edze ƒã be blema Babilon ye luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la dzɔ tso. Biblia si nye agbalẽ si me ŋutinya siwo de pɛpɛpɛ le la gblɔ be Nimrod si nye Noa tɔgbuitɔgbuiyɔvi ye tso Babel-dugã la, alo ɖo Babilon gɔme anyi.c Le Noa ƒe ŋkekea me Tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe la, gbegbɔgblɔ ɖeka kple subɔsubɔha ɖeka koe nɔ anyi. Nimrod ɖo subɔsubɔha bubu gɔme anyi esi wòtso dugã la hetu mɔ ɖe afima. Biblia ƒe nuŋlɔɖi ɖee fia be esi wotɔtɔ gbe na amewo le Babel megbe la, mɔtula siwo do kpo nu la kaka va dze agbe gɔme le teƒe bubuwo, eye woƒe mawusubɔsubɔ tsi wo si wotsɔ dzoe. (Mose I, 10:6-10; 11:4-9) Alea wòdzɔe be Babilon-subɔsubɔ ƒe nufiafiawo kaka ɖe anyigba dzi katã.

¹³ Blemanuŋlɔɖiwo gblɔ be anyrae wowɔ le Nimrod ŋu wòku. Le eƒe ku megbe la, Babilontɔwo anya di godoo be yewoade bubu eŋu be eyae nye yewoƒe dua gɔmeɖoanyila, etsola, kple eƒe fia gbãtɔ. Esi wobua mawu Marduk (Merodax) be enye Babilon gɔmeɖoanyila ta la, agbalẽnyala aɖewo gblɔ be ɖewohĩ Marduk tsi tre ɖi na Nimrod si wotsɔ wɔ trɔ̃e. Ne ele nenema la, ekema dzixɔse si nye be luʋɔ le ame si si yia edzi nɔa agbe le ku megbe la anya bɔ le Nimrod ƒe kuɣi. Aleke kee o, ŋutinyamenuŋlɔɖiwo ɖee fia be Babel, alo Babilon, ye luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la dzɔ tso le Tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe.

¹⁴ Gake aleke nufiafia sia wɔ va zu subɔsubɔha siwo li le míaƒe ɣeyiɣia me ƒe nufiafia vevi? Míadzro alesi wòwɔ ge ɖe Ɣedzeƒesubɔsubɔhawo me la me le akpa si kplɔe ɖo me.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 6]

Alesi Egiptetɔwo bua luʋɔ siwo le tɔgbuiwo dee

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 7]

Socrates te tɔ ɖe edzi be luʋɔ mekuna o