Maimonides—Amesi trɔ Yuda-subɔsubɔ

“TSO Mose ŋɔli vaseɖe Mose ŋɔli la, ame aɖeke mede Mose nu o.” Yudatɔ geɖe adze si nya ɣaɣla sia be enye nyagbɔgblɔ si wotsɔ dea bubu ƒe alafa 12 lia me Yudatɔ xexemenunyala, ɖoɖowɔla, kple Talmud kpakple Ŋɔŋlɔawo ŋu nyagblɔla Moses Ben Maimon ŋu—wogayɔnɛ hã be Maimonides kple Rambam.a Ame geɖe menya nu tso Maimonides ŋu egbea o, gake eƒe agbalẽwo kpɔ ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖe Yuda-subɔsubɔ, Moslemtɔwo, kple sɔlemehawo ƒe susu dzi le eƒe ŋkekea me. Etrɔ Yuda-subɔsubɔ keŋkeŋ. Amekae nye Maimonides, eye nukata Yudatɔ geɖe bunɛ be enye “Mose evelia”?

Amekae Nye Maimonides?

Wodzi Maimonides le Córdoba, Spania, le ƒe 1135 M.Ŋ. me. Fofoa Maimon si na hehe geɖe eyama le mawusubɔsubɔ gome la nye agbalẽnyalagã aɖe tso rabiwo ƒe ƒome tɔxɛ aɖe me. Esime Almohadtɔwo wɔ aʋa ɖu Córdoba dzi le ƒe 1148 me la, Yudatɔwo dze ŋgɔ tiatia si nye be woazu Moslemtɔwo alo woasi. Esia na Maimonides ƒe ƒomea dze tsaglalãtsatsa gɔme. Wova nɔ Fez, Morocco, le ƒe 1160 me, afisi wona hehee wòzu atikewɔla le. Eva hiã be eƒe ƒomea nasi ayi Palestina le ƒe 1165 me.

Gake nuwo menɔ dedie le Israel o. Yudatɔ ʋee siwo le afima la dze ŋgɔ afɔku si tso Kristodukɔa ƒe Atitsogaʋawɔlawo kple Moslem-srafowo siaa gbɔ. Esi Maimonides kple eƒe ƒomea nɔ “Anyigba Kɔkɔe” la dzi ɣleti ade kloe megbe la, wokpɔ sitsoƒe le Fustat si nye Cairo Dugã Xoxo le Egipte. Afisiae wode dzesi Maimonides ƒe dzɔdzɔmenunanawo le bliboe. Eva zu Yudatɔwo ƒe tatɔ le ƒe 1177 me eye le ƒe 1185 me la, wotiae wònye atikewɔla le Moslemtɔwo ƒe kplɔla xɔŋkɔ Saladin ƒe me. Ðoƒe eve siawo kpɔtɔ nɔ Maimonides si vaseɖe eƒe ku le ƒe 1204 me. Eƒe bibi ɖe atikewɔwɔ me de du ale gbegbe be wogblɔ be Fia Richard Kalẽtɔ la tso keke England ke te kpɔ be yeaxɔ Maimonides wòanye ye ŋutɔ yeƒe atikewɔla.

Agbalẽ Kawoe Wòŋlɔ?

Maimonides ŋlɔ agbalẽ geɖe. Esi wònɔ sisim le Moslemtɔwo ƒe yometiti nu eye wònɔ bebem henɔ tsaglalã tsam la, eŋlɔ eƒe agbalẽ gã gbãtɔ si nye Commentary on the Mishnah ƒe akpa geɖe.b Agbalẽ sia si wòŋlɔ ɖe Arabiagbe me la ɖe dzixɔse kple nyagbe geɖe siwo le Mishnah me la me, eye Maimonides ƒe xexemenunya le Yuda-subɔsubɔ ŋu le eƒe teƒe aɖewo. Le akpa si Maimonides ƒo nu legbee tso Sanhedrin ŋu le me la, eɖo Yudatɔwo ƒe xɔse ƒe gɔmeɖose 13 anyi. Xɔsemeʋuʋu gobii aɖeke menɔ Yudatɔwo si kpɔ o. Fifia Maimonides ƒe Xɔse ƒe gɔmeɖose 13 mawo va zu Yudatɔwo ƒe xɔsemeʋuʋu siwo wova ɖo emegbe la ƒe gbãtɔ.—Kpɔ Aɖaka la, axa 23.

Maimonides di be yeaɖe ɖoɖo nyui si nu nuwo katã le me, eɖanye ŋutilã alo gbɔgbɔ me tɔwo o. Egbe nusi womenya o dzi xɔxɔ ase eye wònɔ te ɖe nusi wòbu be enye kpeɖodzinya kple nya si ŋu gɔmesese le dzi bia nusianu me ɖeɖe. Eƒe dzɔdzɔmedidi sia na wòŋlɔ eƒe agbalẽ gãtɔ kekeake—Mishneh Torah.c

Le Maimonides ƒe ŋkekea me la, Yudatɔwo bui be menye nya siwo Mose ŋlɔ ɖi koe “Torah,” alo “Se” la nye o, ke alesi rabiwo ɖe Se sia me katã hã le eme. Woŋlɔ susu siawo ɖe Talmud la kple rabiwo ƒe Talmud ŋuti nyametsotsowo kple nuŋɔŋlɔ akpe geɖe me. Maimonides kpɔe be nya gbogbo siawo kple woƒe ɖoɖonumanɔmanɔ na Yudatɔwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ mete ŋu wɔa nyametsotsowo le woa ŋutɔ ƒe gbesiagbegbenɔnɔ me nyawo ŋu o. Wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ mate ŋu atsɔ woƒe agbemeŋkekewo katã asrɔ̃ rabiwo ƒe agbalẽ siwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ woŋlɔ ɖe Aramgbe sesẽ me la o. Nusi Maimonides ɖo be yeawɔ atsɔ akpɔ egbɔe nye be yeaŋlɔ nya siawo ate gbe ɖe nyametsotso nyuiawo dzi, eye yeaɖo wo ɖe ɖoɖo nu le agbalẽ si me womã ɖe akpa 14 me ɖe nyatiwo nu la me. Eŋlɔe ɖe Hebrigbe si me kɔ nyuie me wòzɔ nyuie.

Mishneh Torah nye mɔfiagbalẽ nyui aɖe ale gbegbe be Yudatɔwo ƒe nunɔla aɖewo vɔ̃ be ava xɔ ɖe Talmud la teƒe keŋkeŋ. Gake amesiwo tsi tre ɖe eŋu gɔ̃ hã lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be agbalẽ ma de ŋgɔ ale gbegbe. Segbalẽ sia si woɖo ɖe ɖoɖo deŋgɔ nu la he tɔtrɔ aɖe vɛ hede dzo Yudatɔnyenye ƒe nuɖoanyi si gɔme ame aɖeke megate ŋu le ɖeɖem alo le sesem o la me.

Emegbe Maimonides dze agbalẽ gã bubu ŋɔŋlɔ gɔme—The Guide for the Perplexed. Esi wòɖe Helatɔwo ƒe agbalẽ veviwo gɔme va Arabiagbe me ta la, Yudatɔ geɖe va nya nu tso Aristotle kple xexemenunyala bubuwo ŋu nyuie. Wo dometɔ aɖewo tɔtɔ eye esesẽ na wo be woatsɔ Biblia me nyawo ƒe gɔmesese ŋutɔŋutɔ asɔ kple xexemenunya. Maimonides si Aristotle ƒe nu dzɔ dzi na la di be yeaɖe Biblia kple Yudatɔnyenye gɔme le mɔ si sɔ ɖe xexemenunya kple nya siwo me susu le nu ɖe The Guide for the Perplexed me.—Tsɔe sɔ kple Korintotɔwo I, 2:1-5, 11-16.

Tsɔ kpe ɖe agbalẽ gã siawo kple mawusubɔsubɔgbalẽ bubu siwo Maimonides ŋlɔ ŋu la, egaŋlɔ atikewɔwɔ kple ɣletiviwoŋunusɔsrɔ̃ ƒe agbalẽ deŋgɔwo hã. Mele be míaŋe aɖaba aƒu agbalẽ geɖe siwo wòŋlɔ ƒe akpa bubu dzi o. Encyclopaedia Judaica gblɔ be: “Maimonides ƒe lɛtawo he tɔtrɔ aɖe vɛ le lɛtaŋɔŋlɔ me. Eyae nye Yudatɔ lɛtaŋlɔla si ƒe lɛtaŋlɔmɔnu geɖe gali. . . . Eƒe lɛtawo wɔ dɔ ɖe amesiwo wòŋlɔ wo na ƒe susu kple dzi dzi, eye etrɔ asi le wo ŋɔŋlɔ ŋu wòsɔ na wo.”

Nukae Wòfia?

Le Maimonides ƒe Xɔse ƒe Gɔmeɖose 13 mawo me la, eɖe dzixɔse aɖewo me wo me kɔ nyuie, eye etu wo dometɔ aɖewo ɖe Ŋɔŋlɔa dzi. Gake gɔmeɖose adre kple asieke lia tsi tre ɖe Yesu dzixɔxɔse be eyae nye Mesia la si nɔ te ɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo dzi la ƒe gɔmesese ŋu.d Le Kristodukɔa ƒe xɔsegbegbenufiafiawo, abe Mawuɖekaetɔ̃, kple alakpanuwɔwɔ si gbɔ eme si ƒe kpɔɖeŋu Atitsogaʋa siwo me wokɔ ʋu geɖe ɖi le nye ta la, mewɔ nuku o be Maimonides meƒo nu boo aɖeke tso Yesu ƒe Mesianyenye ŋu o.—Mateo 7:21-23; Petro II, 2:1, 2.

Maimonides ŋlɔ bena: “Ðe afɔklinu aɖe gali wu [Kristotɔnyenyea]? Nyagblɔɖilawo katã ƒo nu tso Mesia la ŋu be eyae nye Israel gbugbɔxɔla kple eɖela . . . [Nusi to vovo na emae nye be, Kristotɔnyenye] na wotsɔ yi wu Yudatɔwo, woka woƒe ame susɔewo hlẽ hebɔbɔ wo ɖe anyi, wotrɔ Torah la, eye wokplɔ xexeametɔ akpa gãtɔ trae be wosubɔ mawu si menye Aƒetɔ la o.”—Mishneh Torah, “Fiawo ƒe Sewo Kple Woƒe Aʋawɔwɔ,” ta 11.

Gake togbɔ be wode bubu Maimonides ŋu ŋutɔ hã la, Yudatɔ geɖe gbee ɖe nya aɖewo siwo wògblɔ kaŋ ta. Esi vivimenuwɔwɔ ƒe Yudatɔnyenye (Kabbalah) nɔ ŋusẽ kpɔm ɖe ame geɖe dzi la, ɣletivimefakaka va bɔ ɖe Yudatɔwo dome. Maimonides ŋlɔe bena: “Amesiame si kpɔa gome le ɣletivimefakaka me eye wònɔa te ɖe ɣeyiɣi si ɣletivimekpɔlawo ɖo dzi wɔa ɖoɖo ɖe eƒe dɔ alo mɔzɔzɔ ŋu la dze na ƒoƒo . . . Nya siawo katã nye aʋatso kple beble sɔŋ . . . Amesiame si xɔa nya siawo dzi sena . . . nye bometsila kple numanyala.”—Mishneh Torah, “Trɔ̃subɔsubɔ Ŋuti Sewo,” ta 11; tsɔe sɔ kple Mose III, 19:26; Mose V, 18:9-13.

Maimonides ɖe ɖeklemi nuwɔna bubu aɖe hã vevie: “[Rabiwo] ŋutɔ ka ga na ame ɖekaɖekawo kple nutowo me tɔwo be woadzɔ na yewo eye wonaa amewo bu be ele kokoko be yewoadzɔe eye wòsɔ hã si nye bometsitsi blibo . . . Esiawo katã menyo o. Nya ɖeka hɔ̃ hã mele Torah la alo [Talmud] nunyalawo ƒe nyagbɔgblɔwo me si ɖo kpe edzi o.” (Commentary on the Mishnah, Avot 4:5) Maimonides wɔ dɔ vevie abe atikewɔla ene tsɔ kpɔ eɖokui dzii, eye mexɔ fetu ɖe mawusubɔsubɔdɔwo ta gbeɖe o.—Tsɔe sɔ kple Korintotɔwo II, 2:17; Tesalonikatɔwo I, 2:9.

Dɔ Kae Wòwɔ Ðe Yudatɔnyenye Kple Dzixɔse Bubuwo Dzi?

Nufialagã Yeshaiahu Leibowitz si le Hebri Yunivɛsiti le Yerusalem la gblɔ be: “Maimonides ye kpɔ ŋusẽ wu le Yudatɔnyenye ƒe ŋutinya me, tso Blemafofowo kple Nyagblɔɖilawo ŋɔli vaseɖe fifi.” Encyclopaedia Judaica gblɔ be: “Ŋusẽ si Maimonides kpɔ ɖe Yudatɔnyenye ƒe etsɔ me ŋgɔyiyiwo dzi mele gbɔgblɔ me o. . . . C. Tchernowitz . . . gblɔ gɔ̃ hã be ne menye Maimonides ye o la, ne Yudatɔnyenye me mã zu kɔmamã kple dzixɔse vovovowo . . . Enye nu gã aɖe si wòte ŋu wɔ tsɔ ƒo nɔnɔme vovovowo nu ƒui.”

Maimonides to Yudatɔwo ƒe susu si wògbugbɔ ɖo ɖe ɖoɖo nu wòsɔ ɖe eya ŋutɔ ƒe ɖoɖo kple tamesusu nu dzi trɔ Yudatɔnyenye. Agbalẽnyalagãwo kple ame geɖe kpɔe be tɔtrɔ yeye sia nyo eye wòsɔ. Amesiwo tsi tre ɖe Maimonides ŋu gɔ̃ hã va xɔ eƒe nya geɖe mlɔeba. Togbɔ be eŋlɔ eƒe agbalẽwo kple susu be yeatsɔ ana Yudatɔwo navo tso alesi wòhiã be woanɔ ŋu ɖom ɖe nya legbee siwo nuwuwu meli na o ŋu me hã la, eteƒe medidi hafi woŋlɔ numeɖenya geɖe ɖe eƒe agbalẽwo ŋu o.

Encyclopaedia Judaica gblɔ be: “Maimonides ye nye . . . Yudatɔ xexemenunyala si ɖe dzesi wu le Titinaɣeyiɣiawo me, eye eƒe agbalẽ si nye Guide of the Perplexed ye nye xexemenunyagbalẽ vevitɔ kekeake si Yudatɔ aɖe ŋlɔ kpɔ.” Togbɔ be Arabiagbe mee woŋlɔ The Guide for the Perplexed ɖo hã la, woɖe egɔme ɖe Hebrigbe me le Maimonides ƒe agbenɔɣi eye woɖe egɔme ɖe Latingbe me le ema megbe kpuie, si na wote ŋu srɔ̃e le Europa katã. Esia wɔe be Aristotle ƒe xexemenunya kple Yudatɔwo ƒe susu si Maimonides tsɔ tsaka la kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Kristodukɔa ƒe nukpɔsusuwo dzi enumake. Kristodukɔa ƒe agbalẽnyalagã siwo nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi, abe Albertus Magnus kple Thomas Aquinas ene, yɔa nya tsoa Maimonides ƒe nyawo me zi geɖe. Ekpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Moslemtɔ agbalẽnyalagãwo hã dzi. Maimonides ƒe xexemenunya kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Yudatɔ xexemenunyala siwo do emegbe, abe Baruch Spinoza ene, dzi be wodo le Yudatɔ-subɔsubɔ si léa blemanufiafia me ɖe asi me keŋkeŋ.

Woate ŋu abu Maimonides nunyaŋudɔwɔla veviedola aɖe si nɔ agbe do ŋgɔ na Europa ƒe Tɔtrɔwɔɣi. Eƒe tɔtete ɖe edzi be ele be xɔse nasɔ ɖe tamebubu nu la ganye gɔmeɖose si dzi woda asi ɖo. Gɔmeɖose sia na wòƒo nu ŋusẽtɔe tsi tre ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ me alakpadzixɔsewo ŋu. Gake Kristodukɔa ƒe kpɔɖeŋu gbegblẽ kple Aristotle ƒe xexemenunya ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi xe mɔ nɛ zi geɖe be mete ŋu gblɔ nya siwo sɔ kple Biblia me nyateƒea bliboe o. Togbɔ be menye amesiamee alɔ̃ ɖe nya siwo woŋlɔ ɖe Maimonides ƒe yɔdo dzi—“Tso Mose ŋɔli vaseɖe Mose ŋɔli la, ame aɖeke mede Mose nu o”—la dzi o hã la, ele be míalɔ̃ ɖe edzi be etrɔ Yuda-subɔsubɔ ƒe nuwɔna kple eƒe nɔnɔme.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka si le axa 23]

MAIMONIDES ƑE XƆSEGƆMEÐOSE 13 LAe

1. Mawue nye Wɔla la kple nuwo katã Dziɖula. Eya ɖeɖekoe wɔ nuwo katã, eyae wɔa wo, eye eyae awɔ wo.

2. Ame ɖekae Mawu nye. Ðekawɔwɔ aɖeke mede Etɔ nu o.

3. Ŋutilã mele Mawu si o. Womate ŋu abu ŋutilãmenuwo ɖe Eŋu o.

4. Mawue nye gbãtɔ kple mlɔetɔ.

5. Enyo be woado gbe ɖa na Mawu ɖeka ko. Mele be woado gbe ɖa na ame alo nu bubu aɖeke o.

6. Nyagblɔɖilawo ƒe nyawo katã nye nyateƒe.

7. Mose ƒe nyagblɔɖiwo nye nyateƒe tututu. Eyae nye nyagblɔɖilawo siwo do ŋgɔ nɛ kple esiwo va emegbe siaa ƒe gãtɔ.

8. Torah si le mía si fifia la katã nye esi wotsɔ na Mose.

9. Womatrɔ Torah la o, eye Mawu magana bubu o.

10. Amegbetɔ ƒe nuwɔna kple tamesusuwo katã le nyanya na Mawu.

11. Mawu ɖoa eteƒe na amesiwo wɔa Eƒe sededewo dzi, eye wòhea to na amesiwo wɔa nuvɔ̃ ɖe Eŋu.

12. Mesia la ava.

13. Woafɔ ame kukuwo woagava nɔ agbe.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 21]

Jewish Division /​ The New York Public Library /​ Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations