Alesi Biblia Wɔ Va Ka Mía Si—Akpa Evelia
Dzoƒaɖe de dzi esi wole nuwo dede dugbadzadzo si nɔ bibim sesĩe me dzi. Gake menye dzo gbɔloe esia nye o. Bibliawoe wolɔ nɔ dzoa me dem eye nunɔlawo kple bisiɔpwo tsi tre ɖi nɔ nu kpɔm. Gake esi London ƒe bisiɔp nɔ Bibliaawo ƒlem be yeatɔ dzoe la, menya be ɖe yenɔ kpekpem ɖe egɔmeɖela, William Tyndale, ŋu be wòakpɔ ga na bubuwo tata o!
Nukae na akpa evea siaa ƒe ŋku biã vevie le ʋiʋli sia me? Míeƒo nu tso Biblia gbugbɔgaŋlɔ va ɖo Titinaɣeyiɣiwo ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo ƒe ŋutinya ŋuti le tata aɖe si do ŋgɔ me. Fifia míeva ɖo azã aɖe si me Mawu ƒe Nya la ƒe gbedasi kple eƒe ŋusẽ ava awɔ dɔ ɖe amewo dzi vevie me.
Ŋgɔdola aɖe Do
John Wycliffe, Oxford-gbalẽnyala aɖe si ŋu wodea bubui, ɖe gbeƒã le Katolikoha la ƒe nuwɔna siwo mesɔ kple Biblia o ŋu ŋusẽtɔe eye wòŋlɔ nu hã tso wo ŋu, eye ‘Mawu ƒe se,’ si nye Biblia, la dzie wòtu eƒe nyawo ɖo. Eɖo eƒe nusrɔ̃vi siwo woyɔna be Lollardwo ɖe England ƒe kɔƒenutowo katã me be woaɖe gbeƒã gbedasi si le Biblia me le Eŋlisigbe me na amesiame si aɖo to. Hafi wòaku le ƒe 1384 me la, edze Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe gɔme tso Latingbe me yi ɖe Eŋlisigbe si wodona le eƒe ŋkekea me la me.
Sɔlemeha la kpɔ nu geɖe le Wycliffe ŋu siwo tae woado vloe ɖo. Gbã la, ebu fɔ nunɔlawo ɖe woƒe nugbɔmewɔwɔwo kple agbegbegblẽnɔnɔ ta. Hekpe ɖe eŋu la, Wycliffe dzidela geɖewo zã eƒe nufiafiawo ɖe mɔ gbegblẽ nu tsɔ de woƒe aglãdzedze siwo me wozãa lãnuwo le dzii. Nunɔlawo bu fɔ Wycliffe le eƒe ku megbe gɔ̃ hã togbɔ be megblɔ ɣeaɖekeɣi kpɔ be woadze aglã adãtɔe o gake.
Bisiɔpgã Arundel gblɔ le eŋu le lɛta aɖe si woŋlɔ na Papa John XXIII le ƒe 1412 me be “John Wycliffe ɖigbɔ ɖiamenu ma, si nyɔa ŋu na ame ne woɖo ŋku edzi, da xoxo la ƒe vi ma, amesi tututue nye Kristo ƒe futɔ la ƒe vɔvɔli kple eƒe vi.” Arundel ŋlɔ tsɔ ƒo eƒe fɔbuamenya la ta be: “Bene wòatsɔ ayɔ eƒe nubaɖawɔwɔwo nui la, eto ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔmeɖeɖe ɖe degbe si ade edzi me vɛ.” Le nyateƒe me, nusi ku dzi na sɔlememegãwo vevie wue nye be Wycliffe di be yeaɖe Biblia gɔme ɖe ameawo ŋutɔ degbe me na wo.
Ke hã degbe me Ŋɔŋlɔawo ka ame ŋkuta ʋee aɖewo si. Wo dometɔ ɖekae nye Anne si tso Bohemia, nyɔnu si va ɖe Richard II si va nye England Fia le ƒe 1382 me. Wycliffe ƒe Eŋlisigbe me Nyanyuiawo ƒe gɔmeɖeɖewo nɔ esi wòsrɔ̃na ɣeawokatãɣi. Esi wòva zu fianyɔnu la, eƒe dzidzɔkpɔkpɔ ɖe degbe gɔmeɖeɖe ŋu de Biblia sɔsrɔ̃ dzi—eye menye le England ɖeɖeko o. Anne de dzi ƒo na Prague Yunivɛsiti si le Bohemia la ƒe viwo be woava Oxford. Wotsɔ dzonɔameme srɔ̃ Wycliffe ƒe agbalẽwoe le afima eye wotsɔ eƒe ɖewo hã yi ɖe Prague. Wycliffe ƒe nufiafiawo ƒe bɔbɔ ɖe Prague Yunivɛsiti va kpe ɖe Jan Hus, si de suku ma eye wòva fia nu le afima hã ŋu. Hus ɖe Czechgbe me gɔmeɖeɖe si nya xlẽna tso Slavgbe me gɔmeɖeɖe xoxotɔ si nɔ anyi me. Eƒe agbagbadzedzewo na ame geɖe va zu Biblia zãlawo le Bohemia kple dukɔ siwo ƒo xlã wo me.
Sɔlemeha la Wɔ Wɔɖenui
Nunɔlawo gakpɔ dziku ɖe Wycliffe kple Hus ŋu be wofia nu be ŋusẽ le “ŋɔŋlɔa tsimatɔe,” si nye Ŋɔŋlɔ siwo tso gbɔgbɔ me si ŋu wometsɔ naneke kpee o, ŋu wu “numeɖeɖewo,” si nye axadzi numeɖeɖe gbogbo siwo woŋlɔna ɖe Biblia siwo dzi sɔlemeha la da asi ɖo me. Mawu ƒe Nya tsimatɔe lae mawunyagblɔla siawo di be ame gbɔlowo nase.
Woble Hus nu kplɔe va Katolikoha la ƒe Aɖaŋudetakpekpee le Constance, Germany, le ƒe 1414 me, be wòaʋli eƒe nufiafiawo ta, esi woflui be woakpɔ eta dedie naneke madzɔ ɖe edzi o. Nunɔla, bisiɔp, kple papatenɔla ame 2,933 ye nɔ aɖaŋudetakpekpea me. Hus lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be yeaɖe asi le yeƒe nya ŋu ne woate ŋu aɖo kpe edzi na ye tso Ŋɔŋlɔawo me be vodadae. Gake menye eya dim aɖaŋudeha la ya nɔ o. Eƒe tsitretsitsi ɖe woƒe ŋusẽ ŋu ɖeɖe dzaa sɔ gbɔ na wo be woatɔ dzoe ɖe ati ŋu le ƒe 1415 me, esime wònɔ gbe dom ɖa sesĩe.
Aɖaŋudeha ma ke wɔ eƒe fɔbubu John Wycliffe kple vlododoe ƒe nu mamlɛa esi wòde se be woaho eƒe ƒuwo le England atɔ dzoe. Sedede sia nyɔ ŋu ale gbegbe be womewɔ ɖe edzi o vaseɖe ƒe 1428 me, esi papa gabia be woahoe hafi. Gake abe alesi wònɔna ɖaa ene la, tsitretsitsi vɔ̃ɖi mawo mena nyateƒea lɔ̃la bubuwo ƒe dzonɔameme nu fa o. Ðe wòna wogaɖoe kplikpaa wu be yewoakaka Mawu ƒe Nya la boŋ.
Ŋusẽ si Agbalẽtamɔ̃ Va Kpɔ Ðe Edzi
Va ɖo ƒe 1450 me, si nye Hus ƒe ku ƒe 35 ko megbe la, Johannes Gutenberg dze agbalẽtata gɔme eye wòzãa nuŋlɔgba si wogate ŋu zãna la le Germany. Agbalẽ vevi si wòtae nye Latingbe me Vulgate, si nu wòwu le ƒe 1455 me lɔƒo. Va ɖo ƒe 1495 me la, woɖe Biblia bliboa alo eƒe akpa aɖe gɔme ɖe Germany, Italy, Franse, Czech, Netherlands, Hebri, Catalonia, Hela, Spain, Slavonia, Portugal, kple Serbia gbewo me—woɖe wo gɔme kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo le ɖoɖo ma nu.
Netherlandstɔ agbalẽnyala Desiderius Erasmus ta Helagbe me nuŋɔŋlɔ bliboa ƒe gbãtɔ kple agbalẽtamɔ̃ le ƒe 1516 me. Erasmus di be “woaɖe” Ŋɔŋlɔawo “gɔme ɖe dukɔ ɖesiaɖe degbe me” hafi. Ke hã medi be yeagblẽ bubu gã si wodea ye ŋu me ne ye ŋutɔ yeaɖe egɔme o. Gake ame bubuwo va ɖe eyome siwo ƒo dzi nɔ wu. Amesiawo dometɔ si ɖe dzesi wue nye William Tyndale.
William Tyndale Kple Eŋlisigbe Biblia
Tyndale de suku le Oxford eye le ƒe 1521 me lɔƒo la, eva nɔ Aƒetɔ John Walsh ƒeme nɔa nu fiam viawo. Zi geɖe le nuɖukplɔ̃ si ŋu Walsh kpea amewo vɛ dɔmenyotɔe ŋu la, àkpɔ Tyndale si nye ɖekakpui wòanɔ nuʋa wɔm kple wo gbɔ nunɔlawo. Tyndale ʋua Biblia fiaa ŋɔŋlɔawo wo tsɔ ʋlia nya kple wo le woƒe nukpɔsusuwo ŋu nanekemaɣlamaɣlae. Esi ɣeyiɣiawo va nɔ yiyim la, Tyndale ƒe nyawo me va kɔ na Walsh ƒomea eye womegalɔ̃a nunɔlawo yɔyɔ tututu o, womegadoa vivi ɖe wo ŋu boo hã o. Esia gaku dzi na nunɔlawo ɖe Tyndale kple eƒe dzixɔsewo ŋu abe alesi wòadzɔ godoo ene.
Gbeɖeka le nyaʋiʋli aɖe me la, subɔsubɔhakplɔla si tsi tre ɖe Tyndale ŋu gblɔ be: “Ne Mawu ƒe se meli o la, enyo wu esi Papa tɔ manɔ anyi o.” Kpɔ kakaɖedzi si nɔ Tyndale me ɖa esime wòɖo eŋu be: “Metɔ gbe Papa kple eƒe sewo katã. Ne Mawu lé nye agbe ɖe te la, magaxɔ ƒe geɖe hafi mana ɖevi si kua agbleŋlɔmɔ̃ nanya Ŋɔŋlɔa wu wò o.” Tyndale ƒe tameɖoɖo kplikpaa la dze ƒã. Eŋlɔ emegbe be: “Mekpɔe de dzesii to nuteƒekpɔkpɔ me be manya wɔ be woana ame gbɔlowo nali ke ɖe nyateƒea me o, negbe ɖe woɖe ŋɔŋlɔ la me na wo kɔte le wo degbe me, bene woanya ŋɔŋlɔa me nya veviwo, ɖoɖo si nu woɖo wo ɖo, kple gɔmesese si le wo ŋu.”
Ɣemaɣi wometa Eŋlisigbe Biblia aɖeke haɖe o. Eyata le ƒe 1523 me la, Tyndale yi London be yeaxɔ mɔɖeɖe tso Bisiɔp Tunstall gbɔ na gbegɔmeɖeɖedɔa gɔmedzedze. Esi wòka mo nɛ vevie ta la, edzo le England be yeaɖawɔ nusi ƒe tame yeɖo, eye megatrɔ yi afima kpɔ o. Setɔwo va lilii le vome le eƒe agbalẽtaƒe gbãtɔ le Cologne, Germany, eye bebli hafi Tyndale te ŋu tsɔ eƒe gɔmeɖeɖe xɔasia ƒe axa aɖewo si dzoe. Gake ne mede ɖeke o hã la, ewu Eŋlisigbe me “Nubabla Yeye” la ɖekaɖeka 3,000 ya nu le Worms, Germany. Wotsɔ wo yi England eye wodze wo mamã gɔme le ƒe 1526 ƒe gɔmedzedze. Esiawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Biblia siwo Bisiɔp Tunstall ƒle tɔ dzoe eye menya be kpekpem ɖe Tyndale ŋu yenɔ boŋ be wòayi eƒe dɔa dzi o!
Numekuku Na Gɔmesese si me Kɔ Wu
Edze kɔte be Tyndale se vivi na eƒe dɔa. Abe alesi The Cambridge History of the Bible gblɔe ene la, “Ŋɔŋlɔa na wòkpɔa dzidzɔ, eye nane le eƒe nuwɔwɔ me si naa wòʋãna ɖe dɔ ŋu si kɔa lãme nɛ, esi fiaa alesi dzi le edzɔmee.” Tyndale ƒe taɖodzinue nye be yeaɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme alesi yeate ŋui na ame gbɔlowo le alesi emenyawo nasɔ gake wo gɔme nanya se nu. Eƒe numekukuwo nɔ kpekpem ɖe eŋu wònɔ Biblia me nya siwo ƒe gɔmesese sɔlemeha la ƒe nufiafiawo na wodo viviti ƒe alafawo la me nɔ kɔkɔm. Vɔvɔ̃ na ku alo futɔ sẽŋu Aƒetɔ Thomas More ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ vɔ̃ɖiwo medo ŋɔdzi na Tyndale o, eye ede nusiwo ŋu wòke ɖo eƒe gɔmeɖeɖea me.
Esi Tyndale zã Erasmus ƒe Helagbe me nuŋɔŋlɔa ke menye Latingbe me tɔ o ta la, ezã “lɔlɔ̃” ɖe “dɔmenyo” teƒe tsɔ ɖe Helagbe me nya a·gaʹpe gɔmee gɔmesesea de blibo wu. Ezã “hame” hã ɖe “sɔleme” teƒe, “trɔ dzime” ɖe “wɔ fu ame ɖokui” teƒe, eye “hamemegãwo” ɖe “nunɔlawo” teƒe. (Korintotɔwo I, 13:1-3; Kolosetɔwo 4:15, 16; Luka 13:3, 5; Timoteo I, 5:17, Tyndale) Tɔtrɔ siawo wu tsɔtsɔ na sɔlememegãwo eye wogblẽ nu le subɔsubɔnuwɔna siwo nɔ anyi tso gbaɖegbe ke, abe nuvɔ̃meʋuʋu na nunɔlawo ene, hã ŋu.
Nenema ke Tyndale zã nya “tsitretsitsi” eye wògbe ŋutiklɔdzo kple agbenɔnɔ le ku megbe ƒe nufiafiawo be mewɔ ɖeka kple Biblia o. Eŋlɔ tso ame kukuwo ŋu na More be: “Ne ègblɔ be wole dziƒo, hell, kple ŋutiklɔdzo me la, ke [ègblẽ] numeɖeɖe siwo me Kristo kple Paulo ɖo kpe tsitretsitsia dzi le la me.” Tyndale yɔ Mateo 22:30-32 kple Korintotɔwo I, 15:12-19 tsɔ ɖo kpe nya sia dzii. Esɔ be exɔ edzi se be ame kukuwo meganya naneke o vaseɖe woƒe tsitretsitsi me. (Psalmo 146:4; Nyagblɔla 9:5; Yohanes 11:11, 24, 25) Esia fia be viɖe aɖeke mele gbedodoɖa na Maria kple “ame kɔkɔewo” ƒe ɖoɖo bliboa ŋu o elabena womate ŋu asee alo aɖe kuku ɖe ame ta le numanyamanya ƒe nɔnɔme si me wole la me o.
Tyndale Ðe Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo Gɔme
Le ƒe 1530 me, Tyndale ɖe Mose ƒe Agbalẽ Atɔ̃awo, Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe agbalẽ atɔ̃ gbãtɔawo, gɔme. Eyata eva nye ame gbãtɔ si ɖe Biblia gɔme tso Hebrigbe me va Eŋlisigbe me tẽ. Tyndale hãe nye gbegɔmeɖela gbãtɔ si zã Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ Yehowa. David Daniell, si nye agbalẽnyala aɖe si tso London ŋlɔ be: “Awɔ dɔ ɖe Tyndale ƒe nuxlẽlawo dzi ŋusẽtɔe be wogaɖe Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ la fia ake.”
Le agbagbadzedze be nuwo me nakɔ me la, Tyndale zã Eŋlisigbe me nya vovovo tsɔ ɖe Hebrigbe me nya ɖeka gɔmee. Gake ekplɔ Hebrigbe ƒe gbeŋutise ɖo tututu. Ena be alesi Hebritɔwo gblɔa nya kpuie la dze le eƒe gɔmeɖeɖea me. Eya ŋutɔ gblɔ be: “Hebrigbe sɔ ɖe Eŋlisigbe nu zi akpe wu alesi Latingbe sɔ ɖe enui. Alesi gbe eveawo gblɔa woƒe nyawoe la le ɖeka; ale be le teƒe geɖe la, ɖeko nàɖe egɔme tẽ ɖe Eŋlisigbe me, nya ɖe nya nui.”
Gɔmeɖeɖe tẽ sia na Hebrigbe me nyagbɔgblɔwo do atsyã na Tyndale ƒe gɔmeɖeɖea. Wo dometɔ aɖewo aɖi tramaa le tome na ame ne èxlẽe gbã. Gake wova nya Biblia ale gbegbe be nyagbɔgblɔ siawo dometɔ geɖe va le Eŋlisigbe me fifia. Nya siawo ƒe ɖewoe nye esiwo wozã le Eŋlisigbe me na “amesi ŋu eƒe dzi kpɔa ŋudzedze le,” (abe alesi wozãe le Samuel I, 13:14, NW, ene), “ŋutitoto,” kple “Asasel ƒe gbɔ̃tsu.” Gawu la, ena Eŋlisigbe Biblia xlẽlawo nya alesi Hebritɔwo bua tamee, eye esia kpe ɖe wo ŋu be woase Ŋɔŋlɔ siwo tso gbɔgbɔ me gɔme nyuie wu.
Wode Se Ðe Biblia Kple Tyndale Nu
Edo dzidzɔ ŋutɔ be ame nate ŋu axlẽ Mawu ƒe Nya la le eya ŋutɔ wo degbe me. Eŋlisiawo kpɔ ŋudzedze ɖe eŋu eye woƒle esiwo katã wotsɔ gba de va dukɔa me, woɣla mo na wo esi wobla wo abe avɔkpowo alo adzɔnu bubuwo ene. Le ɣeyiɣi siawo katã me la, nunɔlawo nya be yewoƒe nɔƒe age le yewo si godoo ne wova le Biblia bum be eyae nye ŋusẽtsoƒe kɔkɔtɔ. Eyata eva zu agbe kple ku ƒe nya na gbegɔmeɖela la kple edzidelawo.
Esi Sɔlemeha la kple Dziɖuɖua nɔ Tyndale didi dzi ɣesiaɣi ta, eyi eƒe dɔa dzi le bebeme le Antwerp, Belgium. Ke hã egatsɔa ŋkeke eve le kwasiɖa me wɔa nusi wòyɔ be yeƒe modzakaɖenui—amesiwo nye sitsoƒedila siwo tso England, ame dahewo, kple dɔnɔwo subɔsubɔ. Mɔ sia nue wòzã eƒe ga ƒe akpa gãtɔ ɖo. Hafi Tyndale nawu Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe afã evelia nu la, Eŋlisi yevu aɖe si wɔ eɖokui abe exɔlɔ̃ ene xɔ ga va fia eyomemɔ. Esime woawui le Vilvoorde, Belgium, le ƒe 1536 me la, egblɔ eƒe didi vevie le nya siawo me be, “Aƒetɔ! ʋu ŋku na England Fia.”
Va ɖo ƒe 1538 me la, le Fia Henry VIII ŋutɔ ƒe nyonyo ta, ede se be woada Biblia ɖe sɔlemexɔ ɖesiaɖe me le England. Togbɔ be wometsɔ bubua na Tyndale o hã la, eƒe gɔmeɖeɖe koŋ ye wotia. To mɔ sia dzi la, wova nya Tyndale ƒe gɔmeɖeɖea nyuie eye amewo lɔ̃nɛ ale gbegbe be “eva trɔ zu nusi dzi wotu gɔmeɖeɖe siwo va ɖe eyome ƒe akpa gãtɔ ɖo” le Eŋlisigbe me. (The Cambridge History of the Bible) Tyndale ƒe gɔmeɖeɖe siwo woŋlɔ tẽ ɖe King James Version si gɔme woɖe le ƒe 1611 me la de alafa memamã 90.
Alesi Biblia va su amewo si bɔbɔe la fia tɔtrɔ gã aɖe na amewo le England. Woɖoa dze viviwo tso Biblia ŋu le sɔlemewo ale gbegbe be ɣeaɖewoɣi wova gena ɖe sɔlemewɔwɔ me gɔ̃ hã! “Ame tsitsiwo srɔ̃ nuxexlẽ ale be woawo ŋutɔ naxlẽ Mawu ƒe Nya la, eye ɖeviwo nɔa woƒe ame tsitsiwo ŋu senɛ.” (A Concise History of the English Bible) Le ɣeyiɣi sia ke me la, wodzi Biblia mamã ɖe edzi ŋutɔ le Europa-dukɔ bubuwo kple gbegbɔgblɔ bubuwo me. Gake alesi wova ʋu ŋku ɖe Biblia ŋui le England va kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe xexeame katã dzi. Aleke wòdzɔe? Eye aleke nufɔfɔ kple numekuku bubuwo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Biblia siwo míezãna egbea dzii? Míatsɔ esia aƒo míaƒe ŋutinya la tae le nyati siawo ƒe akpa si akplɔe ɖo me.
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 26]
Tyndale ƒe ƒe 1526 “Nubabla Yeye”—tata deblibo si dzaa ko wonya be dzo mete ŋu fiã o
[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]
© The British Library Board
[Chart/Pictures on page 26, 27]
(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)
Ƒe Veviwo le Biblia Gɔmeɖeɖe me
Mía Ŋɔli
Wycliffe ƒe Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe dze egɔme (do ŋgɔ na ƒe 1384)
Ƒe 1400
Wowu Hus le ƒe 1415 me
Gutenberg —Biblia gbãtɔ tata, ƒe 1455 lɔƒo
Ƒe 1500
Degbe Gbãtɔ Siwo Wota Kple Mɔ̃
Erasmus ƒe Helagbe me nuŋɔŋlɔ, ƒe 1516
Tyndale ƒe ƒe 1526 “Nubabla Yeye”
Wowu Tyndale le ƒe 1536 me
Henry VIII de se be woada Biblia ɖe sɔlemexɔwo me, ƒe 1538
Ƒe 1600
King James Version Ƒe 1611
[Nɔnɔmetatawo]
Wycliffe
Hus
Tyndale
Henry VIII