William Tyndale​—Amesi ƒe Nugɔmesese De Ŋgɔ

Wodzi William Tyndale le England le “Wales ƒe liƒowo” dzi, anye le Gloucestershire, gake womenya afisi wodzii le, kple ŋkeke si dzi tututu wodzii o. Le October 1994 me la, England ɖu amesi “na míaƒe Eŋlisigbe me Biblia mí” la ƒe dzidzi ƒe ƒe 500 lia ƒe ŋkuɖodzi. Tyndale ku xɔsetaku le dɔ sia wɔwɔ ta. Nukatae?

WILLIAM TYNDALE de ŋgɔ ŋutɔ le Helagbe kple Latingbe sɔsrɔ̃ me. Le July 1515 me esi mexɔ wu ƒe 21 o la, exɔ Amegbetɔwo Ŋuti Nusɔsrɔ̃ ƒe Ðaseɖigbalẽ le Oxford Yunivɛsiti. Le ƒe 1521 me la, woɖoe Roma Katoliko nunɔla. Le ɣemaɣi la, Germania Katolikoha tɔtɔ le Martin Luther ƒe nuwɔnawo ta. Gake England gakpɔtɔ nye Katolikodukɔ vaseɖe esime Fia Henry VIII tso kadodo kple Roma mlɔeba le ƒe 1534 me.

Togbɔ be Eŋlisigbe ye ame geɖe dona le Tyndale ŋɔli hã la, nusɔsrɔ̃ ɖesiaɖe nɔ Latingbe me. Gbegbɔgblɔ sia kee wozãna le sɔleme eye eya ke mee woŋlɔ Biblia ɖo. Le ƒe 1546 me la, Trent Aɖaŋudetakpekpe gate gbe ɖe edzi ake be Jerome ƒe ƒe alafa atɔ̃lia Latin Vulgate ɖeɖekoe wòle be woazã. Gake agbalẽnyalawo koe te ŋu xlẽnɛ. Nukatae woate Eŋlisigbe Biblia Englandtɔwo, eye womaɖe mɔ na wo be woaxlẽe o? Tyndale tsi tre ɖe nya ma ŋu gblɔ be: “Jerom[e] hã ɖe Biblia gɔme ɖe wo degbe me: Nukatae míawo hã míaɖee ɖe mía tɔ me o?

Afɔɖeɖe aɖe si me Xɔsenɔamesi Dze Le

Le Tyndale ƒe Oxford nɔnɔ kple ɖewohĩ nu bubuwo sɔsrɔ̃ le Cambridge megbe la, efia nu John Walsh viŋutsuviwo ƒe eve le Gloucestershire. Le ɣemaɣi la, didi si nɔ eme be yeaɖe Biblia gɔme ɖe Eŋlisigbe me la tsi ɖe eme, eye ɖikekemanɔmee la, mɔnukpɔkpɔ va su esi be Erasmus ƒe Biblia yeye si me woŋlɔ Helagbe kple Latingbe ɖe wo nɔewo xa la kpe ɖe eŋu be wòdzi eƒe gbegɔmeɖeɖe ƒe ŋutete ɖe edzi. Le ƒe 1523 me la, Tyndale ʋu le Walsh ƒomea gbɔ yi London. Eƒe tameɖoɖoe nye be yeabia mɔ le London ƒe bisiɔp Cuthbert Tunstall gbɔ atsɔ aɖe gbea gɔmee.

Ŋusẽxɔxɔ tso Tunstall gbɔ nɔ vevie, elabena se siwo wode le nunɔlawo ƒe aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe si wowɔ le Oxford le ƒe 1408 me, si woyɔna be Oxford Dukplɔse la xe mɔ ɖe Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe alo exexlẽ le degbewo me hã ŋu, negbe woxɔ mɔɖeɖe tso bisiɔp gbɔ ko hafi. Wotɔ dzo mawunyagblɔla geɖe siwo woyɔna be Lollardwo be aglãdzelawo wonye le esi wodo dzi da se sia dzi ta. Lollardwo xlẽ John Wycliffe ƒe Biblia si gɔme woɖe ɖe Eŋlisigbe me tso Vulgate me eye womãe na amewo. Tyndale bui be ɣeyiɣia de be woaɖe Kristotɔwo ƒe ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme tso Helagbe me ɖe gɔmeɖeɖe yeye aɖe, si sɔ kple xoxotɔa hena yeƒe sɔlemeha la kple Englandtɔwo.

Bisiɔp Tunstall nye nusrɔ̃la veviedola si de dzi ƒo na Erasmus geɖe ŋutɔ. Be Tyndale naɖo kpe eya ŋutɔ ƒe ŋutete dzi la, eɖe Isocrates ƒe nuƒo siwo woŋlɔ ɖe Helagbe sesẽ me la dometɔ ɖeka gɔme le Tunstall ƒe mɔɖeɖe te. Kakaɖedzi sesẽ aɖe nɔ Tyndale si be Tunstall ave ye nu aɖe mɔ na ye be yeaɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme. Nukae bisiɔp la wɔ?

Melɔ̃ O—Nukatae?

Togbɔ be ŋusẽgbalẽ nɔ Tyndale si hã la, Tunstall meɖe mɔ nɛ be wòakpɔ ye ŋu o. Eyata Tyndale va ŋlɔ agbalẽ be woabia gbe ye. Míenya ne Tunstall va lɔ̃ be yeaƒo nu kple Tyndale ya o, gake eƒe nyaŋuɖoɖo koe nye be, ‘Nye aƒea me yɔ.’ Nukatae Tunstall ɖoe kplikpaa gbe Tyndale alea?

Ðɔɖɔɖodɔ si Luther wɔ le Europa-nyigba dzi la, nɔ fu ɖem na Katolikoha la, eye wòwɔ dɔ de England hã. Le ƒe 1521 me la, Fia Henry VIII ta agbalẽ sesẽ aɖe tsɔ ʋli papa tae eye wòtsi tre ɖe Luther ŋu. Papa tsɔ ŋudzedzekpɔkpɔ da bubuŋkɔ ɖe Henry dzi be enye “Xɔsetaʋlila.”a Henry ƒe Papatenɔla Wolsey hã nɔa Luther ƒe agbalẽ siwo nu wode se ɖo be woagatsɔ va dua me o la tsɔtsrɔ̃ dzi vevie. Abe Katoliko bisiɔp si wɔa nuteƒe na papa ene la, fia la kple eƒe papatenɔla Tunstall se le wo ɖokui me be yewoatsi nukpɔsusu ɖesiaɖe si ade aglãdzela Luther dzi la nu. Ame gbãtɔ si wosusue nye Tyndale. Nukatae?

Esi Tyndale nɔ Walsh ƒomea gbɔ la, eƒo nu tsi tre ɖe wo gbɔ subɔsubɔhaŋgɔnɔlawo ƒe numanyamanya kple numalɔ̃malɔ̃ ŋu vɔvɔ̃manɔmee. John Stokesley si nɔ amesiawo dome la nya Tyndale nyuie le Oxford. Eva zu London bisiɔp si xɔ ɖe Cuthbert Tunstall teƒe.

Tsitretsitsi ɖe Tyndale ŋu gadze le nya aɖe si wòʋli kple osɔfo deŋgɔ aɖe si gblɔ be: “Ne Mawu ƒe se mele mía si o la, anyo na mí wu esi papa tɔ manɔ mía si o.” Tyndale tsɔ nya siwo womaŋlɔ be o ɖo nya sia ŋui nɛ be: ‘Metsi tre ɖe papa kple eƒe sewo katã ŋu. Ne Mawu na agbem ƒe geɖe la, mana agbledevi nanya Ŋɔŋlɔawo wu wò.’

Wohe Tyndale yi nunɔla si kpɔa Worcester nutoa me dzi gbɔ afisi woka aʋatso ɖe esi le be aglãdzelae wònye. Tyndale gblɔ emegbe be, “Eklẽ ŋku ɖem vevie eye wòdzum” wògblɔ kpee be ɖeko wòwɔ nu ɖe ŋunye abe “avũe” menye ene. Gake kpeɖodzi aɖeke meli si tae woabu fɔ Tyndale be aglãdzelae wònye o. Ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo bui be wogblɔ nya siawo katã na Tunstall le bebeme be woatsɔ akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe eƒe nyametsotso dzi.

Esi Tyndale nɔ London ƒe ɖeka megbe la, eƒo nya ta be: “Mɔ mele nye aƒeme le London be woaɖe Nubabla yeyea gɔme le afima o, eye mɔ mele England bliboa katã hã o.” Nyateƒee wòto. Le vɔvɔ̃ si li ku ɖe Luther ƒe dɔwɔna ŋuti la, agbalẽtala kae akatse be yeata Biblia ɖe Eŋlisigbe me le England? Eyata le ƒe 1524 me la, Tyndale tso Eŋlisi-Tsimɔa eye megatrɔ gbɔ gbeɖe o.

Europa Yiyi Kple Kuxi Bubuwo

William Tyndale kpɔ sitsoƒe le Germania kple eƒe agbalẽ veviawo. Eva kple £10 si exɔlɔ̃ Humphrey Monmouth, London asitsala xɔŋkɔ aɖe nyo dɔme nae. Ga si wona Tyndale ɣemaɣi la sɔ gbɔ be wòatsɔ ata Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo si wòwɔ ɖoɖo be yeaɖe egɔme lae. Wolé Monmouth emegbe be ekpe ɖe Tyndale ŋuti, eye wogblɔ be ede Luther dzi. Esi wobia nya Monmouth eye wodee London Mɔ̃ me la, tsɔtsɔkee wòbia Papatenɔla Wosley hafi woɖe asi le eŋu.

Míenya afisi tututu Tyndale yi le Germania o. Kpeɖodzi aɖewo ɖee fia be anye Hamburg ye wòyi eye be enɔ afima ƒe ɖeka. Ðe wo kple Luther wodo goa? Togbɔ be wotsɔ nya ɖe Monmouth ŋu be wo kplii wodo go hã la, kakaɖedzi aɖeke mele eŋu o. Nusi ko ŋu kakaɖedzi nɔ enye be: Tyndale nɔ Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme ɖem vevie. Afikae wòate ŋu ata eƒe gɔmeɖeɖeawo le? Etsɔ dɔa de asi na Peter Quentell le Cologne.

Nuwo nɔ edzi yim nyuie vaseɖe esime tsitretsiɖeŋula John Dobneck, si wogayɔna be Cochlaeus va nya nusi nɔ dzɔdzɔm. Enumake Cochlaeus gblɔ nya si wòse la na Henry VIII xɔlɔ̃ vevi aɖe si xɔ agbalẽ be woaxe mɔ ɖe Quentell ƒe agbalẽ si tam wòle na Tyndale la nu.

Tyndale kple eƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ William Roye, wosi kple Mateo ƒe Nyanyuia ƒe axa siwo wota vɔ la. Woɖo tɔdziʋu to Rhine-tɔsisia dzi yi Worms afisi wowu woƒe dɔa nu le. Ɣemaɣi woɖe Tyndale ƒe Nubabla Yeye ƒe tata gbãtɔ ɖekaɖeka 6,000 ɖe go.b

Ekpɔ Dzidzedze—Togbɔ Be Wotsi Tre Ðe Eŋu Hã

Egɔmeɖeɖe kple etata nye kuxi ɖeka. Biblia tsɔtsɔ yi Britania hã ganye kuxi bubu. Sɔlemeha ƒe amewo kple dziɖuɖumegãwo ɖoe kplikpaa be yewoaxe mɔ na tɔdziʋu siwo atso Eŋlisi-Tsimɔa, gake asitsala fanametɔwo kpe ɖe eŋu. Woɣla gɔmeɖeɖeawo ɖe avɔkpowo kple adzɔnuwo me, tsɔ gbã de va England-ƒutawo kple keke Scotland ke. Dzi ɖo Tyndale ƒo gake aʋa la ƒe gɔmedzedze koe nye ma.

Le February 11, 1526 dzi la, Papatenɔla Wosley, kpe ɖe bisiɔp 36 ŋu, woƒo ƒu ɖe Paul Kɔkɔe ƒe Gbedoxɔgã me le London “be woakpɔ agba si me yɔ fũ kple agbalẽwo la teƒe.” Tyndale ƒe gɔmeɖeɖe veviawo hã le eme. Tata gbãtɔ ma ƒe agbalẽ eve pɛ koe gali fifia. Ðeka hɔ̃ si de blibo (axa si dzi eƒe ŋkɔ le koe mele eme o) la le Britaniatɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe. Nukutɔe la, wokpɔ mamlea si me axa 71 si bu le me la, le Paul Kɔkɔe ƒe Gbedoxɔgã ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe. Ame aɖeke menya alesi wòwɔ va do ɖe afima o.

Tyndale yi edzi vɔvɔ̃manɔmee ta eƒe gɔmeɖeɖe bubu siwo Eŋlisi nunɔlawo xɔ le esi hetɔ dzoe. Ke Tunstall va trɔ eƒe ayemɔwo. Eƒoa asi kple asitsala si ŋkɔe nye Augustine Packington be wòaƒle agbalẽ ɖesiaɖe si Tyndale ta la, si me Nubabla Yeyea hã le, bene yeatɔ dzo wo. Packington wɔ ɖoɖo kple Tyndale tsɔ kpɔ nya sia gbɔe. Halle ƒe Chronicle gblɔ be: “Bisiɔp ƒle agbalẽawo, Packington xɔ akpedada, eye Tyndale kpɔ ga tso eme. Esi wota Nubabla Yeyea geɖe emegbe la, Biblia gbogbo aɖe va ɖo England.”

Nukatae subɔsubɔhakplɔlawo tsi tre ɖe Tyndale ƒe gɔmeɖeɖea ŋu vevie nenema? Esi Latin Vulgate meɖe nuŋlɔɖi kɔkɔe me nyuie o ta la, Tyndale ɖe egɔme tso blema Helagbe me si nye zi gbãtɔ si Biblia me gbedasiwo kɔ na Eŋlisigbedolawo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Tyndale ɖe Helagbemenya a·gaʹpe si gɔme woɖe be “dɔmenyowɔwɔ” la gɔme be “lɔlɔ̃” le Korintotɔwo I, ta 13. Ezã “hame” ɖe “sɔleme” teƒe tsɔ te gbe ɖe tadeagulawo dzi ke menye sɔlemexɔwo o. Nusi gaɖe fu na subɔsubɔhaŋgɔnɔlawo wu mlɔebae nye esi Tyndale zã “hamemegã” ɖe “nunɔla” teƒe eye wòzã “dzimetɔtrɔ” ɖe “fufiafiameɖokui” teƒe eye esiae xɔ ŋusẽ si nunɔlawo na wo ɖokui la le subɔsubɔhaŋgɔnɔlawo si. Abe alesi David Daniell gblɔe ene la: “Ŋutiklɔdzo meli o; nuvɔ̃meʋuʋu kple fufiafiameɖokui meli o. Nu eve siwo me Sɔlemeha la ƒe kesinɔnu kple ŋusẽ tsona la mu.” (William Tyndale—A Biography) Gbetɔame mawoe Tyndale ƒe gɔmeɖeɖea he vɛ, eye agbalẽnyala geɖe da asi ɖe alesi wòtia nyawoe wòsɔ pɛpɛpɛ la dzi.

Antwerp, Edede Asi, Kple Ewuwu

Le ƒe 1526 kple 1528 dome la, Tyndale ʋu yi Antwerp, afisi wònɔ dedie le le Eŋlisi sitsalawo dome. Eŋlɔ The Parable of the Wicked Mammon, The Obedience of a Christian Man, kple The Pratice of Prelates le afima. Tyndale yi eƒe Biblia gɔmeɖeɖea dzi eye eyae nye ame gbãtɔ si zã Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ, Yehowa le Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe Eŋlisigbe gɔmeɖeɖe me. Ŋkɔ sia dze wu zi 20.

Zi alesi Tyndale nɔ anyi kple exɔ̃lɔ kple dɔmenyowɔla Thomas Poyntz le Antwerp la, evo tso Wosley kple eƒe ŋkutsalawo ƒe fuɖenamewo si me. Wova nyae le alesi wòkpena ɖe dɔnɔwo kple ame dahewo ŋu me. Mlɔeba la, Henry Phillips to ayemɔ dzi wɔe be Tyndale gblɔ eƒe nya ɣaɣlawo nɛ. Ena be le ƒe 1535 me la, wodee asi eye wokplɔe yi Vilvorde Mɔ̃ si didi kilometa 10 tso Brussels ƒe dzigbe lɔƒo gbɔ la me. Wodee gaxɔ me le afima ɣleti 16.

Míenya amesi tututu dɔ Phillips o, gake wobui be anye Bisiɔp Stokesley si nɔa dzo tɔm “aglãdzelawo” le London ɣemaɣi kokokoe. W. J. Heaton gblɔ ɖe eƒe agbalẽ si nye The Bible of the Reformation me be esime Stokesley nɔ ku badzi la, “ekpɔ dzidzɔ be yetɔ dzo aglãdzela blatɔ̃ le yeƒe agbenɔɣi.” Woxlẽ William Tyndale hã, si nu wotro kɔ le hafi tɔ dzo eƒe kukua le dutoƒo le October 1536 me ɖe xexlẽme sia me.

Mawunyaŋutinunyala etɔ̃ siwo tso Louvain ƒe Katoliko Yunivɛsiti, afisi Phillips nɔ dɔ wɔm le, nɔ amesiwo bu fɔ Tyndale la dome. Louvain Yunivɛsitia ƒe nunɔlagã etɔ̃ kple bisiɔp etɔ̃ kple amegã bubuwo hã nɔ anyi esime wobu fɔ Tyndale be aglãdzelae wònye eye woxɔ nunɔladɔ le esi. Wo katã wokpɔ dzidzɔ ɖe ewuwu esime wòxɔ abe ƒe 42 ene la ŋu.

Ƒe siwo wu alafa ɖeka enye esia, agbeŋutinyaŋlɔla Robert Demaus gblɔ be: “Tyndale ɖe dzesi ɣesiaɣi le eƒe anukwareɖiɖi vɔvɔ̃manɔmee ta.” Tyndale ŋlɔ ɖo ɖe eƒe hadɔwɔla John Frith si Stokesley tɔ dzoe le London la be: “Nyemetrɔ ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ɖeka pɛ hã kpɔ le Mawu ƒe nya me tsɔ tsi tre ɖe nye dzitsinya ŋuti o, ne wotsɔ nusiwo katã le anyigba dzi eɖanye dzidzɔkpɔkpɔ, bubu alo kesinɔnu nam hã la, nyematrɔe egbea hã o.”

Aleae William Tyndale tsɔ eƒe agbe ɖo anyi be Englandtɔwo nate ŋu akpɔ Biblia si woaxlẽ bɔbɔe ase egɔme. Fu ka gbegbe enye si wòkpe—gake nunana xɔasi ka gbegbe enye si wònye!

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka si le axa 29]

GƆMEÐEÐE GBÃTƆWO

TYNDALE ƒe biabia be woaɖe Biblia gɔme ɖe ame tsɛwo degbe me nye nusi me nunya le alo womewɔ do ŋgɔ kpɔ o. Woɖe Biblia gɔme ɖe Anglo-Saxongbe me le ƒe alafa ewolia me. Biblia siwo gɔme woɖe tso Latingbe me bɔ ɖe Europa le ƒe alafa 15 lia ƒe nuwuwu: Germaniagbe (ƒe 1466), Italiagbe (ƒe 1471), Fransegbe (ƒe 1474), Czechoslovakiagbe (ƒe 1475), Netherlandsgbe (ƒe 1477), kple Catalangbe (ƒe 1478). Le ƒe 1522 me la, Martin Luther ɖe eƒe Nublabla Yeyea gɔme ɖe Germaniagbe me. Nya si ko Tyndale biae nye be nukatae womaɖe mɔ le England be woawɔe nenema ke o.

[Nɔnɔmetatawo Tsoƒe si le axa 26]

Biblia si dzi fotoa le: © The British Library Board; William Tyndale: Le Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College, Oxford Sukutatɔ ƒe mɔɖeɖe nu