Jerome Biblia Gɔmeɖeɖe Gɔmedzela si Ŋu Woʋli Nya Le

LE April 8, 1546 dzi la, Trent ƒe Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe de se be “[Katoliko] Ha la da asi ɖe [Latingbe me Vulgate] la dzi . . . eye ame aɖeke mekpɔ mɔ alo asusui le mɔ aɖeke nu be yeagbee o.” Togbɔ be wowu Vulgate la nu ƒe akpe ɖeka kple edzivɔ do ŋgɔ hã la, nyaʋiʋli nɔ wo kple egɔmeɖela Jerome ŋu ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe. Amekae nye Jerome? Nukatae ɖikeke nɔ wo kple eƒe Biblia gɔmeɖeɖea ŋu? Ŋusẽ kae dɔ si wòwɔ kpɔ ɖe Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe dzi egbea?

Alesi Wòwɔ Va Zu Agbalẽnyala

Jerome ƒe Latingbe me ŋkɔe nye Eusebius Hieronymus. Wodzii anye le ƒe 346 M.Ŋ. me le Stridon, le Roma nuto si nye Dalmatia me, afisi gogo de si tso egbegbe Italy kple Slovenia dome.a Alɔme nɔ edzilawo si vie, eye xexeme nyo nɛ le ɖevime wòsrɔ̃ nu le Rome le gbeŋutisenyala xɔŋkɔ Donatus gbɔ. Jerome nye sukuvi si gbeŋutisenyanya, dutoƒonuƒoƒo, kple xexemenunya ɖe na. Edze Helagbe hã sɔsrɔ̃ gɔme le ɣeyiɣi sia me.

Esi Jerome dzo le Rome le ƒe 366 M.Ŋ. me megbe la, eva nɔ tsaglãla tsam eye mlɔeba eva ɖo Aquileia, Italy, afisi wova fia nuteteameɖokuigbenɔnɔe le. Esi ɖokuidzizizi vevie ƒe nukpɔsusu sia dzɔ dzi nɛ ta la, eya kple exɔlɔ̃ aɖewo dze agbagba nɔ agbe ɖe nuteteameɖokuigbenɔnɔ sia nu le ƒe geɖe siwo kplɔe ɖo me.

Le ƒe 373 M.Ŋ. me la, tɔtɔ aɖe si womenya nusi gbɔ wòtso o na ƒuƒoƒoa kaka. Jerome tɔtɔ eye wògatsa tsaglãla ɖo ta ɣedzeƒe gome to Bithynia, Galatia, kple Cilicia eye mlɔeba wòva ɖo Antioch, le Syria.

Mɔ didia zɔzɔ gblẽ nu le eŋu. Esi ɖeɖi te Jerome ŋu eye eƒe lãme gbɔdzɔ ta la, ŋudza lée ƒu anyi kloe. Egblɔ le agbalẽ aɖe si wòŋlɔ na exɔlɔ̃ aɖe me be: “Oo, ɖe Aƒetɔ Yesu Kristo akplɔm va gbɔwò enumake hafi. Nye ŋutilã masẽmasẽ sia si nɔa beli ne meli nyuie gɔ̃ hãe gbɔdzɔ.”

Le dɔléle, akogotsitsi, kple dzimaɖitsitsi megbe la, eteƒe medidi o kuxi bubu gadze ŋgɔ Jerome—enye gbɔgbɔmetɔ. Eku drɔ̃e be “wohe ye yi [Mawu ƒe] ʋɔnudrɔ̃zikpui ŋkume.” Esi wobia tso Jerome si be wòaɖe eɖokui nu la, egblɔ be: “Kristotɔe menye.” Gake amesi nɔ zi me xɔ nya le enu gblɔ be: “Alakpa dam nèle, mèle Kristo yome o, Cicero yomedzelae nènye.”

Vaseɖe ɣemaɣi la, trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe xotutuwo sɔsrɔ̃e nɔ dzime na Jerome ke menye Mawu ƒe Nya sɔsrɔ̃ o. Egblɔ be: “Dzitsinya ƒe fuɖename wɔ funyafunyam.” Esi Jerome di be yeaɖɔ nɔnɔmea ɖo ta la, eka atam le drɔ̃eaƒe be: “Aƒetɔ, ne xexemegbalẽwo gava le asinye, alo ne megaxlẽ wo fĩ, ke megbe nu le Gbɔwò.”

Emegbe Jerome he nya be womate ŋu abia atam si yeka le drɔ̃eƒe ƒe akɔnta tso ye si o. Ke hã eɖoe be yeaxe yeƒe adzɔgbeɖefe—ne wòanye nyuiwɔwɔ ta ko. Eyata Jerome dzo le Antioch eye wòɖe eɖokui ɖe aga va nɔ Chalcis le Syria ƒe dzogbenyigba dzi. Eɖe eɖokui ɖe aga eye wòƒo eɖokui ɖe Biblia kple mawunyagbalẽwo sɔsrɔ̃ me. Jerome gblɔ be: “Veviedodo si metsɔ srɔ̃ Mawu ƒe agbalẽwo nu sẽ wu esi metsɔ srɔ̃ amewo ƒe agbalẽwoe tsã.” Esrɔ̃ nutoa me ƒe Siriagbe hã eye Yudatɔ aɖe si zu Kristotɔ kpe ɖe eŋu wòdze Hebrigbe sɔsrɔ̃ gɔme.

Papa De Dɔ Asi Nɛ

Esi Jerome nɔ saɖagaxɔ me anɔ ƒe atɔ̃ megbe la, etrɔ yi Antioch be yeagayi yeƒe nusɔsrɔ̃a dzi. Gake esi wòva ɖo la, ekpɔ be mamã gã aɖe nɔ sɔlemeha la me. Le nyateƒe me, esi Jerome nɔ dzogbea la, eɖe kuku na Papa Damasus be wòaɖo aɖaŋu na ye; egblɔ be: “Sɔlemeha la mã ɖe akpa etɔ̃ me, eye wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe di be yewoana mava nɔ yewoƒe akpa dzi.”

Le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, Jerome va nɔ Paulinus, amesi nye ame etɔ̃ siwo be yewoe dze anye bisiɔp le Antioch dometɔ ɖeka, ƒe akpa dzi. Jerome lɔ̃ be Paulinus naɖo ye nunɔlae ne alɔ̃ ɖe yeƒe nubiabia eve dzi. Gbã la, edi be woana yeavo ayi yeƒe saɖagaxɔmegbenɔnɔ dzi. Eye evelia, ete tɔ ɖe edzi be womegana yeanye sɔlemeha ɖeka aɖe ko ƒe nunɔla o.

Le ƒe 381 M.Ŋ. me la, Jerome dze Paulinus yome woyi Constantinople ƒe Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe eye emegbe ekplɔe ɖo woyi Rome. Papa Damasus kpɔ Jerome ƒe agbalẽnyanya kple gbesese ŋutete dze sii enumake. Kaka ƒe ɖeka nava yi la, wodo Jerome ɖe dzi ale be wona bubunɔƒee wòzu Damasus ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla.

Esi Jerome nye agbalẽŋlɔla ta la, nyaʋiʋli megbe eŋu nɔnɔ o. Ne mede ɖeke o hã la, ewɔ abe eya ŋutɔ ƒe nuwɔna hãe naa woʋlia nya le eŋu ene. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, ekpɔtɔ ganɔ nu tem eɖokui le papawo ƒe nɔƒe si me kesinɔnuwo bɔ ɖo. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, alesi Jerome nɔ gbeƒã ɖem eƒe nuteteameɖokuigbenɔnɔa eye wòƒoa nu tsia tre ɖe subɔsubɔhakplɔlawo ƒe agbeblibaɖuɖu ŋu vevie ta la, futɔ geɖe va nɔ eŋu.

Gake togbɔ be amewo hea nya ɖe Jerome ŋu hã la, Papa Damasus nɔ megbe nɛ bliboe. Susu nyui aɖewo tae papa la de dzi ƒo na Jerome be wòayi eƒe Biblia me numekukua dzi ɖo. Latingbe me Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe vovovo nɔ anyi wonɔ zazãm ɣemaɣi. Womegbɔ dzi ɖi ɖe wo dometɔ geɖe gɔme o, eye vodadawo dze le wo me gaglãa. Nu bubu si ŋu Damasus tsi dzi ɖoe nye alesi gbegbɔgblɔ va nɔ mamã dem sɔlemeha siwo nɔ Ɣedzeƒe kple Ɣetoɖoƒe nutowo me la me. Ame ʋee aɖewo koe se Latingbe le Ɣedzeƒe nutome; eye Helagbe maselawo le ʋee wu le Ɣetoɖoƒe gome.

Eyata Papa Damasus di vevie be woagbugbɔ Latingbe me Nyanyuigbalẽawo gɔme aɖe. Damasus di be woawɔ gɔmeɖeɖe si me Helagbe si me woŋlɔ Biblia ɖo gbã la ƒe gɔmesese akuakua adze le, ke hã Latingbea nanɔ tẽ egɔme nanya se. Jerome nye agbalẽnyala ʋee siwo li la dometɔ ɖeka si ate ŋu awɔ gɔmeɖeɖe sia nyuie. Esi wòbi ɖe Hela, Latin, kple Siria gbewo me eye wòte ŋu gblɔa Hebrigbea ta la, edze nyuie na dɔa wɔwɔ. Eyata esi Damasus dee asi na Jerome la, edze dɔ si axɔ eƒe agbenɔƒe 20 kple edzivɔ siwo gale ŋgɔ nɛ la gɔme.

Nyaʋiʋlia nu Gasẽ Ðe Edzi

Togbɔ be Jerome ƒe asi nɔ tsɔtsɔm ɖe Nyanyuigbalẽawo gɔmeɖeɖe ŋu hã la, agbalẽnyanya ƒe aɖaŋu dze ƒã le eŋu. Etsɔ Helagbe me asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ siwo katã nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi sɔ kple wo nɔewo eye ewɔ ɖɔɖɔɖo le Latingbe me tɔawo ƒe atsyã kple gɔmesese ŋu bene gɔmesesea nasɔ kple Helagbe me nuŋlɔɖia.

Ame akpa gãtɔ xɔ Nyanyuigbalẽawo ƒe gɔmeɖeɖe si Jerome wɔ la nyuie, eye nenemae woxɔ Latingbe me Psalmo siwo ŋu wònɔ te ɖe Helagbe me Septuagint nuŋlɔɖiwo dzi gbugbɔ trɔ asi le hã. Ke hã vodadakpɔleameŋulawo ganɔ eŋu. Jerome ŋlɔ be: “Ame ɖigbɔ aɖewo ɖoe koŋ le fɔbunya geɖe tsɔm ɖe ŋunye be mete kpɔ ɖɔ nyanyuigbalẽawo me nyawo ɖo, evɔ mesɔ na blemagbalẽnyalawo o eye xexeme bliboa mede edzi o hafi.” Fɔbuame siawo nu gasẽ ɖe edzi le Papa Damasus ƒe ku le ƒe 384 M.Ŋ. megbe. Ƒomedodo nyui aɖeke menɔ Jerome kple papa yeyea dome o, eyata edzo yi Rome. Jerome gaɖo ta ɣedzeƒe ake.

Alesi Wòwɔ Va Zu Hebri Gbalẽnyalae

Le ƒe 386 M.Ŋ. me la, Jerome va nɔ Bethlehem, afisi wòva tsi le eƒe agbenɔƒe susɔeawo me. Eyomedzela wɔnuteƒe ʋee aɖewo kplɔe ɖo, eye Paula si nye Rome-nyɔnu gatɔ bubume aɖe hã nɔ wo dome. Alesi Jerome ɖe gbeƒã ɖokuimamlãgbenɔnɔ ye na Paula hã zu ɖokuimlãla. Nyɔnu sia na gakpekpeɖeŋu ale be wòtu saɖagaxɔ aɖe le Jerome ƒe mɔfiafia te. Afimae wòyi eƒe agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃a dzi le eye wòwu eƒe agbemedɔ gãtɔ kekeake nu.

Palestine nɔnɔ na mɔnukpɔkpɔ su Jerome si wòdzi eƒe Hebrigbe nyanya ɖe edzi. Exe fe na Yudatɔ nufiala aɖewo be woakpe ɖe ye ŋu yease gbea ƒe akpa siwo gɔmesese sesẽ me. Togbɔ be nufialawo nɔ eŋu hã la, menɔ bɔbɔe o. Jerome gblɔ le nufialaawo dometɔ ɖeka si nye Baraninas si tso Tiberias ŋu be: “Mekpe fu geɖe eye mexe ga geɖe hafi asinye te ŋu su Baraninas dzi wòfiaa num le zã me.” Nukatae wònye zã mee wosrɔ̃a nu? Le esi Baraninas vɔ̃ na alesi Yudatɔwo abui be yele ha dem kple “Kristotɔ” ta!

Zi geɖe le Jerome ŋɔli la, Yudatɔwo ɖua fewu le Trɔ̃subɔdukɔwo me tɔ siwo gblɔa Hebrigbe ŋu le esi womete ŋu yɔa vemegbeɖiɖiwo nyuie o ta. Gake le agbagbadzedze geɖe megbe la, gbeɖiɖi siawo yɔyɔ va mã Jerome. Jerome ŋlɔ Hebrigbe me nya geɖe ɖe Latingbe me nuyɔyɔ me le alesi woɖina nu hã. Menye ɖe afɔɖeɖe sia kpe ɖe eŋu wòɖoa ŋku nyaawo dzi ko o ke ekpɔ alesi woyɔa Hebrigbe me nyaawo ɣemaɣi ta hã.

Jerome Ŋuti Nyaʋiʋli Vevitɔ

Womenya Biblia ƒe akpa kawo tututu gɔme Papa Damasus di be Jerome naɖe o. Gake ɖikeke boo aɖeke mele alesi Jerome bu egɔmeɖeɖee ŋu o. Nu ɖekae nɔ tame na Jerome eye eɖoe kplikpaa. Eƒe didi vevie enye be yeawɔ nane si “aɖe vi na Sɔlemeha la ahaɖe vi na megbeviwo katã.” Eyata eɖoe be yeagbugbɔ Latingbe me Biblia bliboa gɔme aɖe.

Le Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo gome la, Jerome ɖoe be yeakpɔ Septuagint la dzi. Ame geɖe bua Helagbe me Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe gɔmeɖeɖe sia si gɔme woɖe zi gbãtɔ le ƒe alafa etɔ̃lia D.M.Ŋ. me be Mawu ƒe gbɔgbɔe ʋã amewo tẽ wowɔe. Eyata Septuagint la nɔ ɣemaɣi ƒe Kristotɔ Helagbedola geɖe si.

Gake esi Jerome nɔ eƒe dɔa dzi la, eva kpɔ vovototo aɖewo le Helagbe me asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo me, siwo ɖi esiwo wòkpɔ le Latingbe me tɔawo me. Dzi gava ɖe le Jerome ƒo ɖe edzi. Mlɔeba eva tso nya me be hafi yeawɔ gɔmeɖeɖe si ŋu kakaɖedzi anɔ la, ke ele be yeaɖe asi le Helagbe me asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽawo kpakple Septuagint si ŋu bubu nɔ ŋu, ale be yeazã Hebrigbe me nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔa tẽ.

Amewo he nya ɖe nyametsotso sia ŋu ŋutɔ. Ame aɖewo va bu Jerome be eblu afɔ na nuŋlɔɖiawo, be edo vlo Mawu, be eɖe asi le sɔlemehaa ƒe kɔnyinyiwo ŋu va de Yudatɔwo dzi. Augustine—amesi nye sɔlemeha la ƒe mawunyaŋununyala xɔŋkɔ ɣemaɣi—gɔ̃ hã ɖe kuku na Jerome be wòatrɔ ɖe Septuagint nuŋlɔɖia ŋu hegblɔ be: “Ne ame akpa gãtɔ va dze wò gɔmeɖeɖea xexlẽ gɔme le sɔlemeha geɖe me la, anye vodada gã ŋutɔ be masɔmasɔ nava nɔ Latingbe me Ha la kple Helagbe me Ha la dome le Ŋɔŋlɔawo xexlẽ ta.”

Ẽ, Augustine vɔ̃ be sɔlemeha la amã ne Ɣetoɖoƒe ha la zã Jerome ƒe Latingbe me ŋɔŋlɔa—si wòtu ɖe Hebrigbe me ŋɔŋlɔawo dzi—eye Helagbe me ha siwo le Ɣedzeƒe kpɔtɔ le Septuagint gɔmeɖeɖea zãm.b Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, Augustine ɖee gblɔ be yemelɔ̃ be woaɖe asi le Septuagint la ŋu azã esi nu Jerome dzaa ko ate ŋu aɖe o.

Aleke Jerome wɔ nu ɖe tsitretsiɖeŋula siawo katã ŋui? Jerome mede nu eme na amesiwo ke ɖii la o eye nenemae wòwɔa nui. Eyi edzi kpɔ Hebrigbe me nuŋlɔɖiwo dzi tẽ tsɔ wɔ eƒe gɔmeɖeɖea, eye ewu eƒe Latingbe me Biblia la gɔmeɖeɖe nu le ƒe 405 M.Ŋ. me. Le ƒe geɖe megbe la, wova tsɔ ŋkɔ na gɔmeɖeɖe si wòwɔ la be Vulgate, si fia gɔmeɖeɖe si bɔ (Latingbe me nya vulgatus gɔmee nye “nusi bɔ, nusi sɔ na ame gbogbotɔ”).

Dɔwɔna Siwo Anɔ Anyi Ɣeyiɣi Didi

Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo si gɔme Jerome ɖe menye nuŋlɔɖi siwo nɔ anyi xoxo me toto dzro ko o. Etrɔ Biblia sɔsrɔ̃ kple egɔmeɖeɖe na megbeviwo. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Will Durant gblɔ be: “Vulgate la kpɔtɔ nye agbalẽ vevitɔ kekeake si woŋlɔ le ƒe alafa enelia me kple esi kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe amewo dzi wu ɖesiaɖe.”

Togbɔ be Jerome ƒe numenya vena eye wòlɔ̃a nyahehe hã la, eya ɖeka gbugbɔ trɔ Biblia-mekulawo ƒe susu ɖe Hebrigbe me nuŋlɔɖi si tso gbɔgbɔ me ŋu. Eke ŋku ɖe Hebri kple Hela gbe me Biblia-gbalẽ siwo woŋlɔ kple asi siwo megale mía si egbea o me srɔ̃ wo eye wòtsɔ wo sɔ kple wo nɔewo hã. Eƒe gɔmeɖeɖea do ŋgɔ na Yudatɔ Masoretwo tɔ hã. Eyata Vulgate la nye nyadigbalẽ vevi aɖe si woate ŋu azã ne wotsɔ Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe vovovowo le sɔsɔm kple wo nɔewo.

Togbɔ be Mawu ƒe Nya la lɔ̃lawo made eƒe sesẽnuwɔwɔ kple susu si nɔ esi le subɔsubɔnyawo me dzi o hã la, woakpɔ ŋudzedze ɖe agbagba siwo Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe gɔmedzela sia si ŋu woʋli nya le la dze kutrikukutɔe ŋu. Eye nyateƒee, Jerome ɖo eƒe taɖodzinua gbɔ—ewɔ nusi ‘aɖe vi na megbeviwo katã.’

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 28]

Jerome ƒe kpetata le Bethlehem

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Garo Nalbandian

[Nɔnɔmetatawo Tsoƒe si le axa 26]

Etame le miame, Hebrigbe me asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ: Courtesy of the Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem; Ete le miame, Syriagbe me asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ: Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin; Etame le domedome, Helagbe me asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ: Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority