“Siria Dzogbe Ƒe Aƒenɔ Ðayibɔtɔ La”

EƑE ŋutigbalẽ nyɔ, eƒe aɖuwo fu abe dzonu ɣi ene, ŋku yibɔ le esi eye woklẽna. Enya agbalẽ eye ebi ɖe nuƒoƒo me. Wogblɔ be tagbɔ le fianyɔnu aʋawɔla sia si wu Cleopatra eye eƒe tugbedzedze de etɔ nu. Le esi dzi nɔ eƒo wòwɔ avu kple xexemefiaɖuƒe si ƒo ɖesiaɖe ta le eŋɔli ta la, ena nudzɔdzɔ aɖe si wogblɔ ɖi le Ŋɔŋlɔawo me va eme. Ƒe geɖe le eƒe ku megbe la, agbalẽŋlɔlawo kafui, eye nutalawo wɔ eƒe nɔnɔmetata dzeaniwo. Ƒe alafa 19 lia me hakpanyaŋlɔla aɖe ɖɔe be enye “Siria dzogbe ƒe aƒenɔ ɖayibɔtɔ la.” Nyɔnu si wokafu alea gbegbee nye Zenobia—Siria-dugã Palmyra ƒe fianyɔnu.

Aleke Zenobia wɔ va xɔ ŋkɔ? Aleke dunyahenyawo nɔ hafi wòva xɔ dziɖuŋusẽ? Nɔnɔme kae nɔ esi? Eye akpa kae fianyɔnu sia wɔ le nyagblɔɖi me vava me? Gbã, de ŋugble le anyigba ƒe nuto si me nyaawo dzɔ le ŋu.

Dugã si Le Dzogbe ƒe Liƒo Dzi

Zenobia ƒe dugã, Palmyra, nɔ Damasko ƒe dzieheɣedzeƒe gome anɔ kilometa 210, le Siria Dzogbe ƒe dzieheliƒo dzi afisi Anti-Lebanon towo ɖi abu zu gbadzaƒe le. Dugã sia si ƒe anyigba nyo le dzogbenutoa me la nɔ domedome na Mediterranea-ƒu si le ɣetoɖoƒe gome kple Frat Tɔsisi si le ɣedzeƒe gome. Ðewohĩ Tadmor ye Fia Salomo nya nɛ, eye teƒe sia wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le eƒe fiaɖuƒea ƒe dedienɔnɔ me le susu eve ta: enye afisi asrafowo nɔna kpɔa dzieheliƒoa ta eye enye du vevi aɖe le agbadroƒeduawo dome. Eyata Salomo ‘gbugbɔ tso Tadmor le gbedzi.’—Kronika II, 8:4.

Womegagblɔ nya aɖeke le Tadmor ŋu le ƒe akpe ɖeka siwo kplɔ Fia Salomo ƒe dziɖuɣi ɖo me o. Ne nyateƒee wònye be eyae nye Palmyra la, ke esime Siria va zu asrafonɔƒe le duta na Roma Fiaɖuƒea le ƒe 64 D.M.Ŋ. mee wòva dze ŋkɔxɔxɔ gɔme. Richard Stoneman gblɔ le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Palmyra and Its Empire—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome me be: “Palmyra nɔ vevie na Roma le go eve me, le ganyawo kple asrafonyawo gome.” Esi dugã sia si me detiwo bɔ ɖo nye asitsadu vevi aɖe nɔ Roma kple Mesopotamia kpakple Ɣedzeƒenutowo dome ta la, blema xexeame ƒe adzɔnu xɔasi geɖe toa eme—nuɖuɖuvivinu siwo tso Ɣedzeƒe India, seda tso China, kple adzɔnu bubu siwo tso Persia, Anyigbe Mesopotamia, kple Mediterranea-nyigbawo dzi. Nusiawo dɔdɔ tso duta nɔ vevie na Roma.

Le aʋawɔwɔ gome la, Siria nye teƒe si mã futɔ sesẽ siwo nye Roma kple Persia dome. Frat-tɔsisia tso Roma kple nuto si nɔ eƒe ɣedzeƒe gome dome le Mía Ŋɔli ƒe ƒe 250 gbãtɔawo me. Palmyra nɔ dzogbea godo tututu, le Dura-Europos si nye du si nɔ Frat-tɔsisia to ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe gome. Le teƒe vevi si Palmyra nɔ ta la, Roma fiagã aɖewo siwo dometɔ aɖewo nye Hadrian kple Valerian dea afima. Hadrian wɔ akpa aɖe le dua ƒe xɔtutu dzeaniawo me eye ena nu geɖe. Valerian na teƒeɖoɖo Palmyra-bubume aɖe si woyɔna be Odaenathus—amesi nye Zenobia srɔ̃—ale be edoe ɖe dzi le ƒe 258 M.Ŋ. me wòzu Roma dziɖuɖuteƒenɔla le esi wòwɔ aʋa kple Persia eye wòkeke Roma Fiaɖuƒea ƒe liƒo ɖe enu wòɖo Mesopotamia ta. Zenobia wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le srɔ̃a ƒe dziɖuŋusẽkpɔkpɔ me. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Edward Gibbon ŋlɔ be: “Odenathus ƒe dzidzedzekpɔkpɔ ƒe akpa gãtɔ tso srɔ̃a [Zenobia ƒe] aɖaŋudzedze kple ŋutete gbɔ.”

Le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, Persia Fia Sapor ɖoe be yeaʋli Roma ƒe ŋusẽ le esi eye yeagbugbɔ aɖu nuto siwo katã dzi Persia ɖu tsã dzi. Ekplɔ aʋakɔ sesẽ aɖe eye wòɖe zɔ ɖo ta ɣetoɖoƒe gome hexɔ Nisibis kple Carrhae (Haran), siwo nye Roma-srafowo nɔƒe, eye wòtsrɔ̃ dziehe Siria kple Kilikia. Fiagã Valerian ŋutɔ kplɔ eƒe aʋakɔwo wova wɔ aʋa kple futɔawo gake Persiatɔwo ɖu edzi eye wolée.

Odaenathus kpɔe be enye ɣeyiɣi si sɔ wòle be yeaɖo nunana xɔasiwo kple ŋutifafanya ɖe Persia-fia la. Fia Sapor ɖe gbe dadatɔe be woatsɔ nunanaawo akɔ ɖe Frat-tɔsisia me eye wògblɔ be Odaenathus nabu eɖokui aboyome ava ɖe kuku le ye ŋkume. Le ema teƒe la, Palmyratɔwo ƒo dzogbenɔla tsatsalawo kple Roma-srafo siwo susɔ nu ƒu wozu aʋakɔ eye wova nɔ Persiatɔ siwo trɔ dzo yina azɔ la dzi dzem. Le dzogbeʋawɔlaawo ƒe amedzidzedze le vome ta la, Sapor ƒe asrafowo—amesiwo ŋu ɖeɖi te le aʋawɔwɔ ta kple aboyonu gbogbo siwo wotsɔ ta—mete ŋu ʋli wo ɖokui ta o eye wòhiã be woasi adzo.

Esi Valerian ƒe vi Gallienus, amesi va xɔ ɖe fofoa teƒe nɔ bubu dem Odaenathus ŋu le Sapor dzi ɖuɖu ta la, eda ŋkɔ ɖe edzi be enye corrector totius Orientis (Ɣedzeƒe katã dziɖula). Le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, Odaenathus ŋutɔ tsɔ “fiawo dzi fia” na eɖokui.

Zenobia Di be Yeaɖo Fiaɖuƒe

Le ƒe 267 M.Ŋ. me esime Odaenathus ɖo eƒe ɖoƒe kɔkɔtɔ la, wowu eya kple via si axɔ ɖe eteƒe, eye anye nɔvia aɖe ƒe vi si bi dzi ɖe wo ŋue wu wo. Zenobia va xɔ ɖe srɔ̃a teƒe le esi viaŋutsu nɔ sue akpa ta. Alesi wòdze tugbe, wòdi ŋkɔxɔxɔ, wòbi ɖe dɔdzikpɔkpɔ me, wònɔa srɔ̃a ŋu woyia aʋa, kple alesi wòte ŋu gblɔa gbe geɖe ta la, ete ŋu wɔe be eteviwo de bubu eŋu eye wonɔ megbe nɛ—menye nuwɔna feŋui wònye le Bedouinwo dome o. Zenobia lɔ̃a nusɔsrɔ̃ eye ena agbalẽnyalawo nɔ eŋu. Eƒe aɖaŋuɖolawo dometɔ ɖekae nye xexemenunyala kple dutoƒonuƒola bibi Cassius Longinus—amesi wogblɔ be enye “agbalẽdzraɖoƒe kple blemanudzraɖoƒe si le azɔli dzi.” Agbalẽŋlɔla Stoneman gblɔ be: “Le ƒe atɔ̃ siwo kplɔ Odenathus ƒe ku ɖo me la, . . . Zenobia na eƒe amewo va nyae be enye Ɣedzeƒetɔwo ƒe aƒenɔ.”

Fiaɖuƒe siwo nɔ Zenobia ƒe fiaɖuƒe ƒe liƒo dzi dometɔ ɖekae nye Persia si si eya kple srɔ̃ woxɔ ŋusẽ le, kpakple Roma si nɔ gbagbãm. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla J. M. Roberts gblɔ le alesi nuwo nɔ le Roma Fiaɖuƒea me ɣemaɣi ŋu be: “Ƒe alafa etɔ̃lia nye . . . ɣeyiɣi sesẽ ŋutɔ aɖe na Roma le ɣedzeƒe kple ɣetoɖoƒe goawo katã me, eye le dua ŋutɔŋutɔ me hã la, dukɔmeviʋa kple amesiwo axɔ ɖe fiawo teƒe ŋuti dzrehehe do mo ɖa. Fiagã blaeve vɔ eve (alakpafiawo mele eme o) ɖu dzi kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo.” Gake Siria-ƒenɔa ya li ke nye fiagã koŋ le eƒe dziɖuƒe. Stoneman gblɔ be: “Esi wòkpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe fiaɖuƒe eve [Persia kple Roma] dzi ta la, ate ŋu adi be yeaɖo etɔ̃lia si akpɔ ŋusẽ wu evea siaa.”

Mɔnukpɔkpɔ ʋu na Zenobia le ƒe 269 M.Ŋ. me be wòakeke eƒe fiaɖuŋusẽ ɖe enu esime alakpafia aɖe tso le Egipte nɔ nya ʋlim be yee dze aɖu Roma dzi. Zenobia ƒe asrafowo ɖe zɔ ge ɖe Egipte enumake hewu aglãdzela la, eye woxɔ dukɔa. Etso gaku siwo dzi eƒe ŋkɔ nɔ tsɔ ɖe gbeƒã eɖokui be yezu Egipte-fia. Eƒe fiaɖuƒe keke ta tso Nile-tɔsisia nu vaseɖe Frat-tɔsisi nu azɔ. Le ɣeyiɣi sia me le eƒe agbe me la, eva zu ‘anyiehefia’ si Daniel yɔ le Biblia ƒe nyagblɔɖi me, elabena eƒe fiaɖuƒee kpɔ ŋusẽ le Daniel denyigba ƒe anyiehe gome ɣemaɣi. (Daniel 11:25, 26) Eɖu Asia Sue ƒe akpa gãtɔ hã dzi.

Zenobia do ŋusẽ eƒe fiadu Palmyra eye wòɖo atsyɔ̃ nɛ ale gbegbe be enɔ tasɔsɔ me kple Roma fiaɖuƒea ƒe dugãwo. Ame agbɔsɔsɔme si wobu be wonɔ eme sɔ gbɔ wu 150,000. Duxɔ dzeaniwo, gbedoxɔwo, abɔwo, sɔtiwo, kple ŋkuɖodzinuwo yɔ dua me, eye gli siwo woɖo ƒo xlã dua didi ade kilometa 21 godoo va kpe. Wona Korinto-sɔti ƒomevi siwo kɔkɔ wu meta 15—wo katã woade 1,500—nɔ agbaka me le ablɔ gãtɔ to. Kalẽtɔwo kple nunala kesinɔtɔwo ƒe kpememe vovovowo yɔ dua me. Le ƒe 271 M.Ŋ. me la, Zenobia wɔ kpememe eve na eya ŋutɔ kple srɔ̃a si ku. Palmyra va nɔ keklẽm abe kpe xɔasi aɖe ene le dzogbea ƒe liƒo dzi.

Ɣe ƒe Gbedoxɔ nye xɔ dzeani siwo nɔ Palmyra dometɔ ɖeka eye ɖikeke mele eme o be exɔ nɔƒe vevi le subɔsubɔnyawo me le dua me. Anɔ eme be Zenobia hã de ta agu na mawu aɖe si do ƒome kple ɣemawua. Gake mawusubɔsubɔ ƒomevi vovovo nɔ Siria le ƒe alafa etɔ̃lia me. Amesiwo be yewonye Kristotɔwo, Yudatɔwo, ɣletivimefakalawo, kple ɣe kpakple dzinu subɔlawo nɔ Zenobia ƒe dziɖuƒea me. Alekee nye eƒe nɔnɔme ɖe subɔsubɔ ƒomevi vovovo siwo nɔ eƒe fiaɖuƒea me ŋu? Agbalẽŋlɔla Stoneman gblɔ be: “Dziɖula nyanu aɖeke maŋe aɖaba aƒu kɔnu siwo wɔ abe ɖe wodze eƒe amewo ŋu ene dometɔ aɖeke dzi o. . . . Wosusui be . . . woƒo mawuawo nu ƒu wova le Palmyra ƒe akpa dzi.” Edze ƒã be Zenobia ɖe mɔ ɖe subɔsubɔ ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe ŋu. Gake ɖe ‘woƒo mawuawo nu ƒu wova le Palmyra ƒe akpa dzi’ nyateƒea? Nukae gbɔna dzɔdzɔ ge ɖe Palmyra kple eƒe “dziɖula nyanu” la dzi?

Fiagã aɖe ‘Do Ŋusẽ Eƒe Dzi’ Ðe Zenobia Ŋu

Aurelian va zu Roma-fiagã le ƒe 270 M.Ŋ. me. Eƒe aʋakɔwo te ŋu nyã dutatɔ siwo nɔ dziehe gome bɔbɔe eye wotu nu kple wo nyuie. Le ƒe 271 M.Ŋ. me la, Aurelian—amesi tsi tre ɖi na ‘dziehefia’ le Daniel ƒe nyagblɔɖia me azɔ—‘do ŋusẽ eɖokui kple eƒe dzi ɖe anyiehefia’ si Zenobia tsi tre ɖi na ŋu. (Daniel 11:25a) Aurelian dɔ eƒe aʋakɔ aɖewo ɖe Egipte tẽ eye wòkplɔ eƒe aʋakɔa ŋutɔ woɖo ta ɣedzeƒe gome to Asia Sue.

Anyiehefia—si nye dziɖuŋusẽ si ƒe tae nye Zenobia—‘do ŋusẽ eɖokui’ be yeawɔ aʋa kple Aurelian eye “[wòtsɔ] aʋakɔ gã, si teƒe mekɔ o” siwo nu aʋafia eve, Zabdas kple Zabai nɔ. (Daniel 11:25b) Gake Aurelian xɔ Egipte eye wòwɔ aʋa ge ɖe Asia Sue kple Siria. Woɖu Zenobia dzi le Emesa (si nye Homs fifia), eye wòtrɔ yi Palmyra.

Esime Aurelian ɖe to ɖe Palmyra ŋu la, Zenobia susu be woaxɔ na ye, eye wo kple via wosi ɖo ta Persia, gake Romatɔawo va lé wo le Frat Tɔsisia nu. Palmyratɔwo ɖe asi le woƒe dugã la ŋu le ƒe 272 M.Ŋ. me. Aurelian kpɔ nublanui na dua me tɔwo, eye wòlɔ aboyonu gbogbo aɖewo siwo dome legba si nɔ Ɣe ƒe Gbedoxɔ me hã nɔ, eye wòdzo yi Roma. Roma-fiagã la mewu Zenobia o, ale be ena wònye nukpɔkpɔ vevitɔ le aʋadziɖuɖu ƒe gbɔlɔlɔ to Roma me le ƒe 274 M.Ŋ. me. Eva zu Roma-nyɔnu bubume le eƒe agbemeŋkeke mamlɛwo me.

Wotsrɔ̃ Dzogbe Dugã La

Dzinu aɖewo le esime Aurelian si Palmyra vɔ megbe la, Palmyratɔwo va gbã Roma-srafonɔƒe si wògblẽ ɖi. Esi Aurelian se aglãdzenuwɔna ŋuti nya la, eɖe gbe na eƒe asrafowo enumake be woati wo yome, eye fifia ya wobiã hlɔ̃ dua me tɔwo eteƒe mekɔ o. Wokplɔ amesiwo womewu le amewuwu tagbɔsesẽtɔe sia me o yi kluvinyenye me. Woha dugã xɔŋkɔ sia me nuwo eye wotsrɔ̃e ale be manyo be woagbugbɔe atso o. Eyata dugã sia si me agbe nɔ va yi gazu abe alesi wònɔ tsã ene—“Tadmor le gbe dzi.”

Esi Zenobia do dzi kpe aʋa kple Roma la, eya kple Fiagã Aurelian wowɔ woƒe akpa dzi hezu ‘anyiehefia’ kple ‘dziehefia’ le manyamanya me, ale be nya si Yehowa ƒe nyagblɔɖila gblɔ ɖi tsitotsito anɔ ƒe 800 do ŋgɔ ƒe akpa aɖe va eme. (Daniel ta 11) Amenyenye wɔdɔɖeamedzi si nɔ Zenobia si na eƒe nu nyo ame geɖe ŋu. Gake nu vevitɔe nye akpa si wòwɔ be wòtsi tre ɖi na dunyahela si wogblɔ ɖi le Daniel ƒe nyagblɔɖi me. Meɖu dzi wu ƒe atɔ̃ o. Kɔƒe koe Palmyra si nye Zenobia ƒe fiaɖuƒea ƒe fiadu zu egbea. Roma Fiaɖuƒe gã sesẽa gɔ̃ hã bu eye ege ɖe egbegbe fiaɖuƒewo me. Aleke etsɔme anɔ na fiaɖuƒe siawo? Woawo hã ƒe etsɔme nɔ te ɖe Biblia ƒe nyagblɔɖi siwo ava eme kokoko dzi.—Daniel 2:44.

[Aɖaka si le axa 29]

Nusi Zenobia Gblẽ Ði

Esi Fiagã Aurelian si Zenobia, amesi nye Palmyra fianyɔnu, vɔ eye wògbɔ va Roma la, etu gbedoxɔ na ɣe. Eda ɣemawu ƒe legba siwo wòtsɔ tso fianyɔnua ƒe dugãa me ɖe afima. Esi magazine si nye History Today nɔ nu ƒom tso nusiwo va dzɔ emegbe ŋu la, egblɔ be: “Ðewohĩ nusiwo Aurelian wɔ wòtsi anyi wu ɖesiaɖee nye ɣe ƒe ƒezã si wòɖo anyi le ƒe 274 M.Ŋ. me si dzea vuvɔŋɔli me le December 25 lia dzi. Esime fiaɖuƒea me tɔwo zu Kristotɔwo la, wotsɔ Kristo ƒe dzigbe va da ɖe ɣletiŋkeke sia dzi bene amesiwo azã xoxoa dzɔa dzi na la naxɔ subɔsubɔ yeyea bɔbɔe. Ewɔ mo yaa ŋutɔ be mlɔeba woabui be Nyɔnufiagã Zenobia gbɔe wòtso be . . . [amewo] ɖua Kristmas si míenya.”

[Anyigbatata/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 28, 29]

(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)

MEDITERRANEA ƑU

SIRIA

Antioxia

Emesa (Homs)

PALMYRA

Damasko

MESOPOTAMIA

Frat

Carrhae (Haran)

Nisibis

Dura-Europos

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Map: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

Colonnade: Michael Nicholson/Corbis

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 29]

Roma-gaku si anye Aurelian ye wota ɖe edzi

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 30]

Ɣe ƒe gbedoxɔ le Palmyra

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 31]

Fianyɔnu Zenobia le nu ƒom na eƒe asrafowo

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Queen Zenobia Addressing Her Soldiers, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 28]

Detail of: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Queen Zenobia Addressing Her Soldiers, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington