Ulamuliro wa Anthu Uyesedwa Pamiyeso

Gawo 7: Kufunafuna Utopia kwa Ndale Zadziko

Socialism: ili ndi dongosolo lakakhalidwe lochirikiza kuti Boma likhale ndi umwini ndi uyang’aniro pa zogwirira ntchito limene ochirikiza “communism” amalilingalira kukhala sitepe lapakati pa “capitalism” ndi “communism”; Communism: ili ndi dongosolo lakakhalidwe lochirikiza kusagaŵa anthu, umwini wa onse pa zogwirira ntchito ndi zochirikiza moyo, ndi kugaŵa chuma kwa onse molinganiza.

NTHANTHI Yachigiriki imasimba za mulungu Wachigiriki wotchedwa Cronus, amene Girisi anasangalala ndi nyengo yabwino koposa mkati mwa ulamuliro wake. “Onse anagaŵana zinthu molinganiza, panalibe chinthu cha munthu mmodzi payekha, ndipo mtendere ndi chigwirizano zinakhalapo mosatekeseka,” ikufotokoza motero Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Bukhu limodzimodzilo likuwonjezera kuti: “Zizindikiro zoyambirira za socialism zimawonekera pochitira chisoni ‘Nyengo Yabwino’ yotaikiridwayo.”

Komabe, nkuyambira m’zaka za makumi oyambirira ndi apakati a zaka za zana la 19, pamene socialism inawonekera monga gulu landale zadziko lamakono. Inavomerezedwa ndi ambiri, makamaka m’Falansa, kumene Kusintha Zinthu m’Falansa kunadodometsa moopsa malingaliro omwe adazoloŵerekawo. Kumenekoko, mofanana ndi m’maiko ena a ku Ulaya, Kusintha Zinthu Zaindasitale kunachititsa mavuto oopsa m’zakakhalidwe. Anthu anakonda lingaliro lakuti kukhala kwa boma ndi umwini pa zogwirira ntchito zonse mmalo mwa munthu mmodzi payekha, kukatheketsa anthu kugaŵana molinganiza zotulukapo za ntchito yogwirizana pamodzi.

Socialism sindilo lingaliro latsopano. Anthanthi Achigiriki Aristotle ndi Plato analemba ponena za ilo. Pambuyo pake, mkati mwa Kukonzanso Kwachiprotesitanti kwa m’zaka za zana la 16, Thomas Müntzer, wansembe wotchuka Wachikatolika wa ku Jeremani, anafuna chitaganya chosagaŵa anthu. Koma malingaliro ake anali okaikiritsa, makamaka chiitano chake chofuna kuti pakhale kusintha kwa zinthu, ngati kutheka, kotero kuti apeze chonulirapochi. M’zaka za zana la 19, mwamuna wa ku Wales Robert Owen, amuna Achifalansa Étienne Cabet ndi Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, ndi okonzanso zakakhalidwe oŵerengeka, pakati pawo nkukhala atsogoleri achipembedzo otchuka, anaphunzitsa kuti socialism inali chabe Chikristu chotchulidwa m’dzina lina.

Utopia ya Marx ndi ya More

Koma “palibe ndimmodzi yemwe wa olankhulira socialism ameneŵa,” likutero bukhu lazilozero lotchulidwa pamwambapo, “yemwe adali ndi chisonkhezero choyerekezeredwa ndi chija choperekedwa ndi Karl Marx, amene zolemba zake zinadzakhala maziko a kulingalira ndi kachitidweka ka socialism.”a Marx anaphunzitsa kuti mwakulimbanira kuchotsapo kugaŵa anthu m’magulumagulu, mbiri yakale imapita patsogolo sitepe ndi sitepe; pamene dongosolo landale zadziko labwino lidzapezedwa, mbiri yakale m’lingaliro limenelo idzatha. Dongosolo labwino limeneli lidzathetsa mavuto a zitaganya zakumbuyoko. Aliyense adzakhala mumtendere, ufulu, ndi kukhupuka, ndi kusafunikira maboma kapena magulu ankhondo.

Izi zikumveka zofanana modabwitsa ndi zimene nduna yaboma la Briteni, Bwana Thomas More anazifotokoza m’bukhu lake lotchedwa Utopia mu 1516. Liwulo, dzina Lachigiriki m’kufotokoza kwa More, limatanthauza “malo omwe kulibeko” (ou-topos), ndipo mothekera linakhala liwu lomveka lofanana m’matchulidwe koma lokhala ndi tanthauzo losiyana ndi liwu lakuti eu-topos, lotanthauza “malo abwinopo.” Utopia imene More analemba za iyo linali dziko longopeka (malo omwe kulibeko) komano, okhala dziko labwino (malo abwinopo). Chotero, “Utopia” inatanthauza “malo aungwiro weniweni makamaka m’malamulo, boma, ndi makhalidwe azamayanjano.” Bukhu la More linali kuneneza kwapoyera kwa makhalidwe osakhala bwino azachuma ndi zamayanjano omwe anafalikira mkati mwa nthaŵi yake mu Yuropu, makamaka ku Mangalande, ndi amene pambuyo pake anathandizira kuyambika kwa socialism.

Nthanthi za Marx zinagogomezeranso malingaliro a wanthanthi Wachijeremani, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Mogwirizana ndi Dictionary of the History of Ideas, “kuvumbulidwa kwa mkhalidwe wa socialism ya Marx yokhalamo zachipembedzo, kunakonzedwa ndi nthanthi ya Hegel yofotokozanso nthanthi yaikulu Yachikristu.” Mkonzi Georg Sabine akulongosola kuti, pamaziko ameneŵa a “nthathi yaikulu Yachikristu,” Marx anayambitsa “kuitanira kwamphamvu pa makhalidwe abwino, mosonkhezeredwa ndi chitsimikizo chamaganizo chokhalamo zachipembedzo. Kunali kofanana ndi kuitanira anthu kugwirizana ndi gulu lochirikiza kutsungula ndi ufulu.” Socialism inali mzimu wa zamtsogolo; mwinamwake ena analingalira kuti, chinalidi Chikristu m’dzina latsopano chogubira ku chilakiko!

Msewu Wochokera ku “Capitalism” Kunka ku Utopia

Marx anangokhala ndi moyo kwautali wofalitsa volyumu yoyamba yokha ya bukhu lake lotchedwa Das Kapital. Aŵiri otsirizira analembedwa ndi kufalitsidwa paŵiri mu 1885 ndi mu 1894 ndi wantchito mnzake wathithithi, Friedrich Engels, wanthathi yochilikiza socialism Wachijeremani. Das Kapital linayamba kulongosola chiyambi cha capitalism, mkhalidwe wa dongosolo lazachuma lotsanzira njira ya demokrase Yakumadzulo. Yozikidwa pa malonda osatsogozedwa ndi lamulo ndi mpikisano yosakhudzidwa ndi lamulo la Boma, capitalism monga momwe inalongosoledwera ndi Marx imasumika pakuika umwini wa chuma ndi kugaŵiridwa kwake m’manja mwa munthu payekha ndi mwa magulu ogwirizana. Mogwirizana ndi Marx, capitalism inabala gulu lapakati ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito, niputa kutsutsana pakati pa aŵiriwo ndi kutsogolera ku kuponderezedwa kwa otsiriziraŵa. Pogwiritsira ntchito zolemba za atsogoleri omamatira ku dongosolo lazachuma kuchirikiza malingaliro ake, Marx anatsutsa nati capitalism kwenikweni njosemphana ndi demokrase, ndikuti socialism ndiyo yopambana m’zademokrase, nipindulitsa anthu mwa kuchilikiza kulingana kwa anthu ndi ufulu.

Utopia ikafikiridwa ngati anthu wamba anaukira ndikugwetsa kupondereza kwa bourgeoisie, akumakhazikitsa chimene Marx anachitcha “kutsendereza kwa proletariat.” (Onani bokosi patsamba 29.) Komabe, malingaliro ake anayenderana ndi nthaŵi. Iye anayamba kukhala ndi malingaliro aŵiri osiyana a kusintha zinthu, loyamba linali kugwiritsira ntchito chiwawa ndipo linalo lokhalitsa, linali lakusintha zinthu mwapang’onopang’ono. Ichi chinadzutsa funso losangalatsa.

Kodi Utopia Ili mwa Njira ya Kusintha Zinthu kapena Chisinthiko?

“Communism” yatengedwa ku liwu Lachilatini lakuti communis, lotanthauza “chofala, cha onse.” Mofanana ndi socialism, communism imati ufulu wakuti munthu aliyense akhale ndi mabizinesi aakulu aumwini umatsogolera ku ulova, umphaŵi, chuma kumazungulira kwa amalonda okhaokha, ndi mavuto a kuyendetsa ntchito. Yankho ku mavutoŵa ndilo kugaŵa chuma cha dziko molinganiza ndi mwachilungamo.

Koma podzafika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lapita, ochirikiza malingaliro a Marx anayamba kale kukangana mmene angazifikire zolinga zimene anamvanazi. Kuchiyambi kwa ma 1900, mbaliyo ya gulu lochirikiza socialism limene linatsutsa kusintha zinthu mwachiwawa ndikuchirikiza kutsatira dongosolo la demokrase ya nyumba yamalamulo inakhala yolimba, ikukula kukhala chomwe tsopano chikutchedwa socialism yademokrase. Iyi ndiyo socialism yomwe ikupezeka lerolino m’mademokrase onga Fedulo Lipabuliki ya Jeremani, Falansa, ndi Briteni. Pa zolinga zonse ndi zifuno, zipanizi zakana malingaliro enieni a Marx ndipo nzokondwerera chabe m’kupanga mkhalidwe wabwino wa nzika zawo.

Komabe, munthu wina wochirikiza ziphunzitso za Marx amene anakhulupirira mwamphamvu kuti Utopia yopititsa patsogolo communism ingafikiridwe kokha mwa kusintha zinthu mwachiwawa anali Lenin. Ziphunzitso zake, limodzi ndi za Marx, zimatumikira monga maziko a communism yamwambo yamakono. Lenin, dzina lopeka la Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, anabadwa mu 1870 mu imene tsopano ikutchedwa Soviet Union. Mu 1889 anatembenukira ku ziphunzitso za Marx. Pambuyo pa 1900, pambuyo pa chilango cha kusungidwa ukapolo ku Siberia, anakhala kwanthaŵi yaitali mu Ulaya Yakumadzulo. Pamene ulamuliro wa a czar unagwetsedwa, iye anabwerera ku Russia, nakhazikitsa chipani cha Russian Communist Party, ndikutsogolera Gulu lofuna Kusintha Zinthu la Bolshevik mu 1917. Pambuyo pake anatumikira monga wolamulira woyamba wa Soviet Union mpaka imfa yake mu 1924. Iye anawona Communist Party kukhala gulu lalikulu lofuna kusintha zinthu lophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri, lotumikira monga mtsogoleri wa proletariat. Amenshevik sanavomerezane ndi izi.—Onani bokosi pakamba 29.

Kusiyana kwapakati pa kusintha zinthu ndi chisinthiko sikukulongosolekanso bwino lomwe. Mu 1978 bukhu lakuti Comparing Political Systems: Power and Policy in Three Worlds linati: “Communism yakhala yokaikiritsa mowonjezereka ponena za kufikira zonulirapo za Socialism. . . . Kusiyana pakati pa Communism ndi Socialism Yademokrase kwachepetsedwa kwenikweni.” Tsopano, mu 1990, mawuŵa akukhala ndi tanthauzo lowonjezereka pamene communism ikusintha mokulira ku Ulaya Yakummawa.

“Communism” Iyambitsanso Chipembedzo

“Tifuna makhalidwe auzimu . . . Makhalidwe abwino amene chipembedzo chinayambitsa ndikuwasunga kwa zaka mazana ambiri, angathandize kukonzanso zinthu m’dziko lathunso.” Ndi anthu oŵerengeka okha omwe analingalira kuti akamvapo mawu otereŵa kuchokera m’kamwa mwa mlembi wamkulu wa Communist Party ya Soviet Union. Koma pa November 30, 1989, Mikhail Gorbachev analengeza kusintha kwakukulu kumeneku kulinga ku chipembedzo mkati mwa kuchezera kwake Italiya.

Kodi zimenezi mwinamwake zimachirikiza nthanthi yakuti Akristu oyambirira iwo eniwo adali ochirikiza communism, akumachita mtundu wa socialism Yachikristu? Anthu ena amanena zimenezi, namaloza ku Machitidwe 4:32, imene ponena za Akristu mu Yerusalemu imati: “Anali nazo zonse zodyerana.” Komabe, kufufuza kumavumbula kuti awa anali makonzedwe apakanthaŵi ochititsidwa ndi zowagwera zamwadzidzidzi, osati dongosolo lokhaliratu la socialism “Yachikristu.” Chifukwa chakuti anagaŵana zinthu mwanjira yachikondi, ‘mwa iwo munalibe wosoŵa.’ Inde, ‘anagaŵira yense monga mwakusoŵa kwake.’—Machitidwe 4:34, 35.

“Glasnost” ndi “Perestroika”

Chiyambire miyezi yotsirizira ya ma 1989, Soviet Union ndi maboma a Communism anzake ku Ulaya Yakummawa akhala akukumana ndi mgwedegwede wandale zadziko wothetsa nzeru. Tithokoza lamulo la glasnost, kapena kukhala wosabisa mawu, kuti masinthidweŵa awonedwa ndi onse. Anthu a ku Ulaya Yakummawa, afuna masinthidwe aakulu amene aperekedwa kumlingo wakutiwakuti. Atsogoleri a communism avomereza kufunika kwa dongosolo lolingalira munthu ndi lachifundo ndipo aitanira “kubadwanso kwa socialism mumpangidwe wosiyana, womvekera kwenikweni ndi wolongosoka,” monga momwe katswiri wa zachuma wa ku Poland ananenera.

Wamkulu pakati pa atsogoleriŵa wakhala Gorbachev, yemwe, mwamsanga atakwera paufumu mu 1985, anayambitsa lingaliro la perestroika (kukonzanso). Mkati mwa kucheza kwake ku Italiya, anachirikiza perestroika kukhala yofunikira kuti afikire zitokoso za m’ma 1990. Iye anati: “Pokhala tatenga msewu wakusintha kwakukulu, maiko ochirikiza socialism akudutsa mzere umene palibe kubwerera m’mbuyo. Komabe, nkulakwa kuumirira, monga momwe amachitira Kumadzulo, kunena kuti uku ndikugwa kwa socialism. Mosiyana n’zimenezo, kukutanthauza kuti kachitidwe kazinthu ka ochirikiza socialism m’dziko kadzakuliranso m’mipangidwe yambiri.”

Chotero atsogoleri a communism ngosakonzekera kuvomerezana ndi kupenda kopangidwa chaka chatha ndi mkonzi Charles Krauthammer, yemwe analemba kuti: “Funso lanthaŵi zonse losachoka m’maganizo mwa wanthanthi zandale zadziko aliyense chiyambire kukhalapo kwa Plato lakuti—kodi ndimtundu uti wa ulamuliro umene uli wabwino koposa?—layankhidwa. Pambuyo pa zaka zikwi zoŵerengeka zakuyesa mtundu uliwonse wa dongosolo la ndale zadziko, tikutseka zaka chikwi zino ndi chidziŵitso chotsimikizirika chakuti m’demokrase yochirikiza capitalism yokomera ambiri, tapezamo chimene tinkafunafuna.”

Komabe, nyuzipepala ya ku Jeremani Die Zeit mowona mtima ikuvomereza chithunzi chochititsa chisoni chimene demokrase yamtundu wa Kumadzulo imachipereka, ikutchula “ulova, kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa, uhule, kuchepetsedwa kwa maprogamu a zamayanjano, kutsika kwa misonkho ndi kupereŵera kwa bajeti,” ndiyeno nkufunsa kuti: “Kodi ichi ndicho chitaganya chabwino koposa chimene chapambana kosatha mu socialism?”

Mwambi wotchuka umati anthu okhala m’nyumba zamagalasi sayenera kumaponya miyala. Kodi ndimtundu wanji wa boma la anthu opanda ungwiro limene liyenera kuloza chala pa zofooka za linalo? Zenizeni zimasonyeza kuti boma langwiro la anthu—Utopia—kulibeko. Andale zadziko akadafunafunabe “malo abwinopo.” Akadali “malo omwe kulibeko” osapezeka.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 29]

MAŴU OGWIRITSIRIDWA NTCHITO MU SOCIALISM NDI COMMUNISM

BOLSHEVIKS/MENSHEVIKS: Russian Social Democratic Labor Party yokhazikitsidwa mu 1898 inagaŵikana m’magulu aŵiri mu 1903; Bolsheviks, kwenikweni “ziwalo za gulu la ambiri,” lotsogezedwa ndi Lenin, anakonda kusunga chipanicho kukhala chaching’ono, chokhala ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha anthu olangidwa bwino ochirikiza masinthidwe; Mensheviks, kutanthauza “ziwalo za gulu la ochepa,” anakonda chiŵerengero chachikulu cha ziwalo zachipani akumagwiritsira ntchito njira za demokrase.

BOURGEOISIE/PROLETARIAT: Marx anaphunzitsa kuti a proletariat (gulu la ogwira ntchito) ikagwetsa a bourgeoisie (gulu lapakati, kuphatikizapo eni mafakitale), ndikukhazikitsa “kutsendereza kwa proletariat.” mwakutero kupangitsa chitaganya chosagaŵa anthu m’magulumagulu.

COMINTERN: Chidule cha Communist International (kapena, Third International), gulu lokhazikitsidwa ndi Lenin mu 1919 kupititsa patsogolo communism; inathetsedwa mu 1943, inabwera m’mbuyo mwa First International (1864-76), imene inabala magulu ambiri ochirikiza socialism ya ku Ulaya, ndi Second International (1889-1919), nyumba yamalamulo ya zipani zochirikiza socialism.

COMMUNIST MANIFESTO: Ndemanga ya mu 1848 ya Marx ndi Engels ya ziphunzitso zazikulu za socialism yasayansi imene inatumikira kwanthaŵi yaitali monga maziko a zipani za ku Ulaya zochirikiza Socialism ndi Communism.

EUROCOMMUNISM: Iyi ndi communism ya zipani zochirikiza Communism Yakumadzulo kwa Ulaya; yosalamuliridwa ndi Soviet ndiyofunitsitsa kutumikira m’maboma okhalamo zipani zingapo, imatsutsa kuti “kutsendereza kwa proletariat” nkosafunikiranso.

SCIENTIFIC/UTOPIAN SOCIALISM: Mawu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Marx kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziphunzitso zake, zolingaliridwa kukhala zozikidwa pa kusanthula mbiri yakale ndi ntchito za capitalism kwa sayansi ndi ziphunzitso zenizeni za socialism ya Utopia kwa akalambula bwalo ake.